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17151.

Question : Give the method for separation and isolation of DNA fragments.

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Solution :Due to the use of restriction endonuclease, DNA results into fragments. These fragments can be separated by a technique known as gel electrophoresis.
DNA fragments are negatively charged molecules. They can be separated by forcing them to move TOWARDS the anode under an ELECTRIC field through a medium/matrix. Which is a natural POLYMER extracted from sea weeds.
In gel electrophoresis, agarose is used as matrix.
The DNA fragments separate according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. Hence the smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves.
The separated DNA fragments can be visualised only after staining the DNA with a compound known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure the UV radiation.
You can see bright - orange coloured bands of DNA in a ethidium bromide stained gel exposed to UV light.
The separated bands of DNA are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted from the gel piece. This step is known as elution.
The DNA fragments purified in this way are used in constructing recombinant DNA by joining them with cloning VECTORS.
Cloning vector : Plasmids and bacteriophages have the ability to replicate within bacterial cells independent of the control of chromosomal DNA.
Bacteriophage because of their high number per cells have very high copy numbers of their genome within the bacterial cells.
Some plasmids may have only one or two copies per cell whereas others may have 15-100 copies per cell. Their numbers can go even higher.
If we are able to link an alien piece of DNA with bacteriophage or plasmid DNA we can multiply its numbers EQUAL to the copy number of the plasmid or bacteriophage.
Discussion
17152.

Question : Give the method for isolation of genetic material DNA.

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Solution :Nucleic acid is the genetic MATERIAL of all organisms without exception.
In majority of organisms it is DNA. In order to cut the DNA with RESTRICTION enzymes, it NEEDS to be in pure form, free from other macro molecules.
DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids.
This can be achieved by treating the BACTERIAL cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus).
The RNA can be removed by treatment with ribonuclease whereas proteins can be removed by treatment with protease.
Other molecules can be removed by treatments and purified DNA ultimately precipitates out after the addition of chilled ethanol. This can be seen as collection of fine threads in the suspension.
Discussion
17153.

Question : Give the meaning of the term allele.

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Solution :A PAIR of genes that are located on the same LOCUS of homologous CHROMOSOMES and are associated with contrasting EXPRESSIONS of the same character.
Discussion
17154.

Question :Give the meaning of the following term :Totipotency

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SOLUTION :The capacity to generate a WHOLE plant from any cell/ex plant is called TOTIPOTENCY.
Discussion
17155.

Question :Give the meaning of the following term :Somatic hybrids

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Solution :Isolated protoplasts from TWO different varieties of plants each having a desirable CHARACTER can be fused to get hybrid protoplasts, which can be further grown to FORM a NEW plant. These HYBRIDS are called somatic hybrids.
Discussion
17156.

Question : Give the meaning of the following terms. (a) Explant (b) Totipotency (c) Somaclones (d) Somatic hybrids (e) Micropropagation.

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Solution :(a) Any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions in special nutrient MEDIA is CALLED explant.
(b) The capacity to generate a WHOLE plant from any cell/ex plant is called totipotency.
(c) Plants which are genetically identical to the original plant from which they are grown are called somaclones.
(d) Isolated protoplasts from two different varieties of plants each having a DESIRABLE character can be fused to get hybrid protoplasts, which can be further grown to form a new plant These hybrids are called somatic hybrids.
(e) PRODUCING thousands of plants through tissue culture is called micropropagation.
Discussion
17157.

Question :Give the meaning of the following term :Somaclones

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SOLUTION : Plants which are GENETICALLY identical to the ORIGINAL plant from which they are grown are CALLED somaclones.
Discussion
17158.

Question :Give the meaning of the following terms :Micropropagation

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SOLUTION :Producing THOUSANDS of PLANTS through TISSUE culture is called micropropagation.
Discussion
17159.

Question :Give the meaning of the following terms : Explant

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Solution : Any part of a plant TAKEN out and grown in a test-tube under sterile conditions in SPECIAL nutrient MEDIA is CALLED explant.
Discussion
17160.

Question : Give the meaning of the following terms : a) Explant b) Totipotency c) Somaclones d) Somatic hybrids e) Micropropagation

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SOLUTION :a) Explants:- Any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube under sterile conditions in a special nutrient media used in tissue culture are called explants
b) Totipotency:- The capacity of a plant cell to develop in to a COMPLETE plant is called totipotency.
c) Somaclones:- Plantlet obtained during micro propagation are genetically IDENTICAL to the ORIGINAL plant from which it is derived, are called somaclones.
d) Somatic hybrids:- The plants obtained by fusion of protoplats of two different plants are called somatic hybrids.
e) Micro propagation:- The method of production of thousand of plants using explant through tissue culture technique is called micro propagation
Discussion
17161.

Question : Give the meaning of 'Nif' gene?

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Solution :NIF gene means NITROGEN fixing gene which is FOUND in RHIZOBIUM.
Discussion
17162.

Question : Give the location of following valves within human heart: a. Eustachian valve b. Thebesian valve c. Bicuspid valve d. Tricuspid valve

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Solution :a. Eustachian VALVE-Opening of inferior vena cava
b. Thebesian valve- Opening of coronary SINUS
c. Biscuspid valve-Left ATRIOVENTRICULAR aperture
d. Tricuspid valve- RIGHT atrioventricular aperture.
Discussion
17163.

Question : Give the life span of a. sperm , b. egg

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Solution :a. Sperm - 3 days or 72 hours.
B. Ovum -1 day or 24 hours.
Discussion
17164.

Question : Give the habitat of Ascaris.

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SOLUTION :Coelozoic ENDOPARASITE of SMALL INTESTINE of CHILDREN.
Discussion
17165.

Question : Give the graphical representation of Hardy-Weinberg's principle in the form of Punnet Square.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17166.

Question : Give the historical background of DNA.

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SOLUTION :DNA as an acidic substance present in nucleus was first identified by Friedrich Meischer in 1869. He named it as .Nuclein..
Due to technical limitation in isolating such a long polymer intact the elucidation of structure of DNA remained elusive for a very long period of TIME.
It was only in 1953 that James Watson and Francis Crick, based on the X-ray diffraction data produced by Maurice Wilkins and ROSALIND Franklin proposed a very simple but famous Double Helix model for the structure of DNA.
One of the hallmarks of their proposition was ALSO based on the observation of Erwin Chargaff that for a double stranded DNA the ratio between Adenine and Thymine and Guanine and cytosine are constant and equals one.
Discussion
17167.

Question : Write down the functions of kidney.

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Solution :Functions of kidney:
1. The internal environment of the body is maintained due to kidney. The homeostasis is maintained by constant and delicate BALANCE kept by kidney.
2. Kidney extracts all the nitrogenous excretory waste products from the blood and thereby PURIFY the blood.
3. The sodium, potassium and chloride ion concentration of the body/blood is maintained by kidneys.
4. Acid base balance of the body is maintained.
5. Composition of blood is maintained by regulation water content of the body.
6. Unwanted foreign substances LIKE dyes, pigments, excess of vitamins etc. are eliminated by the kidneys.
Discussion
17168.

Question : Give the functions of any four parts of the angiospermic ovule.

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Solution :Functions of different parts of the OVULE :
(1) Funicle : The funicle supplies nutrition to the body of the ovule owing to the presence of vascular strands in it.
(2) Nucellus : The nucellus plays an important role in the development of embryo sac.
(3) Integuments : The integuments provide protection to the nucellus and the embryo sac. After FERTILIZATION, the integuments are converted into the seed coat consisting of an outer thick and resistant layer CALLED testa and an inner thin layer called tegmen.
(4) Micropyle : The microphyle acts as a passage for the entry of pollen tube into the ovule during fertilization. Besides, it allows the entry of water during germination.
(5) Egg apparatus : The egg after fertillzation GIVES rise to diploid zygote which later on develops into an embryo. The synergids help in fertilization. They degererate after fertilization.
(6) Secondary nucleus : The secondary nucleus after double fertilization forms primary endosperm nucleus which later on develops into the endosperm.
(7) Antipodal cells : The antipodal cells are accessory cells. They degenerate after fertilization.
Discussion
17169.

Question : Give the functions of diencephalon.

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Solution :(1) Diencephalon acts as a relay CENTRE for motor and SENSORY impulses between spinal cord, brain stem and various AREAS of cerebral cortex.
(2) Diencephalon consists of epithalamus, thalami and hypothalamus. Therefore it acts as a centre for homeostasis and higher centre of auto-nomous nervous system.
(3) Hypothalamic nuclei secrete neurohormones which influence the pituitary gland.
(4) Diencephalon regulates heart beats, BLOOD pressure and water balance.
(5) Anterior choroid plexus which is located in the diencephalon secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
(6) Hypothalamic regions control many involuntary functions such as HUNGER, thirst, thermoregulation, fear, anger, sleep, sexual desire, etc.
Discussion
17170.

Question : Give the full form of LSD.

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SOLUTION :Lysergic ACID diethylamide
Discussion
17171.

Question : Give the function of arbor vitae.

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Solution :ARBOR vitae is present in the region of cerebellum where inner WHITE matter of cerebellar MEDULLA SENDS branching processes in grey cortex. It brings sensory and MOTOR information to and from the cerebellum.
Discussion
17172.

Question : Give the full form of IUD.

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ANSWER :Intra-uterine DEVICE
Discussion
17173.

Question : Give the full form of ELISA, which disease can b e detected using it? Discuss the principle underlying the test.

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SOLUTION :ELISA stands for Enzyme linked IMMUNO SorbentAssay. It is used for the detection of (HIV) AIDS disease.
ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction. Infection bypathogen can b e detected by the presence (proteins,glycoproteins, ETC.) or by detecting the ANTIBODIES SYNTHESISED by the host agaisnt the pathogen.
Discussion
17174.

Question : Give the full form of ELISA. Which disease can be detected using it ? Discuss the principle underlying the test.

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Solution :Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent ASSAY (ELISA) is used for the detection of AIDS. ELISA is BASED on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction. Infection by pathogen can be DETECTED by the presence of antigens (proteins, glycoproteins, ETC.) or by DETECTING the antibodies synthesised against the pathogen.
Discussion
17175.

Question : Give the full form of ELISA. Which disease can be detected using it? Discuss the principle underlying the test.

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Solution :(a) ELISA = Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (b) ELISA is used in the detection of AIDS, hepatitis, STDs, thyroid disorder. (c) ELISA TEST can DETECT very small amount of protein (ANTIGEN or ANTIBODY) with the help of peroxidase or alkaline phosphate and stain.
Discussion
17176.

Question : Give the full form of CT and MRI. How are they different from each other? Where are they used?

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Solution :CT-Computed Tomography.It USES X-rays to GENERATE 3-D IMAGES of internal organs.
MRI-Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It uses STRONG magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to detectpathologicaland physiologicalchanges in the living tissue accuratily. Both are used in cancer detection.
Discussion
17177.

Question : Give the full form of CT and MRI. How are they different from each other ? Where are they used ?

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Solution :CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are very USEFUL to detect cancers of the internal organs.
Computed tomography uses X-rays to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object.
It is a radiological INVASIVE TECHNIQUE.
It is used to detect diseases of BRAIN, spinal-chord, chest and abdomen.
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations.
It accurately detect pathological and physiolog-ical changes in the soft tissues like tumours, muscular disorders, haemorrhage etc.
Discussion
17178.

Question : Give the full form of ARC.

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SOLUTION :AIDS RELATED COMPLEX
Discussion
17179.

Question : Give the formula for the change in population size.

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SOLUTION :(BIRTHS + IMMIGRATION) - (DEATHS + EMIGRATION)
Discussion
17180.

Question : Give the full form of BOD.

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ANSWER :A::B::C::D
Discussion
17181.

Question : Write the F_(2) phenotypic ratio of (i) Recessive epistasis (ii) Duplicate genes

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Solution :a) Supplementary genes - 9 : 3 : 4
b) Complementary genes - 9 : 7
c) Dominant epistasis - 12 : 3 : 1
Discussion
17182.

Question : Give the floral adaptations for anemophily.

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Solution :Floral adaptations for anemophily:
(1) Flowers are small and inconspicuous.
(2) Flowers lack bright COLOUR, nectar and fragrance.
(3) PETALS are green and small or highly reduced.
(4) In unisexual flowers, the male flowers are more numerous than female flowers.
(5) Stamens possess long filaments. Anthers are VERSATILE.
(6) Pollen GRAINS smooth, dry and light in weight.
(7) Pollen grains are produced in LARGE numbers to compensate their wastage.
(8) Long style with feathery stigma.
Discussion
17183.

Question : Give the fate of mesoderm.

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Solution :Fate of the MESODERM: The mesoderm forms the following derivatives: 1. All types of muscles 2. connective tissue 3. dermis of skin 4. adrenal cortex 5. kidney 6. CIRCULATORY system 7. heat 8. blood VESSELS 9. blood 10. LYMPHATIC vessels 11. middle ear and 12. dentine of teeth.
Discussion
17184.

Question : Give the experimental verification of the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

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Solution :SUTTON and Boveri argued that the pairing and separation of a pair of chromosomes would lead to the segregation of a pair of factors they carried.
= Sutton united the knowledge of chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles and called it the chromosomal theory of inheritance.
= Experimental verification of the chromosomal theory of inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan and his colleagues, led to DISCOVERING the basis for variation that sexual reproduction produced.
= Morgan worked with the TINY fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster which were found very suitable for such studies.
= They COULD be grown on simple synthetic medium in the laboratory.
=They complete their life cycle in about two weeks and a single mating could produce a large number of progeny flies.
=There was a clear differentiation of the sexes i.e. male (smaller) and FEMALE (bigger).
=It has four pairs of chromosomes which differ in size.
=It has many types of hereditary variations that can be seen with low power microscope.
Discussion
17185.

Question : Give the expanded form of C C and LHC.

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Solution :The EXPANDED form of C C and LHC are core COMPLEX and light harvesting complex respectively.
Discussion
17186.

Question : Give the examples of post-mating isolating mechanisms.

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SOLUTION :Gametic mortality, ZYGOTE mortality and hybrid sterility are the EXAMPLES of post-mating ISOLATING MECHANISMS.
Discussion
17187.

Question : Give the examples for micro propagation performed plants.

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SOLUTION :PINEAPPLE, BANANA, STRAWBERRY and POTATO.
Discussion
17188.

Question : Give the example of connecting link between reptiles and birds.

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SOLUTION :ARCHAEOPTERYX is connecting link between REPTILES and birds.
Discussion
17189.

Question : Give the example each of variety developed against white rust and bacterial blight .

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SOLUTION :White -RUST - PUSA swarmin
Bacterial BLIGHT
Discussion
17190.

Question : Give the exact location and function of the embryo sac.

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SOLUTION :Embryo SAC is the FEMALE gametophyte of angiosperms. It LIES embedded in the nucellus towards MICROPYLAR half of the ovule. Embryo sac develops into seed.
Discussion
17191.

Question : Give the effects of the air pollutants on human health.

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Solution :(1) Sulphur dioxide damages materials and prorerty. Sulphur dioxide can be converted into highly reactive sulphuric acid. This causes discolouration and physical deteriorattpn of BUILDING materials and sculptures. Even in low concentrations `(lt 0.03 ppm)` it can cause adverse effects on respiratory system of human beings and animals. It adversely affects vegetations too.
(2) Hydrogen suphide causes leaf lesions, defoliation and reduced growth of plants. In human beings it causes headache, nausea, conjunctivitis, irritation of mucous membrane, colic diarrhoea, bronchial pneumonia, coma and even death. Unpleasant odour of `H_(2)S` can cause loss of appetite.
( 3) Carbon monoxide effects are TOXIC as they combine with haemoglobin in the blood. Haemoglobin has much more affinity for CO than for `O_(2)` When haemoglobin is combined with CO, the OXYGEN carrying capacity becomes low and body cells receive less oxygen causing toxicity. Mental PERFORMANCE and visual acuity are impaired due to higher concentration of CO as seen among smokers. In plants, CO inhibits cellular respiration by reacting with cytochrome oxidase system.
(4) Nitrous oxide `(N_(2)O)` or laughing gas (100 ppm) is lethal to human beings and animals if exposed for a few minutes. Longer exposure to lesser amounts can cause acute respiratory disease in humans.
(5) Tobacco smoke causes lung CANCER, pulmonary and coronary heart diseases, thickening of bronchial epithelial layer, loss of ciliated cells, appearance of cells with bizarre nuclei which later leads to, cancerous conditions.
(6) Many diseases of human beings such as black lung disease, asbestosis, emphysema:, chronic bronchitis, pollen allergies, lung cancer, etc. are caused due to various air pollutants.
Discussion
17192.

Question : Give the diagrammatic representation of Miller's experiment.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17193.

Question : Give the ecomoic importance of fisheries

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Solution :Economic importance of fisheries:
1. FISH is a nutritious food and thus is a source of many vitamins, MINERALS and nutrients.
2. Commercial products such as fish oil, fish MEAL and fertilizers are prepared from fish.
3. Fish by-products such as paints, soaps, oil and medicines are economically important.
4. Some orgaisms like prawns and lobsters have high EXPORT value and market price.
5. Fish farming and other fishery trades provide job opportunity and self-employment.
6. Productivity and national economy is improved through fishery practices.
Discussion
17194.

Question : Give the economic importance of lac.

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Solution :1. Lac is produced by an insect Tachardia lacca which is small in size and COLONIAL in habit.
2. Lac is RESIN like substance produced by dermal glands of the female insect.
3. Insect feeds on certain plants like Ber, peepal, palash, kusum, babool etc. and secrete pink coloured resin which hardens on coming in contact with air FORMING lac.
4. Production of lac requires artificial inoculation of plants whichgive better and regular supply of good quality and quantity of lac.
5. Natural lac is always contaminated.
6. Washing and filtering obtains shellac in pure form.
7. Production of lac plays vital role in the economy of a FARMER.
8. Lac insect is a native insect of India and our share is `85%` of total lacproduced in the world.
Uses : Lac is used in bangles, toys, woodwork, polish, inks, silvering MIRRORS etc.
Discussion
17195.

Question : Give the diagrammatic representation of HSK-path-way and answer the following questions : Why is photorespiration avoided in C_(4)pathways ?

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Solution :In `C_(4) ` plants, PEP carboxylase (PEP CASE)fixes `CO_(2)`concentration in the mesophyll CELLS. In bundle sheath cells,`CO_(2)` concentration is moer, so that RUBISCO functions as carboxylase and photorespiration is AVOIDED.
Discussion
17196.

Question : Give the diagrammatic representation of HSK-path-way and answer the following questions : Name the CO_(2) acceptor in mesophyll cells during HSK pothway.

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SOLUTION :PEP-Carboxylase (PEP case ) is the `CO_(2)` ACCEPTOR in MESOPHYLL cells during HSK pathway.
Discussion
17197.

Question : Give the diagrammatic representation of HSK-path-way and answer the following questions : Give any two examples of C_(4) Plants'.

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SOLUTION :Maize, sugarcane and JOWER are the examples of `C_(4)` plants .
Discussion
17198.

Question : Give the diagrammatic presentation of three concepts of transcriptional information from DNA?

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17199.

Question : Give the diagnostic characters features of a Biome ?

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Solution :Location, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION (Latitude and Longitude) CLIMATE and physiochemical environment PREDOMINANT plant and animal LIFE
Discussion
17200.

Question : Give the diagrammatic representation of ETS.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion