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Zooplankton

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Find out if you are at higher risk for eye diseases. ...

Have regular physical exams to check for diabetes and high blood pressure. ...

Look for warning signs of changes in your vision. ...

Exercise frequently. ...

Protect your eyes from harmful UV light. ...

Eat a healthy and balanced diet. ...

Have an annual eye exam. ...

Don't smoke.

TheFive Sense Organsin Human Beings. The sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system.

crocodilus does not have copulatory organ

sex organ is any part of an animal's body that is involved in sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs together constitute the reproductive system. The testis in the male, and the ovary in the female, are called the primary sex organs.

Sex organs are those parts of an animal body which are involved in sexual reproduction.The reproductive organs together constitute the reproductive system.In males, testis and in females, ovaries are primary sex organs.

Five sense organs are: SkinEyesNoseEarTongue

Analogous organs:The organs having the same functions but different in structure, origin and constituting parts are called analogous organs. For example, the wings of bats and the wings of insect are analogous organs as Their origins, designs , structure and components, are different, but they have a common use for flyingHomologous organs :The organs having the same structure, origin and constituting parts but different functions are called homologous organs. the forearms of a horse,limbs of frog and the hands of human.

Anorganutilized by the male animal for insemination, that is, to deposit spermatozoa directly into the female reproductive tract. Various types ofcopulatory organsare found among the vertebrates, whereas cloacal apposition occurs in most other vertebrates which lack these structures..

a. 1. reading books 2. playing outdoor games 3. exploring new places.

b. 1. AIDS 2. cancer 3. Heart disorder

c. 1. obesity 2. lack of concentration 3. strain on eyes.

d. 1. Cyber Pornography - It can be defined as the medium used to stimulate sexual acts through non-consensual erotic display. IPC Section 293 keeps this in check.

2. Cyber Stalking - Section 72 of Indian Information Technology Act holds persons liable who associate with disclosure of secure information of register or documents.

3. Data Diddling - The Indian Penal Code firmly opposes mishandling of critical information.

(1) Part that develop into a fruit is Ovary .

(2) Anther is that part which produces Pollen grains.

(3) Style is that part where male Gametes transfer.

(4) Stigma is the sticky part.

Themalegametes of angiosperms consist of two sperm cells within apollen grainor apollentube. They are derived from a single generative cell, which is formedasthe smaller cell by unequal cell divisioninthe microspore after meiosis

ornithology the study of birds

ornithology the study of Birds she is right

ornithology the study of birds

ornithology is the science that deals with the rearing of birds

Saving trees from cutting is the main objective of Chipko movement.

Ans :- Yourlymphatic systemruns throughout your body and isparallelto yourvenous system. However, unlike yourveins, the lymphatic systemis not a closedsystem and has no central pump (i.e. your heart).

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A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks.

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1.FORCE= mass x acceleration

2 x 5 = 10 N

2.FORCE=mass x acceleration

4 x 2 = 8 N

force of (1) is more, so (1)will require a greater force...

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.Glycine , lysine, leucine are some of the amino acids.

a) Tuberculosis-bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.b)Measles is caused by a type of virus called aparamyxovirus.c)Elephantiasis is caused by parasitic worms that are spread by mosquitoes. There are three types of worms involved:

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

Brugia timori

d) Malaria-Plasmodiume)Athlete's foot is caused by a number of different fungi, including species ofTrichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum.f)Cholera is caused by bacteria called Vibrio cholerae.

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Cell is the structural and functional unit of life because cell is the basic unit of life and every component, organ and organ system is made up of cells.

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Stomata are a special type of pore opening on leaves of plants. They are designed to absorb water from sources such as rain while also removing excess water in the plant through transpiration. The way that the stomata work is still a mystery as we truly do not understand what causes their functioning and how.A guard cell is an epidermal cell that can open the stomata to take in or release oxygen, carbon dioxide and water, consequently enabling these molecules to travel through the stomata. Guard cells are shaped like kidneys or sausages and the walls normally vary in rigidity.

I don't know if you are looking for a few days, but I think I have a look at the moment, but I think I have a look at the moment

stomata are tye kidney or bean shape like structure which help in xchange of gases

guard cells are the protection layer of the stomata

Commensalismis a type ofrelationshipwhere one of the organisms benefits greatly from the symbiosis. The other is not helped but is not harmed or damaged from therelationship. In other words, this is a one-sided symbioticrelationship.Example: Therelationshipbetween cattle egrets and cattle.

Parasitism, relationship between twospeciesofplantsoranimalsin which one benefits at the expense of the other, sometimes without killing the host organism.

At the physically impossible-to-reach temperature of zero kelvin, or minus459.67 degrees Fahrenheit(minus 273.15 degrees Celsius), atoms would stop moving. As such, nothing can be colder than absolute zero on the Kelvin scale.

Option-D

1.Autotrophic nutritionmeans that simple inorganic substances are taken in and used to synthesise organic molecules. Energy is needed to achieve this. In photo-autotrophic nutritionlight is the energy source. In most instances the light source is solar energy, the process being photosynthesis.

2.Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, and excretion.

3.By definition, respiration is a process in living organisms which involve the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

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1.When you hear the word 'respire,' you probably think of breathing. When you breathe, you are taking in oxygen with each inhale and releasing carbon dioxide with each exhale. This gas exchange is important for respiration, but while breathing is a physical process, respiration can be thought of as more of a chemical process. All organisms, from a single bacterial cell to a coral reef colony to a blue whale, undergo respiration.

Food molecules absorbed after digestion are taken in, broken down, and the energy freed in the process is used to power the organism's movements and physiological functioning.Respirationis the biochemical process in which the cells of an organism obtain energy by combining oxygen and glucose, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, water, andATP(the currency of energy in cells).

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Thesechemicalsinclude fertilizers rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides.Water pollutionresults from runoff of thesechemicalsinto surface waters or from infiltration of thesechemicalsinto groundwater.

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products.

Enzymesare the biocatalysts with high molecular weight proteinous compound. It enhances the reactions which occur in the body during various life processes.It helpsthe substrate by providingthe surface for the reaction to occur. The enzyme comprises of hollow spaces occupying groups such as -SH, -COOH, etc., on the outer surface. The substrate which has the opposite charge of the enzyme fits into these spaces just like key fits into a lock. This substrate binding site is called the active site of an enzyme (E).Once substrate (S) binds to this active site, they form a complex (intermediate-ES) which then produces the product (P) and the enzyme (E) The substrate which gets attached to the enzyme has a specific structure and that can only fit in a particular enzyme. Hence by providing a surface for the substrate, an enzyme slows down the activation energy of the reaction. The intermediate state where the substrate binds to the enzyme is called the transition state. By breaking and making the bonds, the substrate binds to the enzyme (remains unchanged), converts into the product and later splits into product and enzyme. The free enzymes then bind to other substrates and the catalytic cycle continues until the reaction completes.

The enzyme action basically happens in two steps:

Step1:Combining of enzyme and the reactant/substrate.

E+S → [ES]

Step 2:Disintegration of the complex molecule to give the product.

[ES]→E+P

Thus, the whole catalyst action of enzymes is summarized as:

E + S →[ES] →[EP] → E+ P

which has present notochord in it is known as chordate

(Q11) Chordatesconsist of three distinct animal groups: cephalochordates, urochordates (tunicates) and vertebrates. This review starts with a brief description of how the PhylumChordataand its three subphyla were originally defined, and then discusses how we should reclassify the majorchordategroups.

Turmeric has a pigment known as xanthophylls, which lends the yellow colour to it. It also has a pigment called as carotene, which is reddish orange in colour. When turmeric comes in contact with detergent, it reacts with the fatty acids present in the detergent and hence the carotene pigment gets more active than the xanthophylls and turmeric turns red. When turmeric is combined with any base liquid like soap it turns red in colour while when turmeric comes in contact with any substance like that of vinegar, that is acidic in nature, it turnsyelloe

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sorry saujanya

Salient Features of Human Genome:

1. Human genome has 3.1647 bil­lion nucleotide base pairs.

2. The average gene size is 3000 base pairs. The largest gene is that of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy on X-chromosome. It has 2.4 million (2400 kilo) base pairs. B-globin and insulin genes are less than 10 kilobases.

3. The human genome consists of about 30,000 genes. Previously it was estimated to contain 80,000 to 100,000 genes. Human gene count is around the same as that of the mouse. Nine tenth of genes are identical to that of the mouse. We have more than twice as many genes as fruitfully (Drosophila melanogaster) and six times more genes than in bacterium Escherichia coli.

The size of genome or number of genes is unconnected with the complexity of body organisation, e.g., Lily has 18 times more DNA than human genome, yet it produces fewer protein than us because its DNA has more introns and less exons.

4. Chromosome I has 2968 genes while Y-chromosome has 231 genes. They are the maximum and minimum genes for the human chromosomes.

5. The function of over 50% of discovered genes is unknown.

6. Less than 2% of the genome represents structural genes that code for proteins.

7. 99.9% of the nucleotide bases are exactly similar in all human beings.

8. Only 0.1% of human genome with some 3.2 million nucleotides represents the variability observed in human beings.

9. At about 1.4 million locations occur single nucleotide differences called SNPs (snips) or single nucleotide polymorphism. They have the potential to help find chromo­somal locations for disease associated sequences and tracing human history.

10. Repeated or repetitive sequences make up a large portion of human genome. There are some 30,000 minisatellite loci, each having 11 -60 bp repeated tandemly upto thousand times. These are about 2,00,000 microsatellites, each with upto 10 bp repeated 10-100 times.

11. Repetitive sequences are nucleotide sequences that are repeated many times, some­times hundred to thousand times. They have no direct coding function but provide informations as to chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution.

12. Approximately 1 million copies of short 5-8 base pair repeated sequences are clus­tered around centromeres and near the ends of chromosomes. They represent junk DNA.

ii)METHODOLOGY:

There are two types of approaches for analysing the genome,

(i) Identify all the genes that are expressed as RNA – expressed sequence tags or ESTs

(ii) Sequencing the whole genome (both coding and noncoding regions) and later assigning the different regions with functions -sequence annotation.

HGP followed the second methodology which involve following steps.

(i) The whole DNA of the cell is isolated and broken randomly into fragments,

(ii) They are inserted into specialised vectors like ВАС (bacterial artificial chromosomes) and YAC (yeast artificial chromosome),

(iii) The fragments are cloned in suitable hosts like bacteria and yeast. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) can also be used for cloning or making copies of DNA fragments,

(iv) The fragments are sequenced as annotated DNA sequences (an offshoot of methodology developed by double Nobel laureate, Frederick Sanger),

(v) The sequences were then arranged on the basis of some overlapping regions. It necessitated the generation of overlapping fragments for sequencing,

(vi) Computer based programmes were used to align the se­quences.

(vii) The sequences were then annotated and assigned to different chro­mosomes. All the human chromosomes have been sequenced, 22 autosomes, X and Y. Chromosome I was last to be se­quenced in May, 2006. (viii) With the help of polymorphism in microsatellites and restriction endonuclease recognition sites, the genetic and physical maps of the genome have also been prepared.

* They are filamentous except yeast(unicellular)* They prefer to grow in warm and humid places * Their body consist of long thread like structure like hypae.* It consists of a unique kingdom of heterotropic organisms.

Penicillium is a source of antibiotics

Each individual has an identity that is due to one’s genetic makeup. No two individuals are similar (except mono-zygote twins) because they differ in their genetic make-up.GenomeDiffer­ences in genetic make-up are due to differences in nucleotide sequences of their DNAs. It was, therefore, always an ambition of scientists to map human genome. Advances in genetic engineering techniques made it possible to isolate and clone DNA pieces and determine nucleotide sequences of these fragments.

Therefore, in 1990, U.S. Department of Energy and National Institute of Health embarked and coordinated on the project of sequencing human genome called HGP or Human Genome Project. Welcome Trust (UK) joined the project as a major partner. Later on Japan, France, Germany, China and some other countries also joined it.

HGP is a mega project involving a lot of money, most advanced techniques, numerous computers and scientists at work. The magnitude of the project can be imagined that if the cost of sequencing a bp is 3 dollars, sequencing of Зх 109 bp would cost a billion dollars. If the data is to be stored in books, with each book having 1000 pages and each page with 1000 letters, some 3300 books will be required. Here bioinformatics data basing and other high speed computational devices have helped in analysis, storage and retrieval of informa­tion.

Goals:HGP had set the following goals. 1. Determine the sequence and number of all the base pairs in the human genome.

2. Identify all the genes present in human genome.

3. Determine the functions of all the genes.

4. Identify the various genes that cause genetic disorders.

5. Determine genetic proneness and immunity to various disorders.

6. Store the information in data bases.

7. Improve tools for data analysis.

8. Find out possibilities of transfer of technology developed during HGP to industry.

9. The project may result in many ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) which must be addressed and solved.

Thallophytahas the simplest organismsinplants division. Thallophyta is the lowest group ofplants. This grouphas the simplest organisms.

potential energyis theenergyheld by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.

Mainly potential energy is defined for a particular force field as work done to move unit quantity in presence of that force field.

according to me the best topic in science is about blood

Homologous organs are those organs which have similar anatomical structure and common evolutionary origin but they perform different functions.

For example -

Forelimbs of whales, bats, dogs, and human have similar anatomical structures.

Hearts of Vertebrates.

Analogous organs are those structures which perform same function but have different anatomical structure.

For example-

Eye of human and an eye of Octopus.

Wings of bird and wings of insects

Not all characters are homologies. For example, birds and bats both have wings, while mice and crocodiles do not. Does that mean that birds and bats are more closely related to one another than to mice and crocodiles? No. When we examine bird wings and bat wings closely, we see that there are some major differences. Bat wings consist of flaps of skin stretched between the bones of the fingers and arm. Bird wings consist of feathers extending all along the arm. These structural dissimilarities suggest that bird wings and bat wings were not inherited from a common ancestor with wings. Bird and bat wings are analogous — that is, they have separate evolutionary origins, but are superficially similar because they have both experienced natural selection that shaped them to play a key role in flight. Analogies are the result of convergent evolution. Interestingly, though bird and bat wings are analogous as wings, as forelimbs they are homologous. Birds and bats did not inherit wings from a common ancestor with wings, but they did inherit forelimbs from a common ancestor .

Fruitare important sources of many nutrients, including potassium, fiber,vitaminC and folate (folic acid). Try incorporating blueberries, citrusfruit, cranberries or strawberries which contain phytochemicals that are being studied for added health benefits.

Foods that are particularly high in vitamin C include:

papaya.

citrus fruits.

strawberries.

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importance of lichens:-They have the ability to separate the minerals by eroding rocks. Therefore, they also grow on empty rocks. Because of its death and dissolution, there becomes a fold of mineral and organic matter on which other plants can grow. Thus, they produce suitable conditions for other plants to grow on rocks.- In the Tundra regions, lichens are available in abundance.- They also contribute in the formation of soil by enriching it by trapping water, dust and silt. Also, when lichens die they contribute organic matter to the soil, which further improves the quality of the soil so that more plants can grow.- Lichen also plays an important role in fixing nitrogen. Due to their cooperation with algae, lichens are capable of converting nitrogen from the air into nitrate, which leads to their development. This conversion of nitrogen impacts the ecosystem because when it rains, nitrates are leached from lichens and is used by soil-based plants.- Lichen needs clean air to grow. They are not able to tolerate pollution. Therefore, to grow they absorb everything from the air including carbon dioxide and heavy metals. Scientists can determine the level of air pollution in the area with the help of lichens and if lichens are dying in one site due to harmful pollution, it can be considered as the initial warning or signal that the level of pollution is increasing at that place.

Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories:

Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energyAnabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cellsMetabolism is closely linked to nutrition and the availability of nutrients. Bioenergetics is a term which describes the biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cell ultimately obtains energy. Energy formation is one of the vital components of metabolism.