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17201.

Question : Give the definition for (a) Arrhenotoky (b) Thelytoky(c) Amphitoky.

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Solution :(a) ARRHENOTOKY: In this TYPE only males are produced by parthenogenesis. e.g: honey bees
(b) Thelytoky: In this type of parthenogenesis only femals are produced by parthenogenesis. e.g.: Solenobia
(c) Amphitoky: In the type parthenogenetic egg MAY develop into INDIVIDUALS of any sex. e.g.: Aphis.
Discussion
17202.

Question : Givethe correct labelling of X, Y and Z with the following diagram of central Dogma.

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X: TRANSLATION, Y : Elongation,
Z : Erwin Chargaff
X: TRANSCRIPTION, Y : Replication,
Z : D. Baltimore
X : Translation, Y: Transcription,
Z : H.M. Temin
X : Transcription, Y: Translation, Z: EH.C. Crick

SOLUTION :X: Transcription, Y : Translation,
Z: EH.C. Crick
Discussion
17203.

Question : Give the correct essential enzyme synthesized when lactose sugar is added to the culture of E-coli for the conversion of lactose into galactose.

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Trans-acetylase
PERMEASE
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
Both Trans-acetylase and permease

SOLUTION :Both Trans-acetylase and permease
Discussion
17204.

Question : Give the contribution of Karl Landsteiner.

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SOLUTION :DISCOVERED ABO blood groups and their antigens and antibodies
Discussion
17205.

Question : Give the common site of formation of two types of lymphocytes.

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SOLUTION :Haemocytoblasts or STEM CELLS of BONE MARROW.
Discussion
17206.

Question : Give the chromosomal constitution and the resulting sex in each of the following syndrome. (a) Turner's syndrome (b) Klinefelter's syndrome

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Solution :(a) Turner.s syndrome - 22 PAIRS of autosomes and one X CHROMOSOME.
(44 + XO = 45 chromosome). The resulting individual is a female.
(b) Klinefelter.s syndrome - 22 pairs of autosomes and XXY = {44 + XXY = 47 chromosomes}
The resulting individual is male with more female character.
Discussion
17207.

Question : Give the centrol dogma of protein synthesis. Explain the process of translation.

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Solution :Central dogma of protein
DNA Transcription `to` mRNA `to` Translation `to` Protein
In 1958, Crick proposed that DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (protein) through mRNA, this is the main principle or central dogma of protein synthesis which involves transcription and translation.
This process needs :
(i) DNA to provide the base sequence,
(ii) 20 types of amino acids,
(iii) Non-genetic types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA),
(iv) Ribosomes as site of protein synthesis,
(v) Various enzymes / factors,
(vi) ATP / GTP as source of energy.
Translation is the process in which the sequence of codons on the mRNA strand is used and PER codon sequence, the amino acids are joined to each other to forma polypeptide chain that makes protein.
mRNA `to` Translation `to` Protein
Steps involved in translation :
(A) Activation of amino acids and formation of AA-tRNA complex :
The amino acid (AA) molecule is activated in presence of an enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and then each amino acid is attached to thespecific tRNA molecule.
The reaction needs ATP.
This process is called CHARGING of tRNA or aminoacylation of tRNA.
(B) Formation of the polypeptide chain -It is actual translation which involves the following steps :
(i) Initiation :
1. It begins with the formation of initiation complex which requires the mRNA having codons for polypeptide, the smaller (30S) and larger (50S) sub-units of ribosome, the initial `"AA"_(1)-"tRNA"` complex and ATP and GTP as source of energy.
2. The process ofinitiation needs initiation factors.
3. The process starts with binding of mRNA on the smaller 30S sub-unit of ribosome.
4. The start codon AUG is positioned properly.
5. The `"AA"_(1)-"tRNA"` complex i.e., fmet-tRNA complex now gets attached to the start codon AUG. This is done with the help of anticodon UAC of tRNA.
6. Small and large unit of ribosome join to form 70S ribosome.
(ii) Elongation :
1. This is done by formation of peptide linkages or bonds in between the successive amino acid molecules.
2. The elongation activity involves elongation factors.
3. The elongation activity is catalyzed by the enzyme peptidyl transferase.
Each tRNA complex brings a specific amino acid.
Due to complementary nature of anticodons and codons, the amino acids are placed to their proper positions.
4. Translocation : The ribosome moves along the mRNA in step wise manner from start to stop codon `(5' to 3')`, one codon ahead each time. This movement is called translocation. In every step of trarislocation, one amino acid is added in the polypeptide chain causing elongation.
(iii) Termination :
1. Elongation continues until the ribosome adds the last amino acid coded by the mRNA. When the mRNA reaches to the last termination codon, i.e. either UAA, UAG or UGA, termination occurs.
2. Release or termination factors `R_(1)`, R_(2)` and S play an important role in identifying the stop / termination codon.
3. After termination, the smaller (30S) and larger (50S) sub-units of ribosome get separated from each other.
4. Many ribosomes may bind to the mRNA strand and form the polypeptide chains for synthesis of protein molecule. Such a structure with many ribosomes BOUND to mRNA is called POLYSOME or polyribosome.
Discussion
17208.

Question : Give the causative agent of ascariasis.

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SOLUTION :ASCARIS lumbricoides-Round WORM
Discussion
17209.

Question : Give the biological names of the following:The mould from which penicillin is obtained.

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SOLUTION : PENICILLIUM notatum, Penicillium chrysogenum
Discussion
17210.

Question : Give the biological names of the following:The microbe used to produce Swiss cheese.

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SOLUTION :PROPIONIBACTERIUM shermanii
Discussion
17211.

Question : Give the biological names of the following:The microbe used to control insect larvae growing on cotton.

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SOLUTION :BACILLUS thuringiensis
Discussion
17212.

Question : Give the biological names of the following: The fungus that is being developed as a bio-control agent.

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SOLUTION :PHYTOPHTHORA PALMIVORA
Discussion
17213.

Question : Match the following

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SOLUTION :SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Discussion
17214.

Question : Give the biological names of the following:Baker's yeast.

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SOLUTION :SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Discussion
17215.

Question : Give the biological names of the following: A symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium found in root nodules.

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SOLUTION :RHIZOBIUM
Discussion
17216.

Question : A symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium found in root nodules.

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SOLUTION :RHIZOBIUM
Discussion
17217.

Question : Give the biological name of the organism causing typhoid.

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SOLUTION :SALMONELLA typhi
Discussion
17218.

Question : Give the binomials of paddy and wheat.

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SOLUTION :PADDY : Oryza sativa.
WHEAT : TRITICUM AESTIVUM.
Discussion
17219.

Question : Give the balance sheet of ATP formed during aerobic respiration.

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Solution :Balance SHEET of ATP formed during aerobic respiration:
1. Glycolysis:
[A] ATP formed by substrate level phosphorylation
(i) 1,3-diPLGA to 3PGA
(ii) PEPA to PA

2. Krebs cycle:
ATPS formed by substrate level phosphorylation
Succinyl co-lA to Sucinate
Total

3. Terminal oxidation (through ETS):
(i) ?From `NADH_(2): 10 NADH_(2)xx3APHs`
(ii) From `FADH_(2): 2FADH_(2)xx2ATPs`
Total
total ATPs formed `(4+2+34)`
Total ATPs used
`:.` Net GAIN
Discussion
17220.

Question :Give the applications of DNA fingerprinting technique .

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SOLUTION :Applications of DNA fingerprinting technique:
1. DNA fingerprinting was INTIALLY formulated as FORENSIC medicine technique.
2. The technique is used to establish PARENTAGE in disputed cases.
3. It can prove the heredity and thus is also used to settle insurance claims.
4. DNA fingerprinting technique is useful in study of phylogeny.
The agricultural science is also benefitted by this technique.
6. The technique is also useful in genomics.
Discussion
17221.

Question : Give the alternate terminologies for (a) Spermatogonia(b) Embryonic ectoderm

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SOLUTION :(a) Spermatogonia = SPERM MOTHER cell
(B) Embryonic ECTODERM = hypoblast
Discussion
17222.

Question : Give any one adverse effect each of the following drugs on human health. 1. Opioids, 2. Casnnabinoids and 3. Morphines on human health.

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Solution :(1) Opioids :
(1) Opioids bind to SPECIFIC opioid receptors present in the CENTRAL nervous system and in gastrointestinal tract.
(2) They are depressants and SLOW down the BODY functions.
(2) Cannabinoids :
(1) Cannabinoids interact with receptors in the brain.
(2) They affect cardiovascular system of the body.
(3) Morphines :
(1) Morphine is an effective sedative and pain killer when used for medicinal PURPOSE.
(2) When abused it affects physical, physiological and psychological functions.
Discussion
17223.

Question : Give the advantages and disadvantages of pesticides.

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SOLUTION :HINT: REFER TEXT.
Discussion
17224.

Question : Give term for cutting of vas deferens of male.

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ANSWER :VASECTOMY
Discussion
17225.

Question : Give six points of difference between DNA and RNA in their structure chemistry and function.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17226.

Question : Give short notes on types of ovules .

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SOLUTION :Types of Ovules :
(i) The ovules are classified into six main types based on the orientation, form and position of the micropyle with respect to funicle and chalaza.
(ii) Most important ovule types are orthotropous,anatropous, hemianatropous and campylotropous.
(iii) The types of ovule is given in Figure.

Orthotropous:
The micropyle is at the distal end and the micropyle the funicle and the chalaza lie in one stright vertical line.
EXAMPLE: Piperaceae, Polygonaceae
Anatropous:
The body of the ovule becomes completely inverted so that the micropyle and funiculus come to lie very close to each other. This is the common type of ovules FOUND in dicots and monocots.
Hemiatropous:
The body of the ovule is placed transversely and at right angles to the funicle.
Example: Primulaceae.
Campylotropous:
The body of the ovule at the micropylar end is curved and more or less bean shaped. The embryo sac is slightly curved. All the three, hilum, micropyle and chalaza are adjacent to one another, with the micropyle oriented towards the placenta. Example: Leguminosae.
In addition to the above main types there are two more types of ovules they are,
Amphitropous: The DISTANCE between hilum and chalaza is less. The curvature of the ovule leads to horse-shoe shaped nucellus.
Example: some Alismataceae.
Circinotropous: Funiculus is very LONG and surrounds the ovule. Example: Cactaceae.
Discussion
17227.

Question :Give scientific term for multiple effects of a gene on the phenotype of an organism.

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SOLUTION :PLEIOTROPY
Discussion
17228.

Question : Give scientific reasons Viruses can be used in the manufacturing proteins.

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Solution :Viruses can also serve as tools because they are efficient factories for the production of viral PROTEINS, viruses have been harnessed to produce a wide variety of proteins for INDUSTRIAL and research purposes. MANY PHARMACEUTICAL and biotechnology companies are actively pursuing EFFECTIVE antiviral therapies.
Discussion
17229.

Question : Give scientific reasons Unambiguous, Universal and degenerate are some of the terms used for the genetic code.

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SOLUTION :Unambiguous code means that ONE codon codes for only one amino acid i.e. AUG codes only for methionine.
Genetic code is universal as particular codon codes for the same amino acid in all organisms.
It is DEGENERATE because some amino acids are CODED by more than one codon e.g. UUU and UUC, both code for phenylalanine.
Discussion
17230.

Question : Give scientific reasons Transcription and translation could be coupled in prokaryotic cell but not in eukaryotic cell.

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Solution :In PROKARYOTES the mRNA synthesised does not REQUIRE any processing to become ACTIVE and both transcription and translation occurs in the same CYTOSOL but in eukaryotes, primary transcript contains both exon and INTRON and is subjected to a process called splicing where introns are removed and exons are joined in a definite order to form mRNA.
Discussion
17231.

Question : Give scientific reasons The thermoregulation more effectively achieved in larger animals than in smaller ones.

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Solution :Larger animals such as BIRDS and mammals are able to MAINTAIN CONSTANT BODY temperature by physiological means. These have more volume and smaller surface area as COMPARED to smaller animals.
Discussion
17232.

Question : Give Scientific reasons The products prepared by recombinant DNA have to be passed from downstream processing.

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Solution :It is IMPORTANT for PRODUCTS to pass through downstream PROCESSING before taking in use for human welfare. In downstream processing, products are properly tested, prepared protein and medicines are INTRODUCED into transgenic animals and OBSERVED it. So, its harmful effects or side effects can be known which can be rectified and can be taken in use of human welfare.
Discussion
17233.

Question : Give scientific reasons The members of a population do not breed with other population.

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Solution :Population of DIFFERENT SPECIES are incapable of breeding with each other due to VARIOUS TYPES of isolations.
Discussion
17234.

Question : Give scientific reasons Majority of fresh water organisms have contractile vacuoles while marine organisms lack them.

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Solution :Osmotic CONCENTRATION of fresh water organisms like Amoeba, Paramoecium is hypertonic to surrounding water so water enters inside them by endosmosis. This excess of water is expelled with the HELP of CONTRACTILE vacuoles so these help in osmoregulation. Marine protozoan are ISOTONIC to sea water, so they do not have contractile vacuole.
Discussion
17235.

Question : Give scientific reasons It is essential that tRNA binds to both amino acids and mRNA codon during protein synthesis.

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Solution :It is ESSENTIAL that tRNA binds to both amino acids and MRNA codon because tRNA acts as an adapter molecule with picks up a specific activated amino acid from the cytoplasm and transferred it to the RIBOSOMAL in the cytoplasm where PROTEINS are synthesized. It attracts itself to ribosome with the sequence specified by mRNA and finally it transmits its amino acid to new POLYPEPTIDE chain.
Discussion
17236.

Question : Give Scientific reasons In recombinant DNA technology the use of endonuclease is more proper than exonuclease.

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Solution :In recombinant DNA technology the fragment of desired DNA is either Joined with vector or by cutting COPIES are prepared. For that cutting of vector and desired DNA is essential, Endonuclease does cutting in such a way that sticky ENDS are PRODUCED inside DNA. While Exonuclease remove end terminals and produce BLUNT ends but sticky ends are necessary to connect a piece of desired DNA with vector. Therefore endonuclease is more proper enzyme than exonuclease.
Discussion
17237.

Question : Give Scientific reasons Genetic engineering is better than hybridization.

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Solution :Genetic engineering is better than hybridization because traditional hybridization method is USEFUL in plants and ANIMAL culture. But in this method UNDESIRED genes also associate along with desired genes. While with the HELP of genetic engineering such DEFECTS can be removed and plants and animals with desired characteristics can be obtained/prepared.
Discussion
17238.

Question : Give scientific reasons Energy pyramids are never inverted.

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Solution :Energy pyramids are always upright. Never inverted are possible, Because when energy flows from a definite trophic LEVEL to another trophic level, to another trophic level, at each step same energy is lost in the form of heat. In energy PYRAMID, each pillar in given time indicate the AMOUNT of energy present at each trophic level in Annual per unit area.
Discussion
17239.

Question : Give scientific reasons DNA polymorphism is the basis of genetic mapping of human genome.

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Solution :POLYMORPHISM is inherited from parents to children. So it is useful for the identification and PATERNITY testing. It arises DUE to mutation and also plays an important role in evolution and speciation. These mutation in the non-coding sequences have piled up with time and form the basis of DNA polymorphism. It is the basis of genetic mapping of human genome as well as DNA FINGERPRINTING.
Discussion
17240.

Question : Give scientific reasons Earthwarm is known as farmer's friend.

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Solution :Earthworm helps to BREAK down the complex organic MATERIAL and losening (FERTILE) the soil. Thus it prepares good soil to FARMERS for crop PRODUCTION.
Discussion
17241.

Question : Give scientific reasons DNA polymerase plays a dual function during DNA replication.

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Solution :DNA polymerase plays and dual function it helps in synthesis of new STRAND and ALSO helps in PROOF reading i.e. replacement of RNA STRANDS lay DNA FRAGMENTS.
Discussion
17242.

Question : Give scientific reasons DNA and not RNA is the genetic material in majority of organisms.

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Solution :The `-OH` group in the nucleotides of RNA is much more reactive and makes RNA LABILE and easily degradable thus DNA and not RNA ACTS as genetic MATERIAL in majority of organisms.
Discussion
17243.

Question : Give scientific reasons Decomposer essential in nature

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SOLUTION :Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes act as DECOMPOSERS to decompose DEAD bodies of plants and animals and their WASTE to release LOCKED in inorganic materials for their recycling in the environment.
Discussion
17244.

Question : Give scientific reasons Coral reefsnot found in the regions from west Bengal to Andhra Pradesh but are found in Tamil Nadu and on the east Coast of India.

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SOLUTION :Because in the regions like Tamil Nadu and east coast of India, there is high salinity, no infloe of fresh water and siltation which FAVOURS the growth of CORAL reefs.
Discussion
17245.

Question : Give scientific reasons Clown fish and sea anemone pairs up.

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Solution :The clown fish lives in the TENTACLES of a sea ANEMONE and is protected by the stinging cells present on the tentacles of sea anemone so clown fish is benefitted, but the sea anemone is neither BENEFITED nor harmed. This clown fish-sea anemone association is CALLED as commensalism.
Discussion
17246.

Question : Give scientific reasons Both the strands of DNA are not copied during transcription.

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Solution :If both the strands of DNA are copied, two different RNAs (complementary to each other} and hence two different polypeptides will PRODUCE, if a segment of DNA PRODUCES two polypeptides the genetic information machinery becomes complicated. The two complementary RNA MOLECULES (produce SIMULTANEOUSLY) would form a DOUBLE stranded RNA rather than getting translated into polypeptides.
Discussion
17247.

Question : Give scientific name of tulsi plant.

Answer»

Oscimum SANCTUM
FICUS RELIGIOSA
PROSOPIS cineraria
Calotrois procera

SOLUTION :Oscimum sanctum
Discussion
17248.

Question : Give schematic representation of cyclic photophosphorylation.

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Solution :(1) Cyclic photophosphorylation is a kind of photophosphorylation in which the expelled electrons return back to the reaction CENTRE following a cyclic path, in which the LIGHT energy is ABSORBED by photosynthetic pigments in light harvesting complex associated with photosystem I (PS I).

(2) The light energy thus absorbed is transferred to `P_(700)` As a result of this `P_(700)` is excited and expels energy RICH electrons making it positively charged.
(3) The expelled electrons are initially captured by FRS (Ferredoxin reducing substance). From which it passes the electrons to an iron containing red protein called Fd (Ferredoxin).
(4) From ferredoxin, the electrons then pass through a series of electron acceptors and donors such as cytochrome-`b_(6)`, cytochrome-f and plastocyanin (Pc).
(5) From plastocyanin, the de-energized electrons are transferred to `P_(700)`
(6) During the transfer of electrons from ferredoxin to cytochrome-`b_(6)` and from cytochrome-`b_(6)` to cytochrome-f, the energy from electrons is released. The energy thus released is utilized for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and iP as shown under :
ADP+ iP`rarr` ATP where iP is inorganic phosphate.
Discussion
17249.

Question :Give reasons why : (i) most zygotes in angiosperms divide only after certain amomit of endosperm is formed. (ii) ground nut seeds are exalbuminous and caster seeds are albuminous. (iii) Micropyle remains as a small pore in the seed coat of a seed. (iv) integuments of an ovule harden and the water content is highly reduced,as. the seed matures.apple and cashew are not called true fruits.

Answer»

Solution :To obtain nutrition from the endosperm for the developing embryo.
(ii) The groundnut seeds are exalbuminous because the endosperm is completely consumed WHEREAS, caster seeds are albuminous because the endosperm persists.
(iii) For the entry of water and oxygen REQUIRED for germination.
(iv) To protect the embryo and keep the seed viable, until favourable conditions return for germination.
In apple and cashew, ovary does not take PARTIN fruit FORMATION, instead thalamus CONTRIBUTES to fruit formation.
Discussion
17250.

Question : Why is measurement of bio-mass in terms of dry weight more accurate than fresh weight?

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SOLUTION :Dry weight is total AMOUNT of living (or) organic MATTER in a tropic LEVEL / organism after WATER is removed. Hence it is more accurate.
Discussion