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The desirable characters of bee varities are-1) They should yield high quality of honey.2) They should not sting much.3) They should stay in the beehive for long durations.4) They should breed well.Pasturage is the availability of flowers from which bees collect nectar and pollen.It is releted to the production of as it determines the taste and quantity of honey

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a. Species

Explanation:A group of closely related organisms that are very similar to each other and are usually capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The species is the fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus.

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(a) The germ cells of sexually reproducing populations are made in specialized reproductive tissue. Change in non-reproductive tissues, on account of acquired traits, cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells. Therefore, experience gained or traits acquired during the life-time of an individual not inherited.

(b) The billions of human beings living today all belong to one species : Homo sapiens. As in all species, there is variation among individual human beings, from size and shape to skin tone and eye color. But we are much more alike than we are different. We are, in fact, remarkably similar.

(c) Gene transfers from generations to generations. Every generation carry both traits from the previous generation and new traits. These new traits are basically the variation that appears in this generation. Similarly, these differences or variation stays and move on from one generation to another.

For example: birth of a white child to a beige color parents because the grandfather of the child has white skin color.

Some algae, some protozoans, and the true slime molds (Myxomycetes) regularly divide by multiple fission. In such cases the nucleus undergoes several mitotic divisions, producing a number of nuclei. After the nuclear divisions are complete, the cytoplasm separates, and each nucleus becomes encased in its own membrane to form an individual cell. In the Myxomycetes, the fusion of two haploid gametes or the fusion of two or more diploid zygotes (the structures that result from the union of two sex cells) results in the formation of a plasmodium—a motile, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm. The nuclei are in a syncytium, that is, there are no cell boundaries, and the nuclei flow freely in the motile plasmodium. As it feeds, the plasmodium enlarges, and the nuclei divide synchronously about once every 24 hours. The plasmodium may become very large, with millions of nuclei, but, ultimately, when conditions are right, it forms a series of small bumps, each of which becomes a small, fruiting body (a structure that bears the spores). During this process the nuclei undergo meiosis, and the final haploid nuclei are then isolated into uninucleate spores (reproductive bodies).

Inplants, thewater and mineralsare first absorbed by the roots and then it is absorbed by the two vascular tissues namely xylem & Phloem . ... After absorbingwater and minerals, by this tissues then it istransportedto all parts ofplantssuch as stem , leaves etc

Plantsmusttransport waterfrom the roots to the leaves where it is needed for the process of photosynthesis. Nutrients produced in the leaves by photosynthesis aretransportedto all the parts of theplant. The phloem carries nutrients up and down theplant. The xylem only carrieswaterup theplant.

Inplants, thewater and mineralsare first absorbed by the roots and then it is absorbed by the two vascular tissues namely xylem & Phloem . ... After absorbingwater and minerals, by this tissues then it istransportedto all parts ofplantssuch as stem , leaves etc

Plantsmusttransport waterfrom the roots to the leaves where it is needed for the process of photosynthesis. Nutrients produced in the leaves by photosynthesis aretransportedto all the parts of theplant. The phloem carries nutrients up and down theplant. The xylem only carrieswaterup theplant.

a. sporopollenin

b. Thetwo cells presentinside a typicalpollen grainsare: Vegetative and generativecell. In flowering plants the vegetative tubecell produces thepollentube, and the generative celldivides to form thetwospermcells.

option a mutualism is the answer.

Indicator bacteria. Certain bacteria can be used as indicator organisms in particular situations. The presence of bacteria commonly found inhumanfeces, termedcoliformbacteria (e.g. E. coli), in surface water is a common indicator offaecalcontamination.

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These are few ways that a microbe can be harmful.

Pathogenicity:These microbes have ability to cause infections destroy host and transmit to the next possible host.

Destroys host defence:Both 1st line and 2nd line of host defence is targeted and destroyed.

Antibiotic resistance:Many strains of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics which were actually developed as a result of inappropriate use of antibiotics against viruses and bacteria.

Food poisoning:Bacteria and viruses are the most common cause of food poisoning. The symptoms and severity of food poisoning vary, depending on which bacteria or virus has contaminated the food. Most food poisoning is caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites rather than toxic substances in the food. But, some cases of food poisoning can be linked to either natural toxins (such as those in some mushrooms and pufferfish) or chemical toxins (such as pesticides or melamine). While some molds are desirable in foods (such as blue cheese), other molds can produce toxins that cause illness.

Food spoilage:Bacteria and fungi species are well known to cause food spoilage as they get enough nutrients and grow there release their contents and make food unfit for eating.

viewer and it development to include you on the phone koris ki

Agrobacterium tumifaciens

Inplant geneticengineering,the Ti plasmidcan beusedto carry foreigngenes into plantcells.The Ti plasmidis the disease-causing agentofthe soil-borne bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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agrobacterium tumerfaciens bcz it acts as vector in plant cell

Toxicity in Escherichia coli resulting from high concentrations of cobalt has .... Bacterial strains and plasmids used in the present study...

EIEC and Shigella strains are characterized by their possession of a largeplasmid, pINV, which encodes the ability to invade host cells (140). The Invplasmidis perhaps the most mosaic of theE.colivirulenceplasmids; in fact, nearly one-third of the Invplasmidencodes IS elements.

protein layer around some viruses is plasmidecoli is a gram negative bacteria and it is anerobic

plasmid is a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.and E.Colin I.e-ishcherichia colii a bacteria, which found the elementary canals of human body.that gives to vitamin b12 for human body

these are the vector who transfer desired Gene into another organisms

e coli and plasmid are the vector that transfer our gene of interest

plasmid is extra chromosomal dna which can be used as vector to modified an organism that is animals and plants for desirable character and E.coli is prokaryotes .

plasmid is an extra chromosomal DNA while E.coli is a bacteria

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes. coli (Escherichia coli), is a type of bacteria that normally lives in your intestines.

these are vectors helps in to transfer gene

plasmid is single stranded , extrachromosomal dna. Ecoli.- Escherichia coli

where is ur option dear....??

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(1) Lysosomes and Vaculoesthanks for raising the doubt

lysosomes and vacuoles

lysosome and vacuoles

Other than mitochondria & plaastid (70s)all does not have dna

Role of Villi - absorption of nutrients from the food.Role of alveoli - to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream

1.Villi is found in small intestine.Functions of the Villi. We've already stated that the small intestine's main job is to absorbnutrientsfrom the food you eat and that your villi help by increasing the surface area the intestine has forabsorption.

2.Alveoli are an important part of therespiratory systemwhose function it is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the bloodstream. These tiny, balloon-shaped air sacs sit at the very end of the respiratory tree and are arranged in clusters throughout the lungs.

Alveoli:-It is the place where exchange of gas take place.It increase the surface area so that more oxygen or carbon dioxide can pass.

Villi:-It is finger like projection present in small intestine.It's function is to absorb the required material from the digested food.It also increase the surface area so that the process of absorption be increased

यह दोनों ही जेनेटिक जानकारी देने के काम में आती हैं.लेकिन इनके बिच में कुछ अंतर होता है.

डी.एन.ए. का मतलब होता है: Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

आर. एन. ए.का मतलब होता है:Ribo Nucleic Acid

DNA में 04 बेस स्ट्रक्चर होता है, RNAमें नहीं.

जहाँ DNAमें Sugar Deoxyriboseहोता है, वही RNAमें Sugar Riboseहोते हैं.

RiboseऔरDeoxyriboseमें खास अंतर यहीं होता है की Riboseमें -OH का एक ग्रुप Deoxyriboseसे ज्यादा होता है.

एक डबल स्टैण्डर्ड अणु है. एक सिंगल स्टैण्डर्ड अणु है.

DNA कोशिका के नाभिक में पाया जाता है जबकि RNAकोशिका द्रव्य में होता है.

DNA स्वय से ही प्रकीर्तित होता है जबकि RNA जरूरत पड़ने पर DNA से निकला जा सकता है.

DNA अल्ट्रा वॉइलेट किरणों से छतिग्रस्त हो जाता है जबकि RNA पर इसका कोई प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता.

किसी भी सेल के लिए DNA की मात्रा तय होती है लेकिन RNA की मात्रा बदल सकती है.

DNAकी बेस पैरिंग AT और GCहै लेकिन RNA की बेस पैरिंग AU और GCहै.

DNA means Deoxyriboneucliac acid And RNA means Ribonucleic acid Both are transfer agents

DNA Means Deoxy ribo nucliac acid and RNA means ribonucleuse acid both are transfer agents they are parts of body that divide into two parts

डीएनएएक डीऑक्सीरिबोन्यूक्लिक एसिड है और सभी जीवों में एक वंशानुगत पदार्थ है। यह कोशिका के नाभिक में स्थित है जिसे परमाणु डीएनए कहा जाता है। लेकिन डीएनए की कुछ मात्रा माइटोकांड्रिया में भी पाई जाती है जिसे एमटीडीएनए या माइटोकांड्रियल डीएनए (mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA) के रूप में जाना जाता है, जबकिआरएनएसभी जीवित कोशिकाओं में राईबोन्यूक्लिक एसिड की तरह मौजूद है। यह डीएनए से निर्देश लेता है जो प्रोटीन के संश्लेषण को नियंत्रित करता है, लेकिन डीएनए के बजाय कुछ वायरस आरएनए में, आनुवांशिक जानकारी रखते है। क्या आपको पता है कि1871में पहली बार न्यूक्लिक एसिड की सूचना किसे मिली थी - पस कोशिकाओं (pus cells) के नाभिक से फ्रेडरिक मिशर (Friedrich Miescher )को।

DNA-Dioxy ribo nucleic acid RNA-Ribo nucleic acid

DNA contains nucleic acids suxh as adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.

Genes are thefunctional segments of DNA. The are the smallest units ofDNAwhich are capable of performing independentfunction

Ans :- adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine.

we can writre this ans in blank?

A- epidermis, B- phloem, C- xylem, D endodermis. When a leafy shoot of a plant is put in coloured solution, the coloured solution will be absorbed and transported by the xylem in vascular bundle to all other plant partsby transpiration pull, which acts like a suction pressure inside the xylem.

Flower is a modified shoot with limited Growth.

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Line current are always 120° apartsoas we knowVrms= Vo/√2here due to square waveand 3- phase as well100/√3

Mass of the string,M= 2.50 kgTension in the string,T= 200 NLength of the string,l= 20.0 mMass per unit length, µ =M/l= 2.50/20 = 0.125 kg m-1The velocity (v) of the transverse wave in the string is given by the relation:v = √t/µ= √200/0.125 = √1600 = 40 m/s∴ Time taken by the disturbance to reach the other end,t=l/v= 20/40 = 0.5 s.

The main difference between template and coding strand is that template strand only serves as the template for transcription whereas coding strand contains the exact same sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA except thymine.

The backbone of DNA strands is composed of sugar and phosphate groups. Theses groups are covalently bonded and to them in turn are bonded base nucleotides. These nucleotides bonds are what provide the immediate energy required for DNA synthesis.

If apical meristem is damaged or removed from the plant, then the growth of the plant will stop.

As this is required for the growth and the elongation of the roots, of the stem and increases the length of the plant.

If it is cut then the growth will gradually stop within the plant.

Plant Growth Inhibitors– These chemicalsinhibit growthand promote dormancy and abscission in plants.

An example is an abscisic acid

Plant Growth Regulators are defined as small, simple chemicals produced naturally by plants to regulate their growth and development.

Characteristics-

Plant Growth Regulators can be of a diverse chemical composition such as gases (ethylene), terpenes (gibberellic acid) or carotenoid derivates (abscisic acid). They are also referred to as plant growth substances, phytohormones or plant hormones. Based on their action, they are broadly classified as follows:

Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.

Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is an abscisic acid.

Note: Ethylene can be a promoter or an inhibitor, but is largely a Plant Growth Inhibitor.

13)Respirationis the process in which organisms exchange gases between their body cells and the environment. ... This process may involve the consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide, as seen in aerobic cellularrespiration, or may not involve the consumption of oxygen, as in the case of anaerobicrespiration.

14)Plant Growth Promoters– They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples areauxins,gibberellinsandcytokinins. Plant Growth Inhibitors – These chemicals inhibit growth and promote dormancy and abscission in plants. An example is anabscisic acid

Air Pollution - Vehicles uses fuel to run. the combustion of fuel can cause to formation of gases which contains the impurities of carbon, and other particles.these particles effect the air and cause the air pollution

•Sound Pollution - Vehicles produce sound when their engines are running, this leads to Sound Pollution..and the horns are the reason for sound pollution

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It is not the answer of my question

both organisms occurred asexual reproduction

Asexual reproductionis common among living things and takes a variety offorms.

Bacteriaand Binary Fission. Many single-celledorganismsrely on binary fission toreproducethemselves. ...Fragmentation and Blackworms. ...Budding and Hydras. ...Parthenogenesis and Copperheads. ...VegetativePropagation and Strawberries.

option A is the correct answer

a)paramecium- binary fissionb)yeast -budding

(a) Paramecium reproduces by multiple fission .(b) Yeast reproduces by budding .

paramacium reproduce with binary fission method while yeast reproduce with budding method

paramissium occurs binary fusion while hydra budding

in paramecium asexual reproduction is transverse fission and yeast is budding

the following organisms paramecium and yeast both are asexual reproduction

in paramacuim regeneration and in yeast budding is occurs

both organisms occurred asexual reproduction.

paramecium is the right answer

asexual reproduction occurs in single celled organisms

paramecium by multiple fissionyeast by budding

two is asexual reproduction.parmaceium is binary fusion.yeast is budding.

Binary in paramecium and budding in yeast

both organisms are the following of asexual reproduction

paramecium-binary fissionyeast-budding

option a and b are occurred in asexual reproduction

paramecium is the right answer of this question

Reflex, or reflex action, is the involuntary movement of any organ or body part that has received a stimulus. It happens without any consciousness and is immediate. Reflexes protect the body from harm.

Conditional reflexes are adapted reflexes that an individual develops in a lifetime. Eg: A dog hears a bell and salivates . The dog has adapted the sound of bell whenever it hears the sound it thinks that someone has brought some food.

Unconditional reflexes are natural reflexes.Eg: If we are hurt by a pin we suddenly move our hand away.

Neo-Darwinismis the "modern synthesis" ofDarwinianevolution through natural selection with Mendelian genetics, the latter specifying that evolution involves the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring through the mechanism of genetic transfer, rather than the "blending process" of pre-Mendelian

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There are different types of epithelial tissue depending on their function in a particular location. The simplest classification of these tissues is based on the number of cell layers.

Simple epithelia

Stratified epithelia

When the epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells, it is called simple epithelial tissue and those containing two or more layers of cells are called stratified epithelial tissues. One particular type is calledpseudostratifiedbecause a single layer of cells having varying heights gives the appearance of being stratified.

Epithelia can also be classified based on the shape of the cells, giving rise to three types:

Squamous epithelial tissue:consists of extremely thin cells that resemble the scales of a fish

Cuboidal epithelial tissue:contains cells that appear square in cross-section but are marginally longer than they are wide

Columnar epithelial tissue:consists of elongated cell involved in absorption of materials

there are two more ciliated and glandular epithelial

The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control

hmm

1.Gustatory receptor is meant for tasting purpose. And in Human beings salty, sour or sweet etc tastes comes from tongue. So, in Human beings tongue is the gustatory receptor.

2) Olfactory receptor is meant for smelling purpose. And in humans different smells like pungent etc comes from nose. So, nose is the answer.

3) Dendrites → Cell body → Axon → End point of Neuron.

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•because of difference in temperature and difference in landforms • availability of materials to build houses

because of different level of temp. and resources found in that area . For example . DC is living in an official area .2)poor people's living in slums.

-The shells are the protective covering for the marine animals they are the exoskeleton of molluse such as sails, clamns,oestors and many others.-Taking the shells away from the beaches can be harmful to the environment. Therefore,at Adaman authorities do not allow tourists to collect shells from beaches.

the food chain goes on even the snakes are being killed because the snakes are not the only food for peacocks

If all the snakes are killed , then the number of rats will increase . As a result the amount of wheat crops will reduce . missing scarcity due to loss of wheat crops many rats would also die . on the other side peacocks would face problem due to lack in food as because their main food was snake . on the whole we can say that if any 1 step of this food chain is removed then the total food chain would crumble down .

number of rat will increase which causes a imbalance or disturbance in eco system

if snakes are killed then pecock will also die rats will Increase in large scale wheat will destroyed..

when snakes are killed the it is eaten ny pecock

this food chain is totally disturbed,if the snakes were killed..Predators are necessary for Pray's survival and population control..If snakes are killed peacock population may decreases..due to scracity of food and rat population increases due to absence of predator..which will further effects the population of wheat..So this chain is totally disturbed and Destroyed...

If all the snakes will kill so population of peacock will decrease and the population of rat will increase

Ichthyology is the study of fish or Marine animals

ichthyology is the branch of science which studies about marine animals and fishes.It is generally included in fisheries

It is true that human evolution began 7 - 10 million years ago. Theories like the 'The Origin of Species' by CharlesDarwin suggested that humans emerged from the apes who lived in the African regions which was confirmed by the study of the 3-4 million oldAustralopithecusfossils. Genetic studies and studies of the fossil evidences by methods like radio-dating, etc. has confirmed these theories.

Studies bypaleo-anthropologistson different types of fossils from different regions have led to the theory of evolutionof man from apes which have been recorded in the evidence books.

The earliest fossils of anatomically modernhumansare from the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago such as the Omo remains of Ethiopia; later fossils from Es Skhul cave in Israel and Southern Europebeginaround 90,000 years ago (0.09 million years ago).

It is right that human evolution began 7crores yes ago.Like we have studied the apes are our forefathers.

It is true that human evolution began 7 - 10 million years ago. Theories like the 'The Origin of Species' by CharlesDarwin suggested that humans emerged from the apes who lived in the African regions which was confirmed by the study of the 3-4 million oldAustralopithecusfossils. Genetic studies and studies of the fossil evidences by methods like radio-dating, etc. has confirmed these theories.

Studies bypaleo-anthropologistson different types of fossils from different regions have led to the theory of evolutionof man from apes which have been recorded in the evidence books.

Scientists have discovered a wealth of evidence concerning human evolution, and this evidence comes in many forms. Thousands of human fossils enable researchers and students to study the changes that occurred in brain and body size, locomotion, diet, and other aspects regarding the way of life of early human species over the past 6 million years. Millions of stone tools, figurines and paintings, footprints, and other traces of human behavior in the prehistoric record tell about where and how early humans lived and when certain technological innovations were invented. Study of human genetics show how closely related we are to other primates – in fact, how connected we are with all other organisms – and can indicate the prehistoric migrations of our species, Homo sapiens, all over the world. Advances in the dating of fossils and artifacts help determine the age of those remains, which contributes to the big picture of when different milestones in becoming human evolved.

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