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The Earth's heat-called geothermal energy-escapes as steam at a hot springs in Nevada. Credit: Sierra Pacific

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.

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The anterior pituitaryglandproduces the followinghormonesand releases them into the bloodstream: adrenocorticotropichormone, which stimulates the adrenalglandstosecretesteroidhormones, principally cortisol. growthhormone, which regulatesgrowth, metabolism and body composition.

So, the pituitary gland controls the secretion of other hormones.

The protein coded by gene cryIAb controls corn borer.

The ground tissue system is important because it serves a variety of essential functions for plants. Ground tissue is made up of three types including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Each type of ground tissue has its role, such as food creation and storage or support during and after growth.

chorionic tissue is the

Least specialised are meristematic tissue located at root apical and shoot apical regions.

speciesis one of the basic units of biological classification. It most commonly refers to a group of physically similar organisms that can exchange genetic information and produce fertile offspring.

In humans, each cell normally contains23 pairsof chromosomes, for a total of46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females

d) 23 pairs...................

23 pairs of chromosomes

it would be D, D is correct

Vestigial organ is a rudimentary structure in humans corresponding to a functional structure ororganin the lower animals.

Charles Darwin was familiar with the concept of vestigial structures, though the term for them did not yet exist. He listed a number of them in The Descent of Man, including themuscles of theear,wisdom teeth, theappendix, the tail bone,body hair, and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye.

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The examples of human vestigiality are numerous, including the anatomical (such as the humantailbone,wisdom teeth, and inside corner of the eye), the behavioral (goose bumps andpalmar grasp reflex), and molecular (pseudogenes).

During the course of evolution some organs remain in the organisms.We have studied about appendix in digestive system.In human beings it has no role to play in the process of digestin.But in herbivores like rabbit appendix plays an important role.Such type of organs which are not useful are called vestigial organs.There are nearly 180 vestigial organs in human beings. For example:-pinna,hair or skin,mammary gland in human,etc.,Thats why human being is said to be a moving museum of vestigial organs.

Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding behavior. Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming dead animal and plant material. Example : Vulture

High Yielding Variety Seeds (HYV seeds) are seeds are of better quality than normal quality seeds. The produce from these seeds is a bit more compared to the normal ones. These seeds are a better option of seeds in order to obtain a healthy and surplus crop

HYV are high variety seeds. They are used in agriculture to increase food yield. They help in crop management

HIV stands for high yielding variety of seeds their seeds increase the crop yield

The process of makingmRNAfrom DNA is called transcription, and it occurs in the nucleus. ThemRNAdirects the synthesis of proteins, which occurs in the cytoplasm.mRNA formedin the nucleus is transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to the ribosomes.

Messenger RNACarries the Instructions for Making Proteins

mRNA is “messenger” RNA. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using the nucleotide sequence of DNA as a template. This process requires nucleotide triphosphates as substrates and is catalyzed by the enzymeRNA polymerase II. The process of making mRNA from DNA is calledtranscription, and it occurs in the nucleus. The mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins, which occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA formed in the nucleus is transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to theribosomes. Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes using the mRNA nucleotide sequence as a guide. Thus mRNA carries a “message” from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The message is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA, which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the DNA that served as a template for synthesizing the mRNA. Making proteins from mRNA is called

the mena formed in nucleus comes in cyytoplasm

The process of makingmRNAfrom DNA is called transcription, and it occurs in the nucleus. ThemRNAdirects the synthesis of proteins, which occurs in the cytoplasm.mRNA formedin the nucleus is transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to the ribosomes

mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus using the nucleotide sequence of DNA as a template. This process requires nucleotide triphosphates as substrates and is catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase II. The process of making mRNA from DNA is called transcription, and it occurs in the nucleus. The mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins, which occurs in the cytoplasm. mRNA formed in the nucleus is transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it attaches to the ribosomes. Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes using the mRNA nucleotide sequence as a guide. Thus mRNA carries a “message” from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The message is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA, which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the DNA that served as a template for synthesizing the mRNA. Making proteins from mRNA is called translation.

CONTENTS

1DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

2DNA replication

2.1Mistakes in DNA replication

3Transcription

3.1Formation of pre-messenger RNA

3.2RNA splicing

3.3Alternative splicing

3.4Reverse transcription

4Translation

5Transfer RNA

6The Genetic code

6.1An exercise in the use of the genetic code

7The Wobble hypothesis

DNA, RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

The genetic material is stored in the form of DNA in most organisms. In humans, the nucleus of each cell contains 3 × 109base pairs of DNA distributed over 23 pairs of chromosomes, and each cell has two copies of the genetic material. This is known collectively as the human genome. The human genome contains around 30 000 genes, each of which codes for one protein.

Large stretches of DNA in the human genome are transcribed but do not code for proteins. These regions are calledintronsand make up around 95% of the genome. The nucleotide sequence of the human genome is now known to a reasonable degree of accuracy but we do not yet understand why so much of it is non-coding. Some of this non-coding DNA controls gene expression but the purpose of much of it is not yet understood. This is a fascinating subject that is certain to advance rapidly over the next few years.

HOW IS MRNA FORMED

mRNA is formed due to translation process occurs in cytoplasm..

The arm of a human, the wing of a bird or a bat, the leg of a dog and the flipper of a dolphin or whale arehomologousstructures.

Analogus Organsin plants: Analogous organs are those organs which have the different basic structural design and origin but have similar functions.

Examples: Plants can demonstrate analogous structures, such as sweet potatoes and potatoes, which have the same function of food storage.

Homologus Organs in plants :Homologous organs are those organs which have the same basic structural design and origin but have different functions.

Examples:The leaves of a pitcher plant, a Venus fly trap, a cactus and a poinsettia are all examples of homology. They are homologous structures because, although they have different shapes and different functions today, they all share a common ancestor.

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Five sense organs are:--skin-Tongue-Noise-Eye-Ear

skintonguenoseeyeear

the 5 sense organ are1 eyes2 nose 3 ears4 tongue 5 skin

eye nose skintongue ear

EYENOSESKINTOUNGEEAR

So basically, human beings have five sense organs i.e.eyes,ear,nose,tongue, andskin.

Eyes(Sense of Sight) A goodsense of sightis achieved by healthyeyes. ...

Nose(Sense of Smell) The organ for thesense of smellis thenose. ...

Ears(Sense of Hearing) ...

Skin(Sense of Touch) ...

Tongue(Sense of Tasting)

The organisms are called Hermaphrodites.

Avertebratehas receptors orsense organsfor touch, smell, taste, sight, and hearing, which are stimulated by the environment.

There are othersense organsfound in the body, which detect temperature, pain, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and muscle position. They are spoken of as internal receptors or interoceptors.

Cutaneous (General) Receptors:

The entire body surface of aquatic vertebrates and the moist parts of the skin of terrestrial vertebrates are sensitive to chemicals. Certain parts of the skin are sensitive to contact and temperature changes. The cutaneous receptors are free nerve endings of peripheral nerves, and some encapsulated nerve endings or tactile corpuscles.

Hermaphrodites are organisms that possess both the male and female sex organs. Most invertebrates are hermaphrodites. It is a normal condition among this group of organisms enabling them to undergo a form of sexual reproduction where the partner can act either as 'male' or 'female'. Examples of such organisms are earthworm, leech and slugs. Interestingly, most plants are hermaphrodites too.

Chromosomalsexisdeterminedat the time of fertilization; a chromosome from the sperm cell, either X or Y, fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell. Gonadalsexrefers to the gonads, that is the testis or ovaries, depending on which genes are expressed.

sex is determined by choromosoanl pattern in humans.

(a) Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique

(b) Sex chromosomes are chromosomes which determine the sex of individual organisms. In man, for example, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes and one of these pairs are sex chromosomes.

(c)In human beings, sex is determined by the sex chromosomes. Males have XY constitution of sex chromosomes. Females have XX constitution of sex chromosomes

Sex of child depends on what happens during fertilization. i) If a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilizes an ovum which carries X chromosome, then the child born will be a girl.ii) If a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilizes an ovum which carries X chromosome, then the child born will be a boy.

It's mainly because of the type of source.Differentriverwater tastes differentdue to the difference in the soil of that place.Also, a purifiedwater(chemically) will taste differentdue to the use of chemicals.The real purewater is tastelessbecoz it contains no minerals, carbohydrates etc.

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Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself.

Mitosis consists of four basic phases: in sequence prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Some textbooks list five, breaking prophase into an early phase (called prophase) and a late phase (called prometaphase).

Cytochromes P450(CYPs) are proteins of the superfamily containing heme as a cofactor and, therefore, are hemeproteins. CYPs use a variety of small and large molecules as substrates in enzymatic reactions.

A natural phenomenon in a scientific context is something that is observed to occur or to exist. Examples of natural phenomena include gravity, tides, biological processes and oscillation. Social phenomena are those that occur or exist through the actions of groups of humans

Exchange of gases takes place between the alveoli of lungs and the surrounding blood capillaries. The two main gases exchanged are oxygen and carbon-dioxide. Oxygen is absorbed by the blood capillaries from the lungs alveoli by diffusion while carbon-dioxide is absorbed by the lungs alveoli from blood capillaries by diffusion. Transport of oxygen and carbon-dioxide occurs with the help of respiratory pigment called hemoglobin.Hemoglobin, the iron containing respiratory pigment is a red colored pigment of blood, which has a very high affinity for oxygen. Hemoglobin though is purple colored but oxy-hemoglobin is of bright red color. Oxygen is transported from lungs to the body cells in the form of oxy-hemoglobin.Carbon-dioxide is transported from the body cell to the lungs in the forms of carboxy-hemoglobin, carbonic acid, bicarbonates of sodium and potassium.

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by the process of respiration

oxygen is transported by heamoglobinCO2 is transported by blood

option (2) is correct.

Nostocis a prokaryote. Prokaryotic cells lackmembranebound organelles and well organized nucleus, that isnuclear envelope is absentin these cells. The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, a bilayermembranes which surrounds the nucleus, and in eukaryotic cells it encases the genetic material.

option 1 is the answer.

option 2 is the answer. Mitochondria Have DNA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have striking similarities to bacteria cells. They have their own DNA, which is separate from the DNA found in the nucleus of the cell. And both organelles use their DNA to produce manyproteinsand enzymes required for their function.

option 3 is the answer.

option 2

प्रोटीन-ऊर्जा कुपोषण (पीईएम) कुपोषण का एक रूप है जिसे विभिन्न अनुपातों में आहार प्रोटीन और / या ऊर्जा (कैलोरी) के संयोग की कमी से उत्पन्न होने वाली रोग स्थितियों की श्रेणी के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है। स्थिति में हल्के, मध्यम और गंभीर डिग्री हैं।

Pem protien element mass

If these no. are A.P , then their common difference should be same

=> m+1 -(2m+1) = -m+3 -m-1 => -m = -2m +2=> m = 2

option b

Coconut palm is monoecious because both male and female flowers are borne on the same plant. Date palm is dioecious because these plants bears exclusively either male flowers or female flowers.

Symbolic logic is the method of representing logical expressions through the use of symbols and variables, rather than in ordinary language. This has the benefit of removing the ambiguity that normally accompanies ordinary languages, such as English, and allows easier operation.

The important characteristics of symbolic logic:1) It formalizes the process of mathematical reasoning. 2) It removes the “meaning” from reasoning allow reasoning to be carried out symbolically without any concern for meaning. 3) It allows the discovery of different modes of reasoning such as classical, quantum, modal, etc. That clarifies the process of mathematical argument substantially.

At birth, there are approximately1 million eggs; and by the time of puberty, only about 300,000 remain. Of these, only 300 to400will be ovulated during a woman's reproductive lifetime.

2)Option c is correct because, more specifically the drones developers Lava from unfertilized eggs which get their nutrition from the royal jelly.

3) Option d is correct because , nitrogen , phosphorus and manganese are not micronutrients.

Reflex action is an involuntary action by the body.Reflex is an action generated by the body in response to the environment.Example :

Blinking of eyes when a foreign particle gets in them.Sneezingif an unwantedparticle enters the nose. Watering of mouth at the sight or smell of good food.

In a reflex arc, the sensory neuron sends a signal to the interneuron and activates it. The interneuron then relays that signal to the next neuron, a motor neuron. Motor neurons connect with interneurons in the spinal cord. They send messages from the central nervous system to the body.

Reflex arc is pathway or route of neurons to perform a reflex act.

In animals, some of the responses might be completed quickly. In order to perform quick response or actions sensory neurons do not connect directly to the brain, instead they meet in the spinal cord. A basic reflex arc consist of sensory neurons, motor neuron and the muscle or gland cells.

Reflex arc, have evolved in animals, in order to perform quick responses, as the thinking process of brain is not fast enough.