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The correct ANSWER is (d) Triacylglycerol

Easy explanation: Diterpenes, codeine and ANTHOCYANIN are secondary METABOLITES. Triacylglycerol is a type of lipid. It is DIRECTLY involved in the normal growth and development processes. It is hence, a primary METABOLITE.

Correct answer is (a) Primary METABOLITES

For EXPLANATION: Those metabolites that are formed during GROWTH phase as a result of energy metabolism are called primary metabolites. They play a vital role in the growth, DEVELOPMENT and REPRODUCTION.

The CORRECT choice is (c) ACTIVE SITE

To explain: In ORDER to catalyze a reaction, the substrate must bind to enzyme at its active site. Following this, an enzyme-substrate complex is FORMED which ultimately leads to the formation of the product.

Right OPTION is (d) The rate DOUBLES or BECOMES half

The explanation: The temperature of a reaction is one of the factors that affect the rate of a reaction. When there is a 10°C CHANGE in EITHER direction then the rate of the reaction doubles or becomes half of its original value.

Correct OPTION is (d) Formation of protein from amino acids

The explanation: The conversions of glucose to pyruvate, glycogen to glucose and cholesterol to acetic acid are CATABOLIC processes. The formation of proteins from amino acids is an anabolic PROCESS and REQUIRES energy input.

Right choice is (a) STARCH

To explain: The secondary structure of starch is helical and can hold iodine molecules in its structure. Cellulose and CHITIN do not have HELICES and HENCE cannot hold iodine. Sucrose is a disaccharide.

The correct answer is (b) Enables glucose transport into CELLS

The best explanation: GLUT-4 is a carrier PROTEIN. It is an insulin-regulated glucose TRANSPORTER. The function of GLUT-4 is to ENABLE the transport of glucose molecules into the cells through a series or cascade of reactions.

Correct answer is (c) Fights INFECTIOUS agents

The EXPLANATION is: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are proteins that play a major role in the immune response of our BODY. They are Y-shaped proteins present in BLOOD plasma that help FIGHT various pathogens and infectious agents.

Correct choice is (c) They are present in the cell membrane

For explanation: Lipids are SMALL molecular WEIGHT compounds and are present not only as such but are ALSO ARRANGED into structures like cell membrane and other membranes. They are present in the acid-insoluble pool.

Right option is (a) COLLAGEN

Easy EXPLANATION: Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal WORLD. Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-oxygenase is the most abundant protein in the WHOLE of the biosphere.

Right choice is (a) Monoterpenes

Easy explanation: Triacylglycerols are a TYPE of lipid while keratin and myosin are major proteins of the body. LIPIDS and proteins are primary metabolites. Monoterpenes are TERPENOIDS which are SECONDARY metabolites.

Right option is (b) False

To explain: Lipids are generally water – insoluble. They COULD be simple fatty acids. A fatty ACID has a carboxyl GROUP attached to an R group. The R group could be a methyl, ethyl or any higher number of CARBON – containing groups.

Right choice is (C) 0.03

To elaborate: Sulphur OCCUPIES 0.03% of the Earth’s CRUST by weight. Hydrogen occupies 0.14% of the Earth’ crust by weight, oxygen occupies 46.6% by weight and sodium occupies 2.8% of the Earth’s crust by weight.

The correct option is (a) True

The best EXPLANATION: Oils are LIQUID at room temperature while fats are solid at high temperature. Oils have a lower MELTING point. The lower melting point of oils is DUE to the higher degree of unsaturation that is possesses.

The correct option is (c) Glutamic ACID

The explanation: a PH lesser than 7 signifies that the amino acid is acidic in NATURE. Glutamic acid has pH LESS than 7, hence it is an acidic amino acid. HISTIDINE and lysine are basic while valine is a neutral amino acid.

Correct choice is (d) DNA

Best explanation: DNA is present in the ACID insoluble FRACTION. It is a MACROMOLECULE. Riboflavin or vitamin B2, magnesium and ascorbic acid or vitamin C are present in the acid SOLUBLE fraction of living tissue.

The correct choice is (d) Helix

The explanation: Iodine MOLECULES are held in HELICES of polysaccharide structures such as STARCH. The SECONDARY structure of starch is helical and can hence HOLD starch. Cellulose has a linear structure and thus, cannot hold iodine molecules.

Correct ANSWER is (b) biomolecules

To explain: Micro-MOLECULES are those molecules that have a molecular weight less than 1000 Da or from 1 to 1000 Da. They are also known as biomolecules. They contain vitamins and minerals that are REQUIRED by the body.

The correct answer is (a) PEPTIDE bonds

Explanation: Amino acids are linked to each other by the formation of peptide bonds between the ACIDIC group of one amino ACID and the amino group of the other amino acid with the release of one water molecule.

Correct ANSWER is (a) Lipids

The explanation is: The acid insoluble LAYER of homogenized, strained tissue CONSISTS of proteins, nucleic ACIDS, lipids and polysaccharides. Out of these biomacromolecules, lipids have a molecular weight lesser than 10,000 DA.

The correct OPTION is (a) Amino acids

To elaborate: RUBBER, drugs, spices, gum, PERFUMES and pigments are some of the secondary metabolites. Many of these secondary metabolites are USEFUL to human WELFARE. Glucose, amino acids, fructose, vitamins, cholesterol are some of the primary metabolites.

The correct option is (d) SULPHUR

Easiest explanation: Amino ACIDS are the building blocks of PROTEINS. The have a chiral carbon or α-carbon. It contains one amino GROUP and one ACIDIC group. Only a few amino acids such as cysteine and methionine contain Sulphur.

The correct answer is (c) Concanavalin A

Best explanation: CODEINE is an alkaloid, monoterpene is a terpenoid, anthocyanin is a PIGMENT and Concanavalin A is a lectin. They are all secondary metabolites and are not involved in NORMAL growth and DEVELOPMENT processes.

Correct option is (c) MALONATE

The explanation: Malonate is STRUCTURALLY similar to succinate. Malonate acts as a competitive INHIBITOR for the SUBSTRATE succinate. BINDING of malonate instead of succinate inhibits the activity of the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase.

Right option is (C) They have a lower energy than both SUBSTRATE and PRODUCT

The best I can explain: The transition state occurs during an enzymatic reaction when the substrate binds to the enzyme molecule in ORDER to be converted into a product, via the production of a HIGH energy enzyme-substrate complex.

Correct option is (b) Sheet

The explanation: The secondary structure of proteins is FORMED by the folding of the PRIMARY or linear structure. The linear CHAIN of amino acids may be FOLDED into a helix or a sheet. These are the secondary STRUCTURES.

Right option is (b) False

To explain: BIOMOLECULES are PRESENT in VARIOUS concentrations inside the cells and inside the BODY as a whole. Their levels keep changing as they are CONVERTED into other products through the process of metabolism. Hence, they have a turnover.

Correct choice is (c) N-terminal amino acid

The best I can EXPLAIN: The left end of the primary or linear structure of PROTEINS is REPRESENTED by the first amino acid. The left end of the first amino acid CONTAINS the amino GROUP and is hence called the N-terminal.

Correct answer is (B) False

The EXPLANATION: Unlike MACROMOLECULES such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids which have a molecular weight greater than 10,000 DA, the weight of lipids does not exceed 800 Da. However, lipids are not polymers but are CONSIDERED macromolecules.

The CORRECT option is (b) False

Explanation: Non-essential amino ACIDS are those which can be produced in the body, so it is not necessary to OBTAIN them from the DIET. Dietary proteins are the source for essential amino acids which cannot be produced in the body.

Right option is (a) Oxygen

To explain I WOULD say: The most ABUNDANT element in the cell or living MATTER is oxygen. Fe^2+ and Cu^2+ are found in cytochromes. Magnesium is essential for a large number of enzymes, particularly those utilising ATP.

Correct answer is (d) Based on the number of amino and carboxyl groups

Easiest EXPLANATION: Based on the number of amino and carboxyl groups, there are acidic (e.g., GLUTAMIC acid, aspartic acid), basic (lysine, ARGININE) and neutral (valine) amino ACIDS. Similarly, there are aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, etc.

The CORRECT option is (c) 21

Easiest explanation: The body CONTAINS 21 AMINO acids and various COMBINATIONS of sequences of these amino acids FORM peptides, polypeptides and proteins. They are classified into essential and non-essential amino acids.

The correct option is (a) Glycosidic linkages

For EXPLANATION I would say: Polysaccharides are FORMED by glycosidic linkages of monosaccharides. Proteins are formed by peptide linkages of AMINO acids. NUCLEIC acids are formed through Phospho-diester linkage between nucleotides.

Right choice is (b) Line

To explain I WOULD say: In the PRIMARY STRUCTURE of proteins, the proteins are imagined to be arranged in a linear FASHION such as a line. Helix and sheets are the configuration of proteins for the secondary structure.

Right CHOICE is (c) Chitin

For explanation I would say: The polysaccharides glycogen, inulin and STARCH are simple polysaccharides. Chitin is a COMPLEX polysaccharide. Chitin is a homopolymer MADE of repeating monomers of N-acetyl glucosamine, which is a MODIFIED sugar.

Right ANSWER is (C) monosaccharides

Best EXPLANATION: POLYSACCHARIDES are polymers of monosaccharides. Some monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose. They are linked through glycosidic bonds to FORM chains of various polysaccharides.

Correct OPTION is (c) RuBisCO

For explanation I would SAY: RuBisCO or RIBULOSE bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase is the most abundant protein in the biosphere. It is an important ENZYME required in photosynthesis to catalyze the first major step of carbon fixation.

Correct option is (a) True

For explanation: All the elements present in a sample of EARTH’s crust are also present in a sample of living tissue. However, a CLOSER EXAMINATION reveals that the relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to other elements is higher in any living organism than in earth’s crust.