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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.

17301.

Question : Give one example of biofertiliser

Answer»

SOLUTION :RHIZOBIUM
Discussion
17302.

Question : Give one example for each of the following types. (a) Migratory animal (b) Camouflaged animal (c) Predator animal (d) Biological control agent (e) Phytophagous animal (f) Chemical defense agent

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Solution :(a) Migratory ANIMAL : Siberian Crane, Salmon
(b) Camouflaged animal: Frog, CHAMELEON
(c) PREDATOR animal : Tiger, Eagle
(d) Biological control agent: Moth (against prickly pear cactus), Gambusia fish (against mosquito larval population)
(e) Phytophagous animal : Insects like Locust, Beetel
(F) CHEMICAL defence agent : Cardiac glycosides produced by Calotropis
Discussion
17303.

Question : Give one example for a. Non-medicated IUD b. Copper releasing IUD c. Hormone releasing IUD

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Solution :a. Lippes LOOP
b. CUT, Cu7, Multiload 375
C. Progestasert, LNG-20
Discussion
17304.

Question : Giveone examplefor eachof thefollowinggroup of drugs. (a) Stimulants(b) Analgesic(c ) Hallucinogens

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Solution :(a) Stimulants- Eg : NICOTINE
(b) Anakgesic - Eg: OPIUM
(C ) HALLUCINOGENS - Phencyclidine
Discussion
17305.

Question : Give one example for each of the following: (i) Eurythermal plant species ........... (ii) A hot water spring organism........ (iii) An organism seen in deep ocean trenches ……….... (iv) An organism seen in compost pit ....... (v) A parasitic angiosperm ……. (vi) A stenothermal plant species ………… (vii) Soil organism ................ (viii) A benthic animal ……. (ix) Antifreeze compound seen in antarctic fish……. (x) An organism which can conform………… .

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Solution :•(i) RED algae (ii) Thermus aquaticus (iii) Sea cucumbers (iv) Earthworm (v) Cuscuta reflexa (vi) CONIFERS (vii) Earthworm (viii) Crabs, SPONGES (ix) ANTIFREEZE glycoproteins or AFGPs (x) Frog.
Discussion
17306.

Question : Give one example each of dicot endospermic seed and nonendospermic seed.

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Solution :(1) Endospermic seed : CASTOR
(2) Nonendospermic seed : BEAN.
Discussion
17307.

Question : What are exonucleases and endonucleases?

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SOLUTION :Exonucleases can REMOVE nucleotides from the ENDS of the DNA and endonucleases can MAKE cuts at specific positions within the DNA.
Discussion
17308.

Question : Give one difference between milch breed and draught breed.

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SOLUTION :DR. V. Kurien
Discussion
17309.

Question : Give one advantage of suspension culture over callus culture.

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SOLUTION :It grows MUCH FASTER than callus culture.
Discussion
17310.

Question : Give numbers of extinct plant species from year 1600 AD.

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279
384
629
717

Solution :384
Discussion
17311.

Question : Give one advantage of exotic breeds over indigenous breeds of fowl.

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SOLUTION :ASEEL, BUSRA
Discussion
17312.

Question : Give numbers of extinct Animal species from year 1600.

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533
839
1724
3700

Solution :533
Discussion
17313.

Question : Give names and functions of any two enzyems involved in lactose metabolism in E. coil.

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Solution :The names and functions of enzymes involved in lactose metabolism in E. coil are as FOLLOWS :
(1) Permease : The enzyme permease facilitates the entry of lactose in the cell.
(2) `beta`-galactosidase : The enzyme `beta`-galactosidase BRINGS about the hydrolysis of lactose into GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE.
(3) Transacetylase : The enzyme transacetylase transfers the acetyl group from acetyl Co-A to `beta`-galactosidase.
Discussion
17314.

Question : Give names of ear ossicles.

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SOLUTION :The THREE ear OSSICLES are malleus, incus and STAPES.
Discussion
17315.

Question : Give names of cranial nerve numbers VI^(th) and VII^(th).

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SOLUTION :`VI^(TH)` ABDUCENS and `VII^(th)`-Facial.
Discussion
17316.

Question : "Give me a living cell of any plant and I will give you a thousand plants of the same type". Is this only a slogan or is it scientifically possible? Write your comments and justify them.

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Solution :The above statement is not just a slogan buta scientifically possible fact because by tissue CULTURE technique a living cell can be made to MULTIPLY. It will FORM a group of cells called callus. The cells of callus are isolated again and grown in new culture medium. The calluses thus formed are made to differentiate into plantlets by using DIFFERENT growth hormones in different concentrations
Discussion
17317.

Question : Give me a living cell of any plant and I will give you a thousand plants of the same type. Is this only a slogan or is it scientifically possible ? Write your comments and justify them.

Answer»

Solution :It is scientifically possible. With the HELP of tissue CULTURE, it is possible to achieve PROPAGATION of several plants in very short duration. This method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called micro propagation. Each of these plants are genetically IDENTICAL to the original plant from which they were grown. They are also called as soma clones.
Discussion
17318.

Question : Give information: Worker honeybee: Sex and average lifespan (in weeks).

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SOLUTION :FEMALE: 4-5 WEEKS
Discussion
17319.

Question : Give information about various crops grown and importance of agriculture in India.

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Solution :India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33 per cent of India.s GDP and employs nearly 62 per cent of the population.
After India.s independence, ONE of the main challenges facing the country was that of producing enough food for the increasing population.
As only limited land is fit for cultivation.
India has to STRIVE to increase yields per unit area from existing farm land.
The DEVELOPMENT of several high yielding varieties of wheat and rice in the mid-1960s, as a result of various plant breeding techniques led to dramatic increase in food production in our country. This phase is often referred to as the Green Revolution.
Many hybrid crops of high yielding varieties are seen in India.

Wheat and Rice : During the period 1960 to 2000, wheat production increased from 11 million tonnes to 75 million tonnes while rice production went up from 35 million tonnes to 89.5 million tonnes.
This was due to the development of semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and rice.
Nobel laureate Norman E. Borlaug, at International Centre for Wheat and Maize Improvement in Mexico, developed semi-dwarf wheat.
In 1963 several varieties such as Sonalika and Kalyan sona which were high yielding and disease resistant were introduced all over the wheat growing belt of India.
Semi dwarf rice varieties were derived from IR-8 (developed at International Rice RESEARCH Institute) (IRRI) Phillipines) and Taichung Native-1 (from Taiwan). The derivatives were introduced in 1966. Later better yielding semi dwarf varieties Jaya and Ratna were developed in India.
Sugar cane : Saccharum barberi was originally grown in north India, but had poor sugar content and yield.
Tropical canes grown in south India Saccharum officinarum had thicker stems and higher sugar content.
But did not grow well in north India.
These two species were successfully crossed to get sugar cane varieties combining the desirable qualities of high yield, thick stems, high sugar and ability to grow in the sugar cane.
Millets : Hybrid maize, jowar and bajra have been successfully developed in India. Hybrid breeding have led to the development of several high yielding varieties resistant to water stress.
Discussion
17320.

Question : Give information in short about various parts of female reproductive system.

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Solution :Female reproductive organ is located in the pelvis region. It CONSISTS of a pair of ovaries, along with a pair of oviducts, UTERUS, cervix, vagina and the EXTERNAL genitalia.
These parts of the system along with a pair of mammary glands are integrated structurally and functionally to support the process of ovulation, FERTILISATION, pregnancy, BIRTH and child care.
Discussion
17321.

Question : Give information about the structure and location of oviducts.

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Solution :The oviducts, uterus and vagina constitue the female accessory ducts.
Each FALLOPIAN tube is about 10-12 cm long and extends from the periphery of each ovary to the uterus.
The part closer to the ovary is the funnel-shaped infundibulum.
The edges of the infundibulum possess finger-like projections called fimbriae, which HELP in collection of the ovum after ovulation.
The infundibulumleads to wider part of the OVIDUCT called ampulla. The last part of the oviduct, isthmus has a NARROW lumen and it joins the uterus.
Discussion
17322.

Question : Give Information about SCP.

Answer»

Solution :Conventional agricultural production of cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits etc. may not be able to meet the demand of FOOD at the rate at which human and animal population is increasing.
The shift from grain to MEAT diets also creates more demand for cereals as it takes 3-10 kg of grain to produce 1 kg of meat by animal farming.
More than 25 per cent of human population is suffering from hunger and MALNUTRITION.
One of the alternate sources of proteins for animal and human nutrition is Single Cell Protein (SCP).
Microbes are being grown on an industrial scale as source of good protein.
Blue-green algae like spirulina can be grown easily on materials like waste water from POTATO processing plants (Containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce large quantities and can serve as food RICH in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins. Incidentally such utilisation also reduces environmental pollution.
Certain bacterial species like methylophillus methyletrophus, because of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce 25 tonnes of protein.
The fact that edible mushrooms are caten by many people and large scale mushroom culture is a growing industry.
Discussion
17323.

Question : Give information about reproductive accessory ducts in male.

Answer»

Solution :The male sex accessory ducts include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens.
The seminiferous tubules of the testis open into the vasa efferentia through rete testis.
The vasa efferentia leave the testis and open into epididymis located along the posterior SURFACE of each testis.

The epididymis leads to vas deferens that ascends to the abdomen and loops over the urinary bladder.
It receives duct from seminal vesicle and opens into urethra as the ejaculatory duct.
These ducts store and transport the sperms from the testis to the outside through urethra.
The urethra originates from the urinary bladder and extends through the PENIS to its EXTERNAL OPENING called urethral meatus.
Discussion
17324.

Question : Give information about production of Genetically Engineered Insulin.

Answer»

Solution :
Management of adult onset diabetes is possible by takinginsulin at regular time intervals.
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs.
Insulin from an ANIMAL source though CAUSED some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein.
Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains : chain A and chain B. Chain A and chain B that are linked together by disulphide bridges.
In mammals, including humans, Insulin is synthesised as a pro-hormone which contains an extra stretch called the C-peptide.
This C-peptide is not present in the mature insulin and isremoved during maturation into insulin.
The main challenge for PRODUCTION of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a mature form.
In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli to produce Insulin chains.
Chains A and B were produced SEPARATELY, extracted and combined by creating disulfide bonds to form human insulin.
Discussion
17325.

Question : Give information about prefertilisation structures and events

Answer»

Solution :Several hormonal and structural changes are initiated which lead to the differentiation and further development of the floral primordium. In the flower the MALE and female reproductive STRUCTURES the androecium and the gynoecium DIFFERENTIATE and develop. The NUMBER and length of stamens are variable in flowers of DIFFERENT species.
Discussion
17326.

Question : Give information about pills and implants used as contraceptive.

Answer»

Solution : Oral administration of small doses of either progestogens or progestogen-ESTROGEN combination is taken as pills orally.
Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstruation. It has to be repeated in the same pattern till the female desires to prevent conception.
After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation occurs) it has to be repeated in same pattern till the female desire to prevent conception. They inhibits ovulation and implantation as well as after the quality of cervical mucus to prevent / retard entry of sperm.
Saheli is the NEW oral contraceptive for the females that contains a non STEROIDAL preparation. It is once a week pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.
Implants : Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used by females as injections or implants under the SKIN.
Their mode of action is similar to that of pills and their effective periods are much longer.
Administration of progestogens or progestogene - estrogen combination or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptive as they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy.
Discussion
17327.

Question : Give information about pest resistant plants. OR Explain RNA interference.

Answer»

Solution :SEVERAL nematodes parasitise a WIDE variety of plants and animals including human beings.
A nematode meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes a great reduction in yield. A NOVEL strategy was adopted to prevent this infestation which was based on the process of RNA interference.
RNAi takes place in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense. This method involves SILENCING of a specific mRNA due to a complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the mRNA.
The source of this complementary RNA could be from air infection by viruses having RNA genomes or mobile genetic elements (transposons) that replicate via an RNA intermediate.
Using Agrobacterium vectors, nematode specific genes were introduced into the host plant.
The introduction of DNA was such that it produced both sense and antisense RNA in the host cells.
These two RNA.s being complimentary to each other formed a double stranded (dsRNA) that initiated RNAi and thus silenced the specific mRNA of the nematode.
The consequence was that the parasite could not servive in a transgenic host expressing specific interfering RNA. The transgenic plant therefore got itself protected from the parasite:
Discussion
17328.

Question :Give information about medical termination of pregnancy.

Answer»

Solution :Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy or induced abortion.
First 12 weeks of pregnancy or MTP done during three months is considered safe. If abortion is done during other three months it is fatal.
The grounds of induced abortion are: (i) The continuation of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury of physical or mental health or (ii) There is a substantial risk that of the child were born, it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped.
MTP is to get rid of unwanted pregnancies EITHER due to casual UNPROTECTED intercourse or failure of the contraceptive USED during coitus or rapes.
Discussion
17329.

Question : Give information about natural methods useful as contraceptive.

Answer»

Solution : Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting which are as follow :
(i) PERIODIC abstinence : It is ONE such method in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected As chances of fertilization are very high during this period. It is called fertile period.
(ii)Therefore abstaining from coitus during this period conception could be prevented.
(iii) Lactational amenorrhea : This method is based on the fact that ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following parturition. Therefore as long as the mother breast feeds the child fully, the chances of conception are almost nil.This method has been reported to be effective only upto a maximum period of six months following parturition.
As no medicines or devices are used in these methods, side EFFECTS are almost nil. Chances of failure though of this method are also high.
Discussion
17330.

Question : Give information about industries included in animal husbandry in short.

Answer»

Solution :Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. As such it is a vital skill for farmers and is as much science as it is art.
Animal husbandry deals with the care and breeding of livestock like BUFFALOES, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats etc. that are useful to humans.
Extended, it includes poultry farming and fisheries. Fisheries include rearing, catching, selling etc. of fish, molluscs (shell-fish) and crustaceans (prawns, CRABS etc.)
Since time immemorial, animals like bees, silk-worm, prawns crabs, fishes, birds, pigs, cattle, sheep and camels have been used by humans for products like milk, eggs, meat, wool, silk, honey etc.
It is estimated that more than 70 per cent of the world livestock population is in India and China. However it is surprising to note that the contribution to the world farm PRODUCE is only 25 per cent. i.e., the productivity per unit is very low.
In ADDITION to CONVENTIONAL practices of animal breeding and care, newer technologies also have to be applied to achieve improvement in quality and productivity.
From first animal husbandry has been a part of development in human civilization development.
Today also it is a necessary element which is important for producing food for human kind.
A professional approach to what have been traditional practices of farm management gives the much needed boost to our food production.
Discussion
17331.

Question : Give information about hormones associated with the process of spermatogenesis.

Answer»

Solution :SPERMATOGENESIS starts at the age of puberty DUE to significant increase in the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
The increased LEVEL of GnRH then acts at the anterior pituitary gland and STIMULATES secretion of two gonadotropin - luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
LH acts atthe Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens.
Androgens stimulate the process of spermatogenesis FSH acts on the sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors which help in the process of spermiogenesis.
Discussion
17332.

Question : Give Information about inbreeding.

Answer»

Solution :Inbreeding refers to the making of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
The breeding strategy is as follows:
Superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in pairs.
The PROGENY obtained from such matings are evaluated or superior males and females.
A superior female, in case of cattle is the cow or buffalo that PRODUCES more milk per lactation.
On the other hand, a superior male is the bull which gives RISE to superior progeny as compared to those of other males.
The strategy which Mandel used to obtain purelines of peas a similar strategy is used for developing purelines in cattle.
Inbreeding increases hemozygosity. Thus inbreeding is necessary if we want to evolve a pureline in any animal.
Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.
It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes.
Inbreeding increases the productivity of inbreed population. However, continued inbreeding, ESPECIALLY CLOSE inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.
Whenever this becomes a problem, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This usually helps restore fertility and yield.
Discussion
17333.

Question : Give information about fisheries.

Answer»

SOLUTION :Fishery is an industry devoted to the catching, PROCESSING or selling of fish, shellfish or other aquatic animals.
A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products and other aquatic animals such as prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster etc. for food.
Some of the fresh water fishes which are very common include Catla, Rohu and common CARP.
Some of the marine fishes that are eaten include - Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel and Pomfrets.
Fisheries has an important place in Indian economy. It provides income and employment to millions of fishermen and farmers, particularly in the coastal states.
In order to meet the increasing demands on fisheries, different techniques have been employed to increase production.
For example, through aquaculture and pisiciulture we have been able to increase the production of aquatic plants and animals, both fresh water and marine.
Fisheries is either of salt water and or fresh water. 90% production of the world comes from the SEA.
Fisheries is also known as .Blue revolution.
Discussion
17334.

Question : Give information about external genitalia in female.

Answer»

Solution :The female external genitalia includes mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen and clitoris
Mons pubis is a cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubics hair.
The labia majora are FLESHY folds of tissue, which extends down from mons pubis and surround the vaginal OPENING.
The labia minora are paired folds of tissue under the labia majora.
The opening of the vagina is OFTEN covered PARTIALLY by a membrane called hymen.
The hymen is often torn during the first coitus.
HOWEVER it can also be broken by a sudden fall or jolt, insertion of a vaginal tampon, active participation in some sports like horseback riding, cycling etc.
In some women the hymen persists even after coitus.
In fact the presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity of sexual experience.
The clitoris is a tiny finger like structure which lies at the upper junction of the two labia minora above the urethral opening.
Discussion
17335.

Question : Give information about compatible and incompatible pollen

Answer»

Solution :In nature pollination does not guarantee the transfer of the compatible or right type of pollen. Often pollen of the wrong type, either from other species or from the same plant (it is self incompatible) also land on the stigma.
The pistil has the ability to RECOGNISE the pollen, whether it is of the right type or of the wrong type. If pollen is not of the right type the pistil accepts the pollen and promotes post-pollination events that leads to fertilisation. If the pollen is of the wrong type of pistil rejects the pollen by preventing pollen germination.
The ability of the pistil to recognise the pollen followed by its acceptance or REJECTION is the result of a continuous dialogues between pollen grain and the pistil. This dialogue is mediated by chemical components and protein elements and releasing various water decomposed enzymes present in it. it is only in recent years that botanists have been able to identify someof the pollen and pistil components and the inter actions leading to the recognition, followed by acceptance or rejection. Compatible pollination, the pollen grain germinates on the stigma to produce a pollen tube through one of the germ pores. The contents of the pollen grain move into the pollen tube. Pollen tube grows through the tissues of the stigma and style and reaches the ovary

In some plants pollen grains are sheded at two celled condition (a vegetative cell and a generative cells). In such plants, the generative cell divides and forms the two male gametes during the growth of pollen tube in the stigma. In plants which sheded pollen in three celled condition pollen tubes carry the two male gametes from the beginning. Pollen tube, after reaching the ovary, enters the ovule through the micropyle and then enters one of the synergids through the filiform apparatus. Filiform apparatus present at the micropylar part of the synergids guides the entry of the pollen tube.
All these events from pollen deposition on the stigma until pollen tubes enter the ovule are together referred to as pollen -pistil interaction. The knowledge gained in this area woudl help the plant breeder in manipulating pollen pistil interaction even in incompatible pollinations, to get desired hybrids.
Experiment: You can easily study pollen germination by dusting some pollen from flowers such as peas, CHICKPEA, crotalaria, BALSAM and vinca on a glass slide containing a drop of sugar solution (about 10 percent). After about 15-30 minutes, observe the slide under the low power lens of the microscope. You are likely to see pollen tubes coming out of the pollen grains.
Discussion
17336.

Question : Give information about ecological succession.

Answer»

Solution :An important characteristic of all communities is that their composition and structure constantly change in response to the changing environmental conditions.
This change is orderly and sequential, parallel with the changes in the physical environment.
These changes lead finally to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and that is called a climax community.
The gradual and FAIRLY predictable change in the species composition of a given area is called ecological succession.
During succession some species colonise an area and their populations become more numerous, whereas populations of other species decline and even disappear
The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area are called sere(s).
The individual transitional communities are termed seral stages or seral communities.
In the successive seral stages there is a change in the diversity of species of organisms. Increase in the number of species and organisms as well as an increase in the total biomass.
The present DAY communities in the world have come to be because of succession that has occurred over millions of years since life started on earth. Actually succession and evolution would have been parallel processes at that time.
Succession is hence a process that starts where no living organisms are there - these could be areas where no living organisms ever EXISTED.
Say bare rock, or in areas that somehow, lost all the living organisms that existed there. The former is called primary succession while the latter is termed secondary succession.
Examples of areas where primary succession occurs are newly cooled lava, bare rocks, newly created pond or reservoir.
Before a biotic community of diverse organisms can become established, there must be soil.
Depending mostly on the climate it takes natural processes several hundred to several thousand years to produce fertile soil on bare rock
Secondary succession is begins in area where natural biotic communities have been destroyed such as in abandoned farm lands, bumed or cut forests, lands that have been FLOODED. Since some soil or sediment is present, succession is faster than primary succession.
Description of ecological succession usually focuses on changes in vegetation. However, these vegetational changes in turn affect food and shelter for various type of animals.
Thus as succession proceeds the numbers and types of animals and decomposers also change.
At anytime during primary or secondary succession, natural or human induced disturbances (fire) particular seral stage of succession to an earlier stage.
Also such disturbances create new conditions that ENCOURAGE some species and discourage or eliminate other species.
Discussion
17337.

Question : Give information about Bt cotton.

Answer»

Solution :Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects such as lepidopterans (tobacco budworm, ARMYWORM), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (FLIES, mosquitoes).
B. thuringiensis forms protein crystals during a particular phase of theirgrowth. These crystals contain a toxic insecticidal protein.
The Bt toxin protein exist as inactive protoxins (a) but once an insect ingest the inactive toxin. It is converted into an active form of toxin due to the alkaline pH of the gut which solubilise the crystals. The activated toxin BINDS to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventuallycause death of the insect.

Specific Bt toxin genes were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and incorporated into the several crop plants such as cotton.
The choice of genes DEPENDS upon the crop and the targeted pest as most. Bt toxins are insect group specific.
The toxin is coded by a gene cry IAc named cry. There are a NUMBER of them.
For example, the proteins encoded by the genes cry Ac and cry IIAb control the cotton bollworms that of cry IAc controls corn borer.
Discussion
17338.

Question : Give information about bioreactors.

Answer»

Solution :Small volume cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products. To produce in large quantities, the development of bioreactors. Where large volumes (100-1000 litres) of culture can be processed, was required.
Thus, bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes etc., USING microbial plant, animal or human cells.
A bioreactor provides the optimal CONDITIONS for achieving the DESIRED product by providing optimum growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen).

The most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type.
A STIRRED tank reactor is usually cylindrical or with a curved base to facilitate the mixing of the reactor contents.
The stirrer facilitates even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor, Alternatively air can be bubbled through the reactor.
The bioreactor has an agitator system, an oxygen delivery system and a foam control system, a temperature control system, pH control system and sampling ports so that small volumes of the culture can be withdrawn PERIODICALLY.
Discussion
17339.

Question : Write a short note on : Biogas Plant

Answer»

Solution :Biogas is a mixture of gases (containing predominantly methane) produced by the microbial ACTIVITY and which may be used as fuel. Microbes PRODUCE different types of gaseous end products during growth and metabolism. The type of a gas produced depends upon the microbes and the organic substrates they utilise. In the examples cited in relation to fermentation of dough, CHEES making and production of beverage, the main gas produced was `CO_2`. However certain bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulose material, produce large amount of methane along with `CO_2` and `H_2` . These bacteria are collectively called methanogens and one such common bacterium is Methano-bacterium. These bacteria are present in the rumen part of cattle. A lot of cellulosic material present in the food of cattle is also present in the rumen. In rumen, these bacteria help in the breakdown of cellulose and play an important role in the nutrition of cattle. Thus the excreta (dung) of cattle is called Gobar also. They possess HIGH level of these bacteria. Dung can be used for generation of biogas commonly called gobar gas. The biogas plant consists of a concrete tank (10-15 feet deep) in which bio-wastes are collected and a SLURRY of dung is fed. A floating cover is placed over the slurry. Which keeps on rising as the gas is produced in the tank due to the microbial activity.

The biogas plant has an outlet which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas to nearby houses. The spent slurry is removed through another outlet and may be used as fertilisers Cattle dung is available in large quantities in rural areas where cattle are used for a variety of purposes. The biogas thus produced is used for cooking and lighting. The technology of biogas production was developed in India mainly due to efforts of Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).
Discussion
17340.

Question : Give information about Bio patent.

Answer»

Solution :Many researches are done by various researchers for human welfare in the world. Its real right is considered for its particular researcher/inventor.
The economic benefit occurred by such researches can be obtained to its researcher so GOVERNMENT gives patent to him.
There is GROWING public anger that certain companies are being granted patents for products and technologies that make use of the genetic materials, plants and other biological resources that have long been identified, developed and used by farmers and indigenous people of a specific region/country.
Rice is an important food grain, the presence of which goes back thousands of years in Asia.s agricultural history.
There are an estimated 200,000 varieties of rice in India alone.
Basmati rice is distinct for its unique aroma and flavour and 27 documented varieties of Basmati are grown in India.
There is reference to Basmati in ancient texts, folklore and poetry, as it has been grown for centuries.
In 1977, an American company got patent rights on Basmati rice through the US Patent and Trademark Office.
This allowed the company to SELL a new variety of Basmati in the US and abroad.
This new variety of Basmati had actually been derived from Indian farmer.s varieties. Indian Basmati was crossed with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty.
The patent extends to functional equivalents, implying that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patient.
Several ATTEMPTS have also been made to patent uses products and processes based on Indian traditional herbal medicines. e.g. turmeric & neem.
If we are not vigilant and we do not immediately counter these patent applications, other countries/individuals may encash, on our rich legacy and we may not be able to do anything about it.
Discussion
17341.

Question : Give information about Bee-keeping.

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Solution :Bee-keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey. It has been an age-old cottage industry.
Honey is a food of high nutritive value and also finds use in the indigenous systems of medicine.
Honeybee also produces beeswax which finds many uses in industry. Such as in the preparation of COSMETICS and polishes of various kinds.
The increased demand of honey has led to large scale bee-keeping practices.
Bee-keeping can be practiced in any area where there are sufficient bee pastures of some wild shrubs, fruit orchards and cultivated crops.
There are several species of honeybees which can be reared. Of these the most common species is Apis indica.
BEEHIVES can be kept in one.s courtyard, on the verandah of the house or even on the roof. Bee-keeping is not labour intensive.
Bee keeping though relatively easy does require some specialised knowledge and there are several organisations that teach bee-keeping.
The following points are important for successful bee-keeping: (i) Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees, (ii) SELECTION of suitable location for keeping the beehives, (iii) Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees), (iv) Management of beehives during different seasons and (v) Handling and collection of honey and of beeswax.
Bees are the pollinators of many of our crop species such as sunflower, Brassica, apple and pear.
Keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering period increases pollination efficiency and IMPROVES the YIELD beneficial both from the point of view of crop yield and honey yield.
Discussion
17342.

Question : Give in a chronological order the names of the different species in the evolution of the genus Homo.

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SOLUTION :AUSTRALOPITHECUS, Homo habilus `to` H. erectus `to` H. SAPIENS
Discussion
17343.

Question : Give importance of sexual reproduction in plants

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Solution :The myriads of flowers that we enjoy gazing at and the scents and the perfumes that we swoon over, the rich colours attract us are all and aid to sexual reproduction in plants.
A look at the diversity of structures of the inflorescent, flowers and floral parts, shows, an amazing RANGE of adaptatins to ENSURE FORMATION of the END products of sexual reproduction the FRUITS and seeds
Discussion
17344.

Question : Give importance of seed

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Solution :SEEDS offer several ADVANTAGES to angiosperms. Firstly since reproductive process such as pollination and fertilisation are independent of water, seed formation is more dependable. Also seeds have better adaptive strategies for disposal to new habitats and help the species to colonise in other areas. As they have sufficient food reserves, young seedlings are nourished until they are capable for photosynthesis on their own. The hard seed coat provides protection to the young embryo. Being products of sexual reproduction they generate new genetic combinations leading to variation.
Seed is the basis of our agriculture. Dehydration and dormancy of mature seeds are crucial for storage of seeds which can be used as food throughout the year and also to raise crop in the next season.
Viability of seed: In a few species the seeds lose viability within a few months. Seeds of a large number of species live for several YEARS, some seeds can remain alive for hundreds of years. There are records of very old yet viable seeds. The OLDEST is that of a lupine. Lupinus arcticus excavated from Arctic Tundra. The seed germinated and flowered after an estimated record of 10,000 years of dormancy. A recent record of 2000 years old viable seed is of the date palm. Phoenix dactylifera was discovered during the archeological excavation at King Herod.s place near the Dead sea.
Peculiarities of some plants: Orchid fruit is one such category and each fruit contains thousands of tiny seeds. SIMILAR is the case in fruits of some parasitic species such as orobanche adn striga.
Ficus developed from that tiny seeds
Discussion
17345.

Question : Give importance of origin of replication in chromosome.

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Solution :In recombinant DNA technology, a piece of DNA is transferred into an alien organism.
This piece of DNA would not be able to multiply itself in the progeny cells of the organism.
But when it GETS integrated into the geneme of the recipient.
It may multiply and be INHERITED along with the host DNA.
This is because the alien piece of DNA has become PART of a chromosome, which has the ability to replicate.
In a chromosome there is a SPECIFIC DNA sequence known as .origin of replication.. Which is responsible for initiating replication.
Therefore, for the multiplication of any alien piece of DNA in an organism it needs to be a part of a chromosomes which has a specific sequence known as .origin of replication..
Thus, an alien DNA is LINKED with the origin of replication, so that this alien piece of DNA can replicate and multiply itself in the host organism. This can also be called as cloning.
Discussion
17346.

Question : Give genotype of Turner's syndrome.

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Solution :GENOTYPE of Turner's SYNDROME is 44 autosomes and SINGLE X-chromosome i.e. 44+XO.
Discussion
17347.

Question : Give general information about origin of recombinant DNA molecule.

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Solution :The construction of the first recombinant DNA emerged from the possibility of linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium.
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer accomplished this in 1972.
The cutting of DNA at specific locations became POSSIBLE with the discovery of the so called molecular scissors - restriction enzymes.
The piece of DNA was then linked with the plasmid DNA.
These plasmid DNA ACT as vectors to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it.
You probably know that mosquito acts as an INSECT vector to transfer the malarial parasite into human body. In the same way, a plasmid can be USED as vector to deliver an allen piece of DNA into the host organism. The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible with the enzyme DNA ligase.
This makes a new combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created in vitro and is known as recombinant DNA.
When this DNA is transferred into Escherichia coli, a bacterium closely related to salmonella, it could replicate using the new host.s DNA polymerase enzyme and make MULTIPLE copies.
Discussion
17348.

Question : Give general information about ecosystem and give examples of various ecosystems.

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Solution :An ECOSYSTEM can be visualized as a functional unit of nature where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment.
Ecosystem varies greatly in size from a SMALL pond to a large forest or a sea.
Many ecologists regard the entire biosphere as a global ecosystem.
As a composite of all local ecosystems on Earth.
Since this system is too much big and complex to be studied at one time.
It is convenient to divide it into two basic categories, namely the terrestrial and the aquatic.
Forest, grassland and desert are some EXAMPLES of terrestrial ecosystems, pond, lake, wetland, river and ESTUARY are some examples of aquatic ecosystems.
Crop fields and an aquarium may also be considered as man-made ecosystems.
By the study of structure of the ecosystem in order to appreciate the input (productivity), transfer of energy (food chain/web, nutrient cycling) and the output (DEGRADATION and energy loss).
With it relationships - cycles chains, webs that are created as a result of these energy flows within the system and their inter-relationships.
Discussion
17349.

Question : Give general information about microbes.

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Solution :Besides macroscopic PLANTS and animals, microbes are the major components of biological systems on this earth. Microbes are present everywhere in soil, water, air, inside our bodies and that of other animals and plants. Microbes are present EVEN at sites where no other life form could possibly exist - sites such as deep inside the geysers where the temperature may be as high as `100^@C` , deep in the soil under the layers of snow several meters thick and in highly acidic environments.


Microbes are divers - protoza, bacteria, fungi and microscopic animal and plant viruses, viroids and also prions that are proteinacious infectious agents. Microbes like bacteria and many fungi can be grown on nutritive media to farm COLONIES that can be seen with the naked eyes. Such cultures are useful in studies on microorganisms. Microbes cause a LARGE number of diseases in human beings. They also cause diseases in animals and plants. But all microbes are not harmful, several microbes are useful to man in diverse ways. Some of the most important contributions of microbes to human welfare is modern BIOTECHNOLOGY and genetic engineering.
Discussion
17350.

Question : Give general information about Biotechnology.

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Solution :Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful.
In this SENSE, making curd, bread or WINE, which are all microbe-mediated processes, could also be THOUGHT as a form of biotechnology.
Many times modern biotechnology is associated with production of antibiotic material like Insuline, for use of gene transformation based micro-organism like E. coli or yeast. It can be mentioned as genetically modified animals or plants like Bt- Cotton.
Biotechnology is also associated with medical treatment of diseases like Hepatitis-C, Diabetes, Cancer, Siatica, Hemophilia and Osteoporosis.
The European FEDERATION of Biotechnology (EFB) has given a DEFINITION of biotechnology that encompasses both traditional view and modern molecular biotechnology.
The definition given by EFB is as follows : "The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services.
Discussion