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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 17701. |
Question : Discuss the various types of positive interactions between species. |
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Answer» Solution :• Mutualism : Both the species benefit in mutualism. E.g. Lichen - ALGAE and fungi • Mycorrhizae : Fungi and roots of higher plants (pinus roots). • COMMENSALISM : The interaction where one species is benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed is called commensalism E.g. Orchid GROWING as epiphyte on branch of a TREE, barnacles growing on the BACK of the whale. 
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| 17702. |
Question : Discuss the two main limitations of plant hybridization programme. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) Plant hybridization programme is often constrained by the availability of LIMITED NUMBER of disease resistance genes that are present in various crop varieties or wild relatives. (ii) Several wild relatives of DIFFERENT CULTIVATED species of plants have been shown to have certain resistant character but have very LOW yield. |
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| 17703. |
Question : Discuss the three zones of a lentic ecosystem. |
| Answer» Solution :There are THREE ZONES, littoral, limnetic and profundal. The littoral zone, which is closest to the shore with shallow water region, allows easy penetration of light. It is warm and OCCUPIED by rooted plant species. The limnetic zone refers the OPEN water of the pond with an effective penetration of light and domination of planktons. The deeper region of a pond below the limnetic zone is called profundal zone with no effective light penetration and predominance of heterotrophs. The bottom zone of a pond is termed benthic and is occupied by a community of organisms called benthos (usually DECOMPOSERS). | |
| 17704. |
Question : Discuss the theory based on the evolution of life forms. |
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Answer» Solution :Conventional religious literature tells us about the theory of special creation. This theory has three connections. ONE that all living organisms (species or types) that we see today were created as such. Two, that the diversity was always the same since today creations and will be the same in future also. Three, that earth is about 4000 years old. All these ideas were strongly challenged during the nineteenth century. Based on observations made during a sea voyage in a sail ship called H.M.S Beagle round the world. Charles Darwin concluded that existing living forms share similarities to varying degree not only among themselves but also with life forms that existed millions of years ago. Many such life forms do not exist any more. There had been extinctions of different life forms in the year gone by just as new forms of life AROSE at different periods of history of earth. There has been gradual evolution of life forms. Any population has BUILT in variation in characteristics. Those characteristics which enable some to SURVIVE better in natural conditions (climate, food, physical factors, etc) would outbreed others that are less - endowed to survive under such natural conditions. Another word used is fitness of the individual or population. The fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness. Hence, those who are better fit in an environment leave more progeny than others. These, therefore will survive more and hence are selected by nature. He called it natural selection and IMPLIED it as a mechanism of evolution. Alfred Wallace, a naturalist who worked in Malay Archipelago had also come to similar conclusions around the same time. In due course of time apparently new types of organisms are recognisable. All the existing life forms share similarities and share common ancestors. However, these ancestors were present at different periods in the history of earth (epochs, periods and eras). The geological history of earth closely correlates with the biological history of earth. A common permissible conclusion is that earth is very old not thousands of years as was thought earlier but billions of years old. |
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| 17705. |
Question : Discuss the steps involved in Microsporogenesis . |
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Answer» Solution :The stages involved in the formation of haploid MICROSPORES from diploid microspore mother cell through meiosis is cell Microsporogenesis. (i) The primary sporogeneous cells directly,or may undergo a few mitotic divisions to form sporogenous tissue. (ii) The last generation of sporogenous tissue functions as microspore mother cells. (iii) Each microspore mother cell divides meiotically to form a tetrad of four haploid microspores (microspore tetrad). (iv) The microspore tetrad may be ARRANGED in a tetrahedral, decussate, linear, T shaped or isobilateral manner. (v) Microspores soon separate from one another and remain FREE in the anther locule and develop into pollen GRAINS. (vi) In some plants, all the microspores in a microsporangium remain held TOGETHER called pollinium. Example: Calotropis, Compound pollen grains are found in Drosera and Drymis. |
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| 17706. |
Question : Discuss the rolewomen and communitiesin protectionand conservationof forests. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :REFER thetopicforestconservationand mangement. | |
| 17707. |
Question : Discuss the role of women in protection and conservation of forests. |
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Answer» Solution :Women and communities have played a crucial role in environmental conservation programmes. Example 1: Chipko movement was started in 1974 in India. In this women from the village hugged the trees and PREVENTED felling of trees by contractors. Example 2: Amrita DEVI, from Khejarli village of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan sacrificed her life to MAINTAIN Bishoni Dharma. Here the King of Jodhpur ordered his men to get the WOOD of Khejri trees by cutting them to construct his new palace. On hearing this Amrita Devi and many others had hugged the trees to save them from cutting. But her effort went on vain. Amrita Devi and others were killed by King.s men. This resistance by the people of village FORCED the King to give up the idea of cutting trees. |
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| 17708. |
Question : Discuss the role of women and communities in protection and conservation of forests. |
| Answer» Solution : People's PARTICIPATION has a LONG history in India. BISHNOI Community is known for its PEACEFUL coexistence with nature. In 1731a Bishnoi woman, Amrita Devi, her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois lost their lives for saving trees. Chipko movement and Appiko movement are other examples of people's participation in the conservation of forests. Presently, under the Joint Forest Management SCHEME (JFM), village and tribal communities are being involved in the development and protection of the forests. | |
| 17709. |
Question : Discuss the roleof womenand communitiesin protectionand conservationof forests . |
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Answer» SOLUTION :Amrita devibishnoiwild lifeprotectionaward (in thename of lady who sacrificedher lifefor protectingtrees ),CHIPKOMOVEMENT ( women belongingto garhwal SHOWED courage by huggingtreesto protect them fromaxe of CONTRACTORS . |
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| 17710. |
Question : Discuss the role of fungi as biofertilizers. |
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Answer» Solution :1. Fungi form symbiotic association with the roots of higher PLANTS called mycorrhiza eg: genus, Glomus, 2. The FUNGAL hyphae absorb phosphorous from soil and passes it to the plant. 3. Mycorrhiza shows resistance to root borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought. 4. Overall increase in plant growth and DEVELOPMENT. |
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| 17711. |
Question : Discuss the role of an individual to reduce environmental pollution. |
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Answer» Solution :(i) DECREASE WASTE generation (ii) Use efficient transportation (iii) Reduce ENERGY consumption (iv) Planting trees |
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| 17712. |
Question : Discuss the role of fishery in enhancement of food production. |
| Answer» Solution :Fishery is an indusrty devoted to the catching, processing or selling of fish, shellfish or other AQUATIC animals. A large number of our population is dependent on fish, fish products and other aquatic animals such as prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc., for food. some of thefersh WATER fishes which are very common include Catla, Rohu and common carp. Some of the marine fishes that are eaten include - Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel and Pomfrets. In ORDER to meet the increasing demands on fisheries, different techniques have been employed to INCREASE production. E.g., through aquaculture and pisciculture we have been ABLE to increase the production of aquatic plants and animlas, both fresh-water and marine. This has led to the devlopment "Blue Revolution". | |
| 17713. |
Question : Derive the protocol for micropropagation of bananas. |
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Answer» Solution :MICROPROPAGATION protocol for banana `darr` In vitro micropropagation of banana (Musa sp). `darr` Suckers SURFACE sterilized with 1% NaOCl for 30 minutes `darr` APICAL meristems were isolated - CULTURED on MS basal medium supplemented with Benzylaminopurine (BAP) 10.0 mg/1 and Indole Acetic Acid (IA A) 1.0 mg/1 `darr` Induction of shoots within 168 days `darr` Kinetin 2.0 mg/1 and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NA A) 0.5 mg/1 for root induction `darr` Acclimatization in polyhouse `darr` Followed by shade-house under 50% light for hardening process `darr` Tested for genetic uniformity `darr` Transferred to field |
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| 17714. |
Question : Discuss the process of translation in detail. |
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Answer» Solution :Translation refers to the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide. RIBOSOME is the site of protein synthesis. The amino acids are joined by a bond which is known as a peptide bond. Formation of a peptide bond requires energy. Therefore, in the first phase itself amino acids are activated in the presence of ATP and linked to their respective tRNA-a process commonly called as activaton or charging of tRNA or aminoacylation of tRNA to be more specific. If two such charged tRNAS are brought close enough, the formation of peptide bond between them would be favoured energetically. The presence of a catalyst would enhance the rate of peptide bond formation. The cellular factory responsible for synthesising PROTEINS is the ribosome. The ribosome consists of structural RNAs and about 80 different proteins. In its inactive state, it exists as two subunits, a large subunit and a small subunit. When the small subunit encounters an mRNA, the process of translation of the mRNA to protein begins. There are two sites in the large subunit, for subsequent amino acids to bind to and thus, be close enough to each other for the formation of a peptide bond. The ribosome also acts as a catalyst (23S rRNA in bacteria is the enzyme- ribozyme) for the formation of peptide bond or polyribonucleotides. A translational unit in mRNA is the sequence of RNA that is FLANKED by the start codon (AUG) and the stop codon and codes for a polypeptide. An mRNA also has some additional sequences that are not translated and are referred as untranslated regions (UTR). The UTRS are present at both 5.- END (before start codon) and at 3.- end (after stop codon). They are required for efficient translation process. For initiation, the ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon (AUG) that is recognised only by the initiator tRNA. The ribosome proceeds to the elongation phase of protein synthesis. During this stage, complexes composed of an amino acid linked to tRNA, sequentially bind to the appropriate codon in mRNA by forming complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon. The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the mRNA. Amino acids are added one by one, translated into polypeptide sequences dictated by DNA and represented by mRNA. At the end, a release factor binds to the stop codon, terminating translation and releasing the complete polypeptide from the ribosome. |
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| 17715. |
Question : Discuss the MOET technique of animal breeding. |
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Answer» Solution :It is a programme for herd IMPROVEMENT in animals like cattle, SHEEP, rabbits, buffaloes, mares etc. High milk yielding breeds of female have been bred with high quality, meat-yielding bulls to increase herd size in lesser time. Procedure: i. COW is administered HORMONES with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation. ii. The cow produces 6-8 eggs instead of one egg produced normally. iii. It is now, either mated with an elite bull or artificial insemination is carried out. iv. When the fertilised eggs attain 8-32 cells stage, they are non-surgically removed and transferred to a surrogate mother. v. The genetic mother can now be again super ovulated. |
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| 17716. |
Question :Discuss the mode of action and advantages/ disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives. |
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Answer» Solution :Currently available IUDs are as per this: (a) Non medicated IUDs. (eg. Lippes loop) (b) Copper releasing IUDs. (eg. Cut, Cu-7, multiload 375) (c) Hormone releasing IUDs. (eg. Progestart, LNG-20) Type of hormonal contraceptive process : Hormone releasing IUDs makes uterus unfavorable / unsuitable for implantation of embryo / foetus and vagina becomes unsuitable for sperms. Progestogen can be used as injection and causes slow secretion of it. It prevents ovulation. Advantages of hormonal contraceptive: Regulation of progestogens or progesterone - estrogen in combination or IUDs within 72 hours of COITUS have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptive as they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected INTERCOURSE. Disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives : (i) IUDs are called ideal contraceptive of females but they show SERIOUS side effects. (ii) They show ALLERGIC effects. (iii) If they are not placed PROPERLY they damage tissues and blood is oozed. (iv) Hormonal contraceptives (IUD) damages normal hormonal level. Later if pregnancy is wished I expected then it does not occur. (v) Artificially their hormones disrupts normal hormonal processes of the body. |
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| 17717. |
Question : Discuss the importance of testing of new plant varieties in a geographically vast country like India. |
| Answer» Solution :The newly SELECTED lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease RESISTANCE, etc. This evaluation is done by growing these in the research fields and recording their performance under ideal fertilizer application, irrigation, and other crop management practices. The evaluation in research fields is followed by testing the materials in fanners. fields, for at least three growing seasons at SEVERAL locations in the country, representing all the agroclimatic zones where the crop is usually grown. The material is evaluated in comparison to the BEST available local crop cultivar a CHECK or reference cultivar. | |
| 17718. |
Question : Discuss the importance of Modern methods in reproduction of plant. |
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Answer» Solution :Technology is being used for propagation to produce large number of plants in a short period of time. The methods are based on the PROPERTY of Totipotency shown by plant cells.Modern methods such as tissue culture and microporagation PLAY a significant role in propagation of plants. Advantages of modern methods : (i) Plant with desired characteristics can be multiplied RAPIDLY in a short duration. (ii) Plants PRODUCED are genetically identical. (iii) Tissue culture can be carried out in any season to produce plants. (iv) Plants which do not produce viable seeds and seeds that are difficult to germinate can be propagated by tissue culture. (v) Rare and endangered plants can be propagated. (vi) Disease free plants can be produced by meristem culture. (vii) Cells can be genetically modified and transformed USING tissue culture. The methods also have some disadvantages like high cost, skilled labour undesirable genetic changes etc. |
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| 17719. |
Question : Discuss the gross primary productivity is more efficient than net primary productivity. |
| Answer» Solution :`{:("GROSS productivity","Net primary productivity"),("It REFERS TI the total amount of food energy or ","It refers to the amount of energy that remain "),("organic MATTER produced in an ecosystem by","in AUTOTROPHS after respiration loss."),("autotrophs","NPP=GPP-respiration"),("GPP=NPP-Respiration",""):}` | |
| 17720. |
Question : Discuss the genetic basis of wrinkled phenotype of pea seed. |
| Answer» Solution :Wrinkled phenotype of pea SEED is due to small grain SIZE produced by DOUBLE recessive ALLELE (WW). | |
| 17721. |
Question : Discuss the consequences of Global-warming and ozone-layer depletion. |
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Answer» Solution :Consequences of global warming:- 1. Deleterious changes in the environment and resulting in odd climatic changes. Ex. (El Nino effect) 2. Increased MELTING of polar ice caps as well as other places like Himalayas snow caps. 3. RISE in sea level that can submerge many coastal areas. 4. Increased temperature will lead to increased weed growth, eruption of diseases and pests, thus crop PRODUCTIVITY will decrease. Consequences of ozone-Layerdepletion 1. UV-B DAMAGES DNA and proteins of living organism causing mutation. 2. It causes SKIN aging, skin cell damage and skin cancers. 3. UV-B is absorbed by human eye and at high dose it causes inflammation of cornea. This is called snow blindness, cataract. 4. The depletion of ozone layer allows uv radiations to reach the earth surface. |
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| 17722. |
Question : Discuss the causes of global warming and ozone-layer depletion |
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Answer» Solution :Effect of global warming : Global warming, a consequence of higher concentration of green house gases, has the potential to affect weather and climate, stratosphere and thermosphere, rise in sea level, species distribution and food production (i) Weather and climate : Global mean temperature rose by `0-6^@` C during the `20^(th)` century. It is going to increase further by `1-4^@- 5-8^@ C` between 1990 - 2100 AD. (ii) Stratosphere and thermosphere : Warming of troposphere will cause cooling of stratosphere and thermosphere. The whole atmosphere will shrink. Cooling of stratosphere will increase the size of ozone holes and thinning of ozone shield at other places. Cooling of thermosphere will disrupt communications and the shielding effect of ionosphere. (iii) Sea level change : It is believed that sea level has risen by 15 cm during the `20^(th)` century, a rise of 1-2 mm every year. By the year 2100 AD, the global mean sea level is going to rise by 0-88 m over that of 1990 sea level. Rise in sea level is due to thermal expansion of oceans as the temperature rises, melting of glaciers and Greenland ice sheets. (iv) Range of species distribution : Each species has a particular range of temperature. Global warming will push tropics into temperate areas and temperate areas towards poles and higher altitudes in mountains A rise of `2^@ -5^@` C can cause pushing of temperate range vegetation some 250-600 km towards the pole. (v) Food production : Rise in global temperature is going to have a negative impact on food production despite beneficial effect of `CO_2` fertilization. The various reasons are increase in basal rate of respiration by plants. • Lesser storage of food and hence less productivity. • Explosive growth of weeds. • Higher incidence of pathogens and pests. • Increased evaporation of soil water and higher transpiration from plants is resulting in water DEFICIENCY. Effects of ozone depletion :Thinning of ozone LAYER and development of ozone holes increases the amount of UV-B radiations reaching the earth.s surface. A 5% ozone depletion increases UV-B radiations by 10%. Increased incidence of UV-B radiations on earth will have the following adverse effects. Skin Cancers : There is an increase in the incidence of skin cancers. 1% FALL in ozone concentration increase UV load of earth by 2% that causes addition of 50,000 cases of skin CANCER. In Australia which lies near the area of ozone hole, every SECOND middle aged person suffers from skin cancer while in old persons the incidence is nearly 100% Blinding : Many land animals would lose their eye sight and become blind. In human beings the cases of photo burning, cataract and dimming of eye sight are on the increase: 1% fall of ozone concentration in stratosphere will blind another 1 lakh persons. Immune System : It is partially suppressed. Incidence of herpes and other immune system related diseases are likely to increase. Larval Stages : More larvae and young ones of aquatic animals will die. Photosynthesis : Photosynthetic machinery is impaired. Photosynthesis decreases by 10-25%. There is a corresponding fall in the yield of crops. Nucleic Acids: UV radiation damages nucleic acids by forming dimers. Incidence of harmful mutations increases. Phytoplankton: Both photosynthetic activity as well as function of phytoplankton are disturbed by UV-radiations. 6-22% fall in productivity will occur. Global Warming : Decreased primary productivity over land and inside oceans will increase carbon dioxide concentration resulting in global warming, despite reduction in CO2 emissions from industies and automobiles. |
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| 17723. |
Question : Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control global warming ? |
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Answer» Solution :Increase in atmospheric concentration of green house gases has resulted in rise of atmospheric temperature by `0.6^(@)C` (global warming) in the 20th century. This has been confirmed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change (IPCC) in its reports of 1991 and 1992. This predictable change in near future may affect climate, sea level, range of species distribution, food production as well as FISHERIES resources in the oceans. Causes of global warming : (i) Increase in concentration of greenhouse gases. (ii) Increase of automobilc and use of fossil fuel. (III) Deforestation and change in land use. (iv) CFC and aerosol emission from refrigerator and aeroplane. (v) Increased particulate matter in lower atmosphere. Effects of global warming : (i) `CO_(2)` fertilisation effect. (ii) MANY species of plants, being SENSITIVE to temperature will die with sudden rise in temperature and their place will be taken over by scrub vegetation. (iii) Loss of biodiversity. (iv) Rise in sea level. (v) Possibilities of drought and floods. (vi) Erruption of plant disease and pests. (vii) Change in rainfall pattern. Methods that can reduce the atmospheric concentration of greenhouses gases are (i) Reducing the greenhouse gas emission by limiting the use of fossil fuels, and by developing alternative renewable sources of energy (wind energy, SOLAR energy etc.) (ii) Increasing the vegetation cover mainly the forests for photosynthetic utilization of `CO_(2)`. (iii) Minimizing the use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture for reducing `N_(2)O` emissions. (iv) Developing substitutes for chlorofluorocarbons. |
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| 17724. |
Question : Discuss the causes and effects of global warming. What measures need to be taken to control global warming? |
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Answer» Solution :Ozone layer depletion can be controlled by (1) PHASE down or ban the use of CFCs (CFC free refrigerants). (2) Minimizing the use of chemicals such as halons and halocarbons. (3) Creating awareness about ozone depleting AGENTS. UV rays may penetrate deep into the skin and can LEAD to premature skin aging and wrinkling of skin, suppression of the immune system, skin cancer (melanoma) and chronic effects LEADING to eye damage. DNA damage can result from free radicals and reactive oxygen and photons can damage the DNA itself. |
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| 17725. |
Question : Discuss the advantages of GMO. |
| Answer» Solution :Plants, BACTERIA, fungi and animals whose genes have been ALTERED by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has : (i) Made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat). (II) Reduced RELIANCE on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops). (iii) Helped to reduce post harvest losses. (iv) Increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil). (v) Enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g., Vitamin ‘A’ ENRICHED rice. | |
| 17726. |
Question : Discuss one example, based on your day-to-day observations, showing how loss of one species may lead to the extinction of another. |
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Answer» Solution :In case a species (x) becomes extinct, the plant and animal species (M, N, O, Z) associated within an obligatory way also BECOME extinct. For example. (i) When a fish species which is a host for a number of parasites becomes extinct the parasite species which are uniquely dependent on the host fish will also become extinct. (ii) The insects may be polyphagous (FEED on more than one plant species) or monophagous (feed on only one particular plant species) in nature. The monophagous insect species are VALUABLE and may become extinct if the plant species upon which it feeds becomes extinct. |
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| 17727. |
Question : Discuss natural selection and artificial selection. What are the implications of the latter on the process of evolution ? |
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Answer» Solution :ARTIFICIAL selection is the intentional BREEDING of plants or animals. Selective breeding is a technique of breeding domesticated animals, such as DOGS, pigeons or cattle. NATURAL selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time. |
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| 17728. |
Question : Discuss natural selection and artificialselection. What are the implications of the latter on the process of evolution? |
| Answer» Solution :Natural selection is strong force for evolution because it favours survival and MULTIPLICATION of INDIVIDUALS that have SELECTIVE advantage in the struggle for existence and are better adapted. A parallelism can be drawn between artificial selection and natural selection except that natural selection acts on wider scale and artificial selection on limited scale. Darwin himself PRODUCED several varieties of pigeons by artificial selection. If man can produce new varieties or breeds in a short period of time, NATURE with its vast resources and long time produces new species | |
| 17729. |
Question : Discuss on predator - prey interaction with example. |
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Answer» Solution :Predation: It is an interaction between two SPECIES, one of which captures, kills and eats up the other. The species which kills is called a predator and the species which is killed is called a prey. The predator is benefitted while the prey is HARMED. Many herbivores are predators. Cattles, Camels and Goats etc., frequently BROWSE on the tender shoots of HERBS, shrubs and trees. |
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| 17730. |
Question : Discussnaturalselectionand artificialselection. Whatare theimplicationsof thelatter on theprcess ofevloution ? |
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Answer» SOLUTION :NATURAL selectionis agradual, non-randomprocessby whichbiological traitsbecome EITHER moreor lesscommon in apopulationas afunctionof differentialreproductionoftheirbearers ITIT ISA keymechanismtoevolution. |
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| 17731. |
Question :Discuss in detail the contributions of Morgan and Sturtevant in the area of genetics. |
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Answer» Solution :Experimental verification of the chromosomal theory of inheritance was done by Thomas Hunt Morgan (Father of experimental genetics) and his colleagues. It leads to the discovery of the basis of variation is due to sexual reproduction. =Morgan worked with the tiny fruit files, Drosophila melanogaster suitable for such studies. Morgan performed dihybrid crosses in Drosophila to study sex linked genes. The crosses were similar to the dihybrid crosses carried out by Mendel in peas. For example, Morgan hybridised yellow-bodied, white-eyed females to brown-bodied, red-eyed males and intercrossed their F progeny. = He observed that the two genes did not segregate INDEPENDENTLY of each other and the F2 RATIO deviated very significantly from the 9:3: 3:1 ratio (expected when the two genes are independent). = Morgan and his group knew that the genes were located on the X chromosome and saw quickly that when the two genes in a dihybrid cross were situated on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combinations were much higher than the non-parental type. = Morgan attributed this due to the physical association or linkage of the two genes and coined the term linkage to describe this physical association of genes on a chromosome and the term recombination to describe the generation of non-parental gene combinations. = His student Alfred Sturtevant used the frequency of recombination between gene pairs on the same chromosome as a measure of the distance between genes and .mapped. their position on the chromosome. =Today GENETIC maps are extensively used as a starting POINT in the sequencing of whole genomes as was done in the case of the Human GENOME Sequencing Project. |
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| 17732. |
Question :MTP |
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Answer» Solution : Generally 45 to 50 MILLION MTPs are performed in a YEAR all over the world which accounts to 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year. Whether to ACCEPT / legalise MTP or not is being debated upon in many countries due to emotional ethical, religious and social issues INVOLVED in it. Government of India legalized MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse. The law of MTP was improved in 2017. According to this law, a pregnant women can undergo MTP up to 12 weeks of PREGNANCY by a certified doctor, But if pregnancy is more than 12 weeks and less than 24 weeks then by advice of two doctors MTP can be done. |
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| 17733. |
Question : Discuss how the property of plant celll totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement |
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Answer» Solution :The capacity to GENERATE a whole plant from any cell/explant is called totipotency. By application of these methods it is possible to achieve PROPAGATION of many plants in very short durations. This method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called micro propagation. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant from which they were GROWN, i.e., they are somaclones. Many important food plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc., have been produced on a commercial scale USING this method. Try to visit a tissue culture laboratory with your teacher to better understand and appreciate the process. Another important application of the method is the RECOVERY of healthy plants from diseased plants. Although the plant is infected with a virus, the meristem (apical and axillary) is free of virus. Hence, one can remove the meristem and grow it in vitro to obtain virus-free plants. Scientists have succeeded in culturing meristems of banana, sugarcane, potato, etc. |
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| 17734. |
Question : Discuss Euro III norms. |
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Answer» Solution :NEW auto FUEL policy has laid out a road map to cut down VEHICULAR POLLUTION in Indian cities by the Government of India. Strict rules for reducing use of sulphur and aromatic content in petrol and diesel fuels. Euro II stipulate that sulphur can be controlled at 350 parts per million (ppm) in diesel and 150 ppm in petrol. Aromatic hydrocarbons are to be contained at 42 per cent of the concerned fuel. |
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| 17735. |
Question : Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Plant breeding : (i) It is the purposeful MANIPULATION of plant species to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and are disease RESISTANT. (ii) With advancements in GENETICS, molecular biology and tissue CULTURE, plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out by using molecular genetic tools. | |
| 17736. |
Question : Discuss briefly the following: (a) Radioactive wastes (b) Defunct ships and e-wastes (c) Municipal solid wastes |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Radioactive waste : Increased risk of cancer, birth defects & infertility are few harmful effects caused by nuclear waste. So, nuclear waste is an extremely potent pollutant. (b) Defunct ships and e-wastes : The dismantling of defunct ship is a technically complex process, which is potentially harmful to the environment and human health. Defunct ships contain toxicants like asbestos, mercury, etc. The workers breaking the ships are not SUITABLY protected and are exposed to toxic chemicals. The coastal areas in the vicinity of the ship-breaking yard also becomes polluted. At the INTERNATIONAL level, it is accepted that there is uncertainty about the relevant controls for the dismantling of such vessels and there is an urgent need to establish a specific enforceable control framework. Electronic waste comprised of irreparable COMPUTER and other electronic goods generated by developed countries. It is valuable source of secondary RAW materials, if treated properly, however if not treated properly it is the major source of toxins. Eventually RECYCLING is the only solution for the treatment of e-wastes provided it is carried out in an environment friendly manner. (c) Municipal solid wastes : |
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| 17737. |
Question : Discuss briefly the following: (a) Greenhouse gases (b) Catalytic converter (c) Ultraviolet B |
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Answer» Solution :(a) Greenhouse gases : Gases that trap the heat of the sun in the earth.s atmosphere increasing atmospheric temperature effect are called greenhouse gases. `CO_(2), CH_(4), N_(2)Oand CFC` cause greenhouse. In the absence of greenhouse gases, the temperature of earth would go down to `-18^(@)C`. The net effect of higher GHGs will be disastrous, (i) Melting of polar ice caps and MOUNTAIN snow caps resulting in rising of sea level threatening submergence of many islands and coastal AREAS. Odd climate changes like El Nino. Increased floods and drought. (b) Catalytic converter : Catalytic converter .are used to reduce emission of poisonous gases like nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide & unreacted hydrocarbon in automotive emission. It is made of platinum, palladium and rhodium and is used as catalyst. It converts unburnt hydrocarbons into `CO_(2)`. The only precaution required is not to use GASOLINE having lead as lead inactivates the catalysts of the converter. (c) Ultraviolet B: Ultraviolet B is one of the three types of invisible light RAYS given off by the sun. Ultraviolet B penetrates the ozone layer in attenuated form and reaches earth. This is more over equator than poles due to thinning of ozone shield over equator. It causes skin cancer, reduce rate of photosynthesis in phytoplankton, reduces diversity of aquatic ecosystem. |
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| 17738. |
Question : Discuss briefly the following: Catalytic converter |
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Answer» Solution :(a) A catalytic converter is a device that converts toxic gases and pollutants into less toxic pollutants by catalyzing redox REACTION. (b) Gases that trap the heat within the ATMOSPHERE are called GREEN house gases. E.g: CO, and CO (c) About 150 liters of wastewater at an average is generated by an Indian individual daily, and a large amount of it is generated from toilets. Ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) is a sustainable SYSTEM for handling human excreta by using dry composting toilets. Ecosan toilets not only reduce wastewater generation but also generate the natural fertiliser fromrecycled human excreta, which forms an excellent substitute for chemical fertilisers. This method is based on the principle of recovery and recycling of nutrients from excreta to create a valuable supply for agriculture. |
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| 17739. |
Question : Discuss briefly how pure lines are created in animal husbandry. |
| Answer» Solution :Inbreeding is necessary if we WANT to develop a pure LINE in any animal. Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely RELATED individuals WITHIN the same breed for 4-6 GENERATIONS. | |
| 17740. |
Question : Discussany twoAllosomal anomalies in human .Allosomalabnormalities in humanbeings . |
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Answer» Solution :Mitoticor meioticnon -disjunctionof sexchromosomescausesallosomalabnormalities.Severalsexchromosomalabnormalitieshave been detected. E.gKline felter.ssynfrome andTurner.ssyndrome . 1. Klinefelter.sSynfrome (XXY Males ) Thisgeneticis dueto the presenceof an additional copyof the X CHROMOSOME resultingin a karyotypeof 47,XXY. personswith this syndromehave 47 chromosomes (44AA+XXY) . They are usually sterilemales ,tall ,obese, with long LIMBS, highpitched voice ,under developed genetaliaand havefeeblebreast( gynaecomastia) development. 2. Turner.sSyndrome(XO FEMALES ) Thisgeneticdisorderis dueto the lossof a chromosomeresultingin akaryotypeof 45 ,X. Personswiththis syndromehave45chromosome(44 autosomesand oneX chromosome )(44 AA + XO) and are sterile females .Lowstature, webbedneck, under developedbreast ,rudimentarygonads lackof menstrualcycleduring puberty, are the main symtomsof thissyndrome . |
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| 17741. |
Question : Discuss briefly how a probe is used in molecular diagnostics. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :A single stranded DNA or RNA, tagged with a radioactive molecule (probe) is ALLOWED to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using autoradiography. The clone having the mutated GENE will hence not appear on the photographic FILM, because the probe will not have complementarity with the mutated gene. | |
| 17742. |
Question : Discuss about the major programs that the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, has initiated for saving major Indian rivers from pollution. |
| Answer» Solution : The untreated sewage is often discharged directly into rivers leading to their POLLUTION and increase in water-borne diseases. The MINISTRY of Environment and FORESTS has initiated Ganga Action Plan(GAP) and Yamuna Action Plan to save these major rivers of our country from pollution. Under these plans, it is proposed to build a large NUMBER of sewage treatment plants so that only TREATED sewage may be discharged in the rivers. | |
| 17743. |
Question : Discriminate unrelated pair. |
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Answer» Endoerythrocytic CYCLE - TROPHOZOITE. |
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| 17744. |
Question : Discovery of Lobefins is considered very significant by evolutionary biologists. Explain. |
| Answer» Solution : The discovery of coelacanth, a lobed fin fish in which the fins ARISE from limb like stalks and not directly from the body was an important discovery in understanding the concept of ORGANIC evolution. It is the OLDEST fish discovered that is believed to be `1XX 10^7` years OLD and considered as the living fossil. | |
| 17745. |
Question : Discovery of Emerson effect has clearly shown the existence of |
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Answer» PHOTORESPIRATION |
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| 17746. |
Question : Discontinuous variation is also called quantitative inheritance. Continuous variation is also called qualitative inheritance. Variation is the raw material for evolution. Variation provides genetic material for natural selection. |
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Answer» I and III |
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| 17747. |
Question : Discontinuous synthesis of DNA occurs in one strand, because: |
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Answer» DNA MOLECULE being synthesised is very long Discontinuous synthesis of DNA occurs in one strand, because DNA dependent DNA polymerase catalyses polymerisation only in one direction `(5.rarr3.)`. |
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| 17748. |
Question : Discontinuous variations are : |
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Answer» ACQUIRED characters |
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| 17749. |
Question : 'Discontinous Variation'' The characteristics controlled by one or two major genes. They have allelic form. Variations are genetically determined by inheritance factors. Also known as quantitiative inheritance. |
| Answer» Answer :A::D | |
| 17750. |
Question : Discontinuous covering of myelin sheath of nerve fibres helps in :- |
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Answer» Continuous CONDUCTION of NERVE impulse |
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