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Cells constitute various components of plants and animals. A cell is the smallest unit of life and is capable of all living functions. Cells are the building blocks of life. This is the reason why cells are referred to as ‘the basic structural and functional units of life’. All cells vary in their shapes, sizes, and activities they perform. In fact, the shape and size of the cell is related to the specific function it performs.

1an organ intended to receive a therapeutic dose of irradiation, such as the kidney when high-energy x-rays or gamma rays are beamed to the renal area for the treatment of a tumor.

2an organ intended to receive the greatest concentration of a diagnostic radioactive tracer, such as the liver, which accumulates 99Tc sulfur colloid when it is injected intravenously to detect hepatic lesions.

3an organ most affected by a specific hormone, such as the thyroid gland, which is the target organ of thyroid stimulating hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

When a stressful situation occurs and your heart begins to race, your hands begin to sweat, and you start looking for an escape, you have experienced a textbook case of fight-or-flight response. This response stems from the hormone adrenaline. Also called epinephrine, this hormone is a crucial part of the body's fight-or-flight response, but over-exposure can be damaging to health. Because of this, adrenaline is a hormone worth understanding.

Adrenaline is produced in the medulla in the adrenal glands as well as some of the central nervous system's neurons. Within a couple of minutes during a stressful situation, adrenaline is quickly released into the blood, sending impulses to organs to create a specific response.

What is the function of adrenaline?

Adrenaline triggers the body's fight-or-flight response. This reaction causes air passages to dilate to provide the muscles with the oxygen they need to either fight danger or flee. Adrenaline also triggers the blood vessels to contract to re-direct blood toward major muscle groups, including the heart and lungs. The body's ability to feel pain also decreases as a result of adrenaline, which is why you can continue running from or fighting danger even when injured. Adrenaline causes a noticeable increase in strength and performance, as well as heightened awareness, in stressful times. After the stress has subsided, adrenaline’s effect can last for up to an hour.

Problems associated with adrenaline

Adrenaline is an important part of your body's ability to survive, but sometimes the body will release the hormone when it is under stress but not facing real danger. This can create feelings of dizziness, light-headedness, and vision changes. Also, adrenaline causes a release of glucose, which a fight-or-flight response would use. When no danger is present, that extra energy has no use, and this can leave the person feeling restless and irritable. Excessively high levels of the hormone due to stress without real danger can cause heart damage, insomnia, and a jittery, nervous feeling.

Medical conditions that cause an overproduction of adrenaline are rare, but can happen. If an individual has tumors on the adrenal glands, for example, he/she may produce too much adrenaline; leading to anxiety, weight loss, palpitations, rapid heartbeat, and high blood pressure. Too little adrenaline rarely occurs, but if it did it would limit the body's ability to respond properly in stressful situations.

25.)The reaction in which addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen takes place is known as oxidation reaction .(i)carbon {c}(ii)zinc oxide {zno}

phagocytes are most active for worm.infestation.

2-bromo-5-chloro-hex-3-ene

Theendospermof the flowering plant mediates the supply of maternal resources for embryogenesis. Anendospermformed in sexual reproduction between diploid parents is typicallytriploid, with a 2 : 1 ratio of maternal genetic material (denoted as 2m : 1p).

1) 3n is the correct answer

4) 4n or 5n is the correct answer

About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that arepolyploid.These are typicallytriploid(containing three sets of chromosomes), but can vary widely fromdiploid(2n) to (15n).

So the answer is (1) 3n

3n is the right answer.

Hypogeal seed germination is found in maize, pea, etc.

Some rules that are followed while writing these names are mentioned hereunder.

The name of the genus always begins with a capital letter.

The species name begins with a small letter.

The scientific names are always italicized.

When handwritten, the genus name and species name have to be underlined.

A few examples of names of organisms written in this system

Homo sapiens( Human Beings)

Helianthus annuus( Sunflower Plant)

Panthera tigris(Tiger)

Mangiferaindica (Mango Plant)

Canis lupus familiaris (Dog)

The filum terminale ("terminal thread") is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It is one of the modifications of pia mater. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum and The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater.

The human beings are different from each other in terms of size, colour but are said to belong to the same species. This is because, despite of great diversity of human forms and features in different human races across the planet, the genetic footprints of all human beings can be traced back to same common ancestry of African roots. All humans are a single species and have originated from Homo sapiens, who were the earliest members of the human species in Africa. As there have been no well set geographical or reproductive isolation among different members of human species, this has lead to numerous genetic makeups of traits with slight variation.

Evolution cannot always be equated with progress or better body designs. Evolution simply creates more complex body designs. However, this does not mean that the simple body designs are inefficient. In fact, bacteria having a simple body design are still the most cosmopolitan organisms found on earth. They can survive hot springs, deep sea, and even freezing environment.

cyton is the part in which nucleus present in nerve cell

food web shows multiple food chains, multiple relationships and connections. This a more complicated but more realistic way of showing feeding relationships, as most organisms consume more than one species and are consumed by more than one species.

Ans :- Nerve cells are the primary cells in the nervous system. They are responsible for relaying electrical messages to cells and tissues in other organ systems. This article discusses the functions and structures of nerve cells in the human body.

Glucose is right answer it's pressure increses

option"A"is the right answer

option"A"is the right answer

option A IS THE right answer

sucrose is correct answer

a

b

Kharif and Rabi are the two cropping patterns which are adopted in many Asian countries, depending upon the monsoon. The cropping season of Kharif crops starts with the onset of monsoon and ends when the rainy season is over. On the other hand, Rabi crops are grown in winter, i.e. sown when monsoon ends and harvested before the advent of the summer season.Kharif crops require hot and wet climate whereas cold and dry climate is best suited for Rabi crops. Rainfall plays a significant role in the yield of the two types of crops, in the sense that rain is good for Kharif crops while the same may spoil the yield of Rabi crops.

good rainfall ,and the pH value and fertility of the soil ,and also by the cross breeding or growing hybrid crops

good rain and multiple croping

Visible movement such as walking, breathing, or growing is generally used to decide whether something is alive or not. Sometime, a living organism can have movements that are not visible to the naked eye. Therefore, the presence of life processes is a fundamental criteria that can be used to decide whether something is alive or not.

Alive things respire.

Adhatoda

Botanical name: Justicia adhatoda (Adhatoda vasica)

Family: Acanthaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Leaves and roots

Uses:

The plant is the source of the drug Vasaka, particularly in the treatment of Bronchitis.

Several alkaloid are present in the drug of which the important ones are Vasicine and Vasicinone.

Adhatoda are extensively used for treating cold, cough, asthma and chronic bronchitis.

2. Aloe

Botanical name: Aloe vera

Family: Liliaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Leaf

Uses:

The pulp of leaves is given in fever, enlargement of liver, spleen, skin diseases, piles, jaundice, rheumatism.

The pulp of roasted leaves, mixed with honey, is given in cold and cough.

3. Bacopa

Botanical name: Bacopa monnieri

Family: Scrophulariaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plants

Uses:

Triterpene glycosides, bacopasaponins, luteolin, apigenin and bacoside. It is a classic and nerve tonic.

Brahmi juice, prepared in ghee, is given orally to the infants in small doses for goodmemory.

5-10 ml leaf juice is given to children in case of constipation.

4. Catharanthus

Botanical name: Cantharanthus roseus (Vincarosea)

Family: Apocyanceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Roots and leaves

Uses:

Root bark contain three alkaloids ajmalicine, serpentine, reserpine. These alkaloids possess hypotensive, sedative and transquilling properties.

Anti-cancer drugs: Vinblastine, Vincristine and leucocrostine.

5. Eclipta (False Daisy)

Botanical name: Eclipta alba

Family: Asteraceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant

Uses:

The leaf extract of Eclipta found to be a powerful liver tonic. It is good for hair growth.

A black dye is obtained from Eclipta, is used as a dye.

The plant essence is extracted as a rasayan for longevity and rejuvenation.

It is used against dysentery, anemia, eye diseases, asthma and liver cirrhosis.

6. Neem

Botanical name: Azadirachta indica

Family: Meliaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Leaf and seeds

Uses:

Its different parts are used in Ayurvedic treatment. Neem oil, extracted from the seeds, has insecticidal and medicinal properties.

Neem seed cake is rich in organic contents and it enhances soil fertility. It is also an effective nematicide.

Neem has anti-bacterial properties and it is used again skin infections.

Neem leaf capsules are used as an insect repellent.

Neem oil and leaf extract are used to manufacture beauty care products.

7. Ocimum (Sacred basil or Holy basil)

Botanical name: Ocimum sanctum

Family: Lamiaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Leave and flowers

Uses:

leaf juice is given against chronic fever, haemorrhage, dysentery.

It is also used to check vomiting and as an antihelmintic.

8. Phyllanthus amarus

Botanical name: Phyllanthus amarus

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant

Uses:

This plant has a reputed position in Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine. It is used against bronchitis, anaemia, urinary problems, asthma and also as a diuretic.

In Unani system, it is stomachic and useful against chronic dysentery.

Fresh roots serve as an excellent remedy for jaundice.

Bark yieldsa Vitter principle, called phyllanthin.

9. Rauvolfia (Sarpagandha)

Botanical name: Rauwolfia serpentina

Family: Apocyanaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Root

Uses:

It lowers blood pressure and controls schizophrenia like symptoms or mental illness.

Reserpine obtained from Rauvolfia, it is an effective remedy for hypertension.

Root decotion is given for uterine contraction.

10. Sida (Flannel weed)

Botanical name: Sida cordifolia

Family: Malvaceae

Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant

Uses:

The plant is used in Ayurvedic medicine.

Used for the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa, nasal congestion.

Dam is a barrier across flowing water that retards, stops,directs the flow of water.large dams are built to conserve large amount of water.three problems-they should be given money for property loss.they should be ensured of providing new shelter.they should be given agricultural land.

who does not allow the poet to wonder

Eachcerebral hemisphereis divided into fourlobes; the frontal, parietal, temporal, and the occipital.

Hence, option 4) is correct.

Weather is the state of atmoshphere over a smaller area for smaller period of time. Climate is some total of weather conditions over a larger area and longer period of time.

As both asthma and diabetes are chronic diseases, hence option (4) is correct.

the correct option is 4

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The gaseous wastes of respiration and photosynthesis in plants are removed through thestomatain leaves andlenticelsin woody stem and released to the air.

Oxygenis produced as a waste during photosynthesis. Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration.

Many plant waste products are stored in cellular vacoules.

Plants also store some of the waste products in their body parts (leaves, bark and fruits). e.g. Tannins, essentia oils, latex, gums, resins. Tea leaves, amla, beta nut and bark of tree contain tannins.

Thebrainis the mostcomplexorgan in thehumanbody. It produces our every thought, action, memory, feeling and experience of the world. This jelly-like mass of tissue, weighing in at around 1.4 kilograms, contains a staggering one hundred billion nerve cells, or neurons

Anacutecondition is one where symptoms appear suddenly and worsen rapidly, while achroniccondition is one that develops gradually and worsens over an extended period of time.

Acute pain tells your body you’ve been hurt — say, when you fall, stub a toe, burn your finger, etc. The pain appears suddenly, peaks as a signal to your body to heal the injury, and wanes as it heals. Similarly, acute illnesses likeflu or common coldafflict a person suddenly, worsen over a short period, and then disappear.

Chronic pain, on the other hand creeps up on you gradually, and by the time you feel its presence, you realize it has been there for a while. It lasts for weeks, even months beyond the expected recovery, till you feel the pain itself is a disease and becomes a part of you.Back painthat lasts for months and worsens over time is a good example of chronic pain.

Acuteillnesses generally develop suddenly and last a short time, often only a few days or weeks.

Chronicconditions develop slowly and may worsen over an extended period of time—months to years.

what is plasma membrane made up of and write it's functions

The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body.

A human body is an exceptional machine where a lot of processes (respiration, circulation, digestion, etc.) take place simultaneously. As a result, a lot of waste products produced in our body are in different forms that include carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogenous products like urea, ammonia, and uric acid. In addition to these, the chemicals and other toxic compounds from medications and hormonal products are also produced. A simple diffusion or evaporation will not be sufficient to eliminate the waste from our body.In complex organisms such as animals, including humans, there is a specialized system for excretion called the excretory system.Excretory system in human beingsconsists of a couple of kidneys and ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra.Blood contains both useful and harmful substances. Hence, we have kidneys which separate useful substances by reabsorption and toxic substances by producing urine. Kidney has a structural filtration unit called nephron where the blood is filtered. Each kidney contains a million of nephrons. Capillaries of kidneys filter the blood and the essential substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, and required amount of water are reabsorbed. Meanwhile, the pure blood circulates back to other parts. Excess water and nitrogenous waste in humans are converted to urine.Urine thus produced is passed to the urinary bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder is under the control ofCentral Nervous System. The brain signals the urinary bladder to contract and through the urinary opening called urethra, we excrete the urine.

Human brain is a highly complex organ; which is mainly composed of the nervous tissue. The tissues are highly folded to accommodate a larger surface area in less space. The brain is covered by a three layered system of membranes; called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is filled between the meninges. The CSF provides cushion to the brain against mechanical shocks. Furthermore, the brain is housed inside the skull for optimum protection. The human brain can be divided into three regions, viz. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

The answer is Fore brain.

Human brain is made of three parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Then the fore brain is further divided into three parts cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

More specifically its the hypothalamus present in fore brain. The main hormone responsible for hunger is Ghrelin and it is released by the lining of stomach.

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Humanshave two kidneys and each kidney is supplied with blood from the renal artery. The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, andexcretethem in the form of urine. ... The filtrated blood is carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein (or kidney vein).

The basicprocessesoflifeinclude organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements. In humans, who represent the most complex form oflife, there are additional requirements such asgrowth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion.

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Various functions carried out by living beings; which are necessary to maintain and continue life are called life process.

Following are the life processes in living beings:

NutritionRespirationTransportation of substancesExcretionMovementReproduction

The basic essential activities performed by an organism to withstand its life are called as life processes. These include nutrition, respiration, circulation, excretion and reproduction. Organisms obtain energy from food to perform these life processes which are essential for survival. These are also termed as maintenance processes.There are seven life processes which state the condition of life. These include Nutrition, Respiration, Excretion, Growth, Movement, Reproduction, Response to stimuli.Nutrition: It is the process by organism procures its food. Food makes the body grow faster, and gives energy to the body to help it perform the life activities. It is involves three steps namely, ingestion, digestion and egestion.Respiration: It is the process which involves breakdown of simple nutrients into carbon dioxide and water to produce energy. It invloves the process of breathing in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide. Oxygen is necessary to break up food and produce energy from it. Different animals possess different organs for respiration. Even plants respire but only in the night.Excretion: It is the process of eliminating wastes from the body through different organs of excretion. Animals possess different organs for excretion. Plants eliminate harmful waste substances in the form of secretions such as resins and gums.Movement: It is the process by which organism can move from one place to another in search of food, shelter and mate. Movement can also be exhibited by plants which stay at one place.Growth: Every living organism exhibits growth in its life time. Growth brings about many changes in the life span of an organism.Reproduction: It is the process by which all living things produce their offspring to perpetuate theior species. Some animals lay eggs, while others reproduce by giving birth to young ones. Plants produce seeds that can germinate into new plants. Some plants do not produce seeds but give rise to new plants in different ways. Response to stimuli: Allliving organisms exhibit response to stimulus from the envionment.

Various functions carried out by living beings; which are necessary to maintain and continue life are called life process.

Following are the life processes in living beings:

NutritionRespirationTransportation of substancesExcretionMovementReproduction

These include Nutrition, Respiration, Circulation, Excretion, Growth, Movement, Reproduction, Response to stimuli.

Nutrition: It is theprocessby organism procures its food.

Food makes the body grow faster, and gives energy to the body to help it perform thelifeactivities.

All organisms have to accomplish the same life processes. They need to grow. They reproduce. In order to do this they have to protect themselves from a hostile, changing environment, acquire and manipulate energy and nutrients, and get rid of waste products. They need to be responsive to their environment. For unicellular organisms, one cell does it all. Of course, that will limit the size of their accomplisments. One cell is not going to build the Taj Mahal by itself. That's going to take teamwork. And teamwork is the hallmark of a multi-cellular organism. They distribute the different chores to different tissues, organs and organ system, so that no one cell has to do it all Cells, tissues organs, and organ systems now get to specialize in ways that wouldn't be possible otherwise . For example, some organs can specialize in acquiring energy - like those of your digestive system, while some organs can specialize in getting rid of wastes - like your urinary system.

A single-celled organism performs all the essential functions that a multicellular organism performs. Unlike other organisms, Amoeba has no definite shape; so, it keeps on changing its shape.The cells having well organized nucleus with a nuclear membrane are designated as eukaryotic cells.

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