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18151.

Question : Differentiate between Haemocoel and true coelom

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Solution :Haemocoel arises in early development, but later it is almost completely obliterated by a greatly enlarged blastocoel. The blastocoel CONSISTS of sinuses filled with blood. Blood flows through this cavity and BATHES the internal ORGANS. Gonads are NEVER differentiated from the haerocoel wall, and the coelom is confined to the cavities of excretory organs and gonoducts only. On the other hand, the true coelom originates by a split within the embryonic mesoderm. The cavity of the coelom is thus bounded by a lining of mesodermal cells called peritoneum. Thecoelomic cavity is filled with coelomic FLUID.
Discussion
18152.

Question : Differentiate between Gram '+ve' and Gram '-ve' bacteria

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Solution :Bacteria fall into two natural groups according to their cell wall structure. Those retain Gram.s stain are called Gram +ve. and those which do not retain the stain during the decolourising PROCEDURE are said to be Gram-ve.. In both TYPES the wall has a rigid unique framework of PEPTIDOGLYCAN. In Gram .+ve. bacteria, the peptidoglycan net is infilled with polysaccharides and proteins, to form a relatively THICK, rigid structure, whereas the walls of Gram -vel bacteria are thinner and coated on the outside with a smooth, soft LAYER which is rich in characteristic lipopolysaccharide molecules.
Discussion
18153.

Question : Differentiate between Gamosepalous and polysepalous

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SOLUTION :When sepals are UNITED the condition is termed as gamosepalous, whereas when sepals are free the condition is termed as POLYSEPALOUS.
Discussion
18154.

Question : Differentiate between Gametophyte and sporophyte

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SOLUTION :The gametophyte is a HAPLOID generation, whereas the sporophyte is a diploid generation. The gametophyte (haploid) generation undergoes sexual reproduction to produce gametes. The gametes fuse to FORM a diploid ZYGOTE which grows into the NEXT generation, the sporophyte, which is a diploid generation and produces asexual spores.
Discussion
18155.

Question : Differentiate between gametangial contact and gametangial copulation.

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Solution :In gametangial contact, the gametangia actually do not fuse or LOSE their identity during the SEXUAL ACT, whereas in gametangial copulation, the two gametangiaof the opposite STRAINS fuse together.
Discussion
18156.

Question : Differentiate between Fusiform roots and conical roots

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Solution :Both FUSIFORM and conical ROOTS are the modifications of tap root. HOWEVER, fusiform roots are more or less spindle shaped in appearance, WHEREAS conical roots are cone like, broad at the base and graduallytapering towards the apex.
Discussion
18157.

Question : Differentiate between Fascicular cambium and interfascicular cambium

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Solution :In the stelar region, secondary growth occurs by the ACTIVITY of vascular cambium. A strip of cambium that originates from the procambium is present between the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundle. This cambial strip is called fascicular cambium. At the onset of secondary growth additional strips of cambium are FORMED from the interfascicular PARENCHYMA between the vascular bundles. These later formed strips of cambium is KNOWN as interfascicular cambium. These strips join withfascicular cambium and form a COMPLETE ring of cambium.
Discussion
18158.

Question : Differentiate between Facilitated diffusion and active transport

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Solution :The facilitated diffusion takes place ALONG the concentration gradient and does not REQUIRE energy. On the other hand, in ACTIVE transport molecules move against the concentration gradient and this processrequires energy
Discussion
18159.

Question : Differentiate between : Fibrous root and adventitious root .

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Solution :In MONOCOTYLEDONOUS plants, the primary root is short-lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the STEM and constitute the fibrous root system. Whereas in some plants, LIKE grass, Monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise from PARTS of the plant other than the RADICLE and arecalled adventitious roots.
Discussion
18160.

Question : Differentiate between Exoskeleton and endoskeleton

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SOLUTION :Exoskeleton is always PRESENT outside the BODY and is formed by the deposition of hard protective material on the body SURFACE. Whereas , endoskeleton is always present inside the body and is formed of hard protective material (bones, cartilages, etc.) within the body.
Discussion
18161.

Question : Differentiate between Exocrine and endocrine glands

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Solution :EXOCRINE glands are those glands that pour their secretions on to the EPITHELIAL SURFACE, directly or through ducts. On the other hand, endocrine glands are those glands which lose all CONTACT with the epithelial surface from which they DEVELOP. They pour their secretions (called hormones) into blood, so that these secretions circulate throughout the body and utilized by specifictarget tissues.
Discussion
18162.

Question : Differentiate between Exarch xylem and endarch xylem

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Solution : In EXARCH xylem, the protoxylem is towards the PERIPHERY WHEREAS in ENDARCH xylem, the protoxylem is towards the centre of the axis. Exarch CONDITION of xylem is found in roots, whereas endarch condition occurs instems.
Discussion
18163.

Question : Differentiate between Exarch and Endarch condition.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18164.

Question : Differentiate between Euchromatin and Heterochromatin.

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Solution :Euchromatin is the chromatin that is EXTENDED and accessible for transcription WHEREAS heterochromatin is highly compacted chromatin that is not accessible for transcription. In other WORDS, heterochromatin is CONSIDERED as genetically INERT substance, but euchromatincarries hereditary genes.
Discussion
18165.

Question : Differentiate between Erythrocytes and leucocytes of mammals

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Solution :In MAMMALS, erythrocytes are non-nucleated circular discs and appear biconcave in side view and devoid of all cell organelles and contain a red coloured protein, called haemoglobin. Whereas LEUCOCYTES are nucleated cells devoid of haenoglobin. Unlike erythrocytes, which donot have any mobility of their own, leucocytes are capable of amoeboid MOVEMENT. Various cell organelles, like mitochondria, Golgi complex and ER are present in the CYTOPLASM of leucocytes. Erythrocytes are highly specialized to carry oxygen TRANSPORT function, whereas leucocytes are extremely important cells as they providedefense mechanism to the body against infections.
Discussion
18166.

Question : Differentiate between Epipetalous and epiphyllous

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Solution :STAMENS of flower may be united with other members. When stamens are attached to the PETALS, they are EPIPETALOUS and when attached to the PERIANTH, THEYARE epiphyllous.
Discussion
18167.

Question : Differentiate between Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

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Solution :ENDOCYTOSIS is the process by which a cell actively takes materials inside it, whereas exocytosis is a process which is essentially the REVERSE of endocytosis. In this process, EXUDATION of secretions or waste MATERIALSFROM the cell takes place through the plasma membrane.
Discussion
18168.

Question : Differentiate between endarch and exarch conditions.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18169.

Question : Differentiate between : (e) Cerebrum and Cerebellum

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Solution :CEREBRUM : Cerebrum is located in the FOREBRAIN.
CEREBELLUM : Cerebellum is located in the HINDBRAIN.
Discussion
18170.

Question : Differentiate between Direct and indirect development

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Solution :Animals which do not have a LARVAL stage in their development are said to exhibit DIRECT development. On the other hand, animals which have a larval stage which do not RESEMBLE the ADULT in their development are said toexhibit indirect development.
Discussion
18171.

Question : Differentiate between Diploblastic and triploblastic animals

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Solution :The ANIMAL whose body is made of only two GERM LAYERS-ectoderm and endoderm- is known as DIPLOBLASTIC. Whereas, the animal whose body arises from three primary germ layers- ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm- ISKNOWN as triploblastic.
Discussion
18172.

Question : Differentiate betweendiffuseporous wood and ringporouswood .

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18173.

Question : Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.

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SOLUTION :Diffusion is the movement of MOLECULES or ions of SOLID, gas or liquid from a REGION of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is the movement of solvent from a region of its (SOLVENTS) higher concentration to region of its (solvent) lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
Discussion
18174.

Question : Differentiate between : (d) Thalamus and Hypothalamus:

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Solution :Thalamus : The cerebrum wraps around a structure CALLED thalamus, which is a major CENTRE for sensory and MOTOR signaling.
Hypothalamus : Lics at the base of the thalamus. It contains number of centres which control body temperature, urge for EATING and drinking. It also secretes several hypothalamic hormones.
Discussion
18175.

Question : Differentiate between Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues

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Solution :Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed in the dense connective tissues. Orientation of fibres show a REGULAR or IRREGULAR pattern and are called dense regular and dense irregular tissues. In the dense regular connective tissues, the COLLAGEN fibres are present in rows between MANY parallel bundles of fibres whereas dense irregular connective TISSUE has fibroblasts and manyfibres (mostly collagen) that are oriented differently.
Discussion
18176.

Question : Differentiate between Cysts and trichocysts

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Solution :Cysts are MEANS of perennation in protists which usually develop during unfavourable conditions like drought, over-population, lack of food and oxygen, ACCUMULATION of metabolic wastes in the cytoplasm and changes in temperature and pH, etc. Encystment is required for survival, protection and dispersal. On the other HAND, trichocysts are flask-shaped structures present on the BODY of some ciliates (e.g., Paramecium). These smal! dart-like structures are ejected with force tostun prey.
Discussion
18177.

Question : Tabulate any two differences between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic photphosphorylation.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18178.

Question : Differentiate between Cork cambium and vascular cambium

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Solution : Both cork cambium and vascular cambium are the EXAMPLES of lateral meristem. However, which ONE DEVELOPS in the stelar region is known as vascular cambium, whereas the other develops in the extrastelar region is called cork cambium (phellogen). The vascular cambium PRODUCES secondary xylem and secondary phloem, whereas the cork cambium forms cork (phellem)and secondary CORTEX (phelloderm)
Discussion
18179.

Question : Differentiate between Conjugation and transformation

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Solution :Exchange of genetic material by DIRECT cell-to cell contact in bacteria is known as conjugation, whereas transformation is the process whereby cell-free, or .naked. DNA CONTAINING a limited amount of genetic information istransferred from one BACTERIAL cell to another.
Discussion
18180.

Question : Differentiate between Compound leaf and a branch

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Solution :A compound leaf never bears a terminal bud WHEREAS a branch always bears a terminal bud. MOREOVER, a compound leaf always bears a bud in its axil (AXILLARY bud) but itself does not arise in the axil of another leaf, whereas a branch does not bear an axillary bud but itself OCCUPIES the axillary POSITION of a leaf.
Discussion
18181.

Question : Differentiate between Collenchyma and sclerenchyma

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Solution :Collenchyma is a specialized supporting TISSUE which has LIVING cells and POSSESSES considerable tensile strength. Whereas sclerenchyma is also a simple tissue composed of thick-walled cells. The mature sclerenchyma cells DIFFER from collenchyma cells in the PRESENCE of lignified secondary walls and the absence of livingprotoplast.
Discussion
18182.

Question : Differentiate between Collenchyma and aerenchyma

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Solution :COLLENCHYMA is a specialized supporting TISSUE which has living CELLS and possesses considerable tensile STRENGTH. In aquatic plants, parenchyma cells have highly developed intercellular SPACES which form a continuous system throughout the plant body. This tissue, said to be aerenchyma, helps in circulation of air and also providesbuoyancy to the plant.
Discussion
18183.

Question : Differentiate between Collateral vascular bundle and concentric vascular bundle

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Solution :In a collateral vascular bundle xylem and PHLOEM are present on the same radius and the phloem is located on the outer side of the xylem. Whereas in concentric vascular bundle ONE TYPE of vascular tissue (xylem or phloem) is SURROUNDED by the other. A collateral bundlemay be open or closed type whereas a concentric bundleis always closed.
Discussion
18184.

Question : Differentiate between Collagen fibres and elastin fibres

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Solution :Collagen fibres, CHIEFLY made up of collagen proteins, can RESIST considerable tensile forces without significant increase in their LENGTH. At the same time they are pliable and can bend easily. On the other hand, elastin fibres, composed MAINLY of elastin proteins, are highly refractile and can be stretched (like a rubber band) and they return to their ORIGINAL length when tension isreleased.
Discussion
18185.

Question : Differentiate between Cleistothecium and apothecium

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Solution :CLEISTOTHECIUM is a globose and completely CLOSED fruiting BODY in which asci are scattered. Whereas, apothecium is a broad plate-like fruiting body in which asci develop on the surface of the hymenium and remainexposed at MATURITY.
Discussion
18186.

Question : Differentiate between Ciliated and squamous epithelium

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Solution :Ciliated EPITHELIUM consists of columnar or cubical cells BEARING cilia on their free surfaces. WHEREAS, squamous epithelium consists of a LAYER of THIN, flat, scale-like cells with prominent nuclei. These cells areclosely fitted together like the tiles in a floor.
Discussion
18187.

Question : Differentiate between Cilia and flagella

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Solution :Morphologically and physiologically, both CILIA and flagella are identical structures, but DIFFER in length, number per CELL and in motion. Cilia are short, motile and generally present in large numbers covering the whole cell, whereas flagella are LONGER, less in number and have a wave-like motion. Cilia BEAT in a coordinate rhythm,while flagella beat independently.
Discussion
18188.

Question : What is ciliary movement?

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Solution :Ciliary movement: The movement caused by the CILIA is ciliary movement. e.g., ciliated epithelial cells of respiratory passage and genital tracts.
MUSCULAR movement : The movement of HANDS, legs, JAWS, tongue are caused by the contraction and RELAXATION of the muscle which is known as muscular movement.
Discussion
18189.

Question : Differentiate between Chromosomes and chondriosomes

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Solution :Chromosomes are thread like structures consisting of DNA complexed with proteins that TRANSMIT genetic INFORMATION from the previous generation of cells and organisms to the next generation. Whereas chondriosomes (popularly known as mitochondria) are membrane-bounded organelles in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular RESPIRATION.
Discussion
18190.

Question : Differentiate between Chordates and non-chordates

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SOLUTION :Chordates are characterized by possessing NOTOCHORD, but in their LIFE cycle, dorsal, hollow and SINGLE central nervous system, pharynx perforated by gill slits, ventral heart and a post-anal tail. Whereas non-chordates are characterized by absence of a notochord, gill slits and post-anal tail, ventral, solid and DOUBLE central nervoussystem, and dorsal heart (if present).
Discussion
18191.

Question : Differentiate between Chordates and vertebrates

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SOLUTION :Chordates are characterised by the presence of notochord, vertebrates possess notochord, during the EMBRYONIC period. The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony VERTEBRAL COLUMN in the adult. Thus, all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are notvertebrates.
Discussion
18192.

Question : Differentiate between : Cerebrum and Cerebellum

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18193.

Question : Differentiate between cell wall and cell membrane.

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Solution :The cell wall is the extraneous COAT of non-living material of the plant, bacterial and fungal CELLS in which the plasma membrane is encased. It maintains the cell.s shape and rigidity to the cell it surrounds. WHEREAS, the cell membrane is the outermost living membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with EMBEDDED proteins. It functions to regulatethe entrance and exit of MOLECULES from the cell.
Discussion
18194.

Question : Differentiate between Cardiac muscle and striated muscle

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Solution :Cardiac MUSCLES occur EXCLUSIVELY in heart. They resemble with smooth muscles in being involuntary, and with striated muscles in the presence of transverse striations. Cardiac muscles have an inherent rhythmic contractility the rate of which can be modified by autonomic nerves that supply them. On the other hand, striated muscles occur mainly in association with bones (skeletal system) and in relation to the BODY wall. The fibres of these muscles show prominent transverse striations and normally made to contract according ourwill under the conscious control of NERVOUS system.
Discussion
18195.

Question : Differentiate between C_3 & C_4 plants.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18196.

Question : Differentiate C_(3) Plants and C_(4) Plants.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
18197.

Question : Differentiate between Bulb and tuber

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Solution :Bulb is highly reduced discoid conical STEM with numerous SCALE leaves. The DISC BEARS a terminal bud which is surrounded by scale leaves, axillary buds ARISE in the axils of the leaves, whereas tuber is the swollen end of a specialised branch that develops underground. A tuber has a number of .eyes. (buds) on its surface.
Discussion
18198.

Question : Differentiate between Blood and lymph

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Solution :Blood is a fluid connective tissue consisting of the PLASMA and cells that circulate in the blood vessels. WHEREAS, lymph is the colourless fluid which circulatesthrough the vessels of the LYMPHATIC system.
Discussion
18199.

Question : Differentiate between : Blood and Lymph .

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Solution :BLOOD and Lymph .
For ANSWER SEE SECTION - D Questions 7 (a) .
Discussion
18200.

Question : Differentiate between Binary fission and multiple fission

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Solution :In binary fission, TWO INDIVIDUALS are FORMED from a single parent, whereas in multiple fission, the parentbody divides into many DAUGHTER organisms.
Discussion