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Option : (b) glucose

Option : (c) glucose and fructose.

a) ii) Anomers

b) When a protein is treated with acid, alkali or heated or subjected to change in pH, the secondary and primary structure of protein gets ruptured. Denaturation does not change the primary structure of proteins.

c) The repeating structural units of nucleic acids are called nucleotides.

Pentose sugar + Base → nucleoside

Nucleoside + Phosphoric acid → nucleotide

ATP can act as energy carriers.

(a) Sir Alec Jeffrey

RNA molecules are classified according to their structure and function into three major types. 

1. Ribosomal RNA (r – RNA) 

2. Messenger RNA (m – RNA) 

3. Transfer RNA (t – RNA)

r-RNA: 

rRNA is mainly found in cytoplasm and in ribosomes, which contain 60% RNA and 40% protein. Ribosomes are the sites at which protein synthesis takes place.

t – RNA: 

tRNA molecules have lowest molecular weight of all nucleic acids. They consist of 73 – 94 nucleotides in a single chain. The function of tRNA is to carry amino acids to the sites of protein synthesis on ribosomes.

m – RNA: 

mRNA is present in small quantity and very short lived. They are single stranded, and their synthesis takes place on DNA. The synthesis of mRNA from DNA strand is called transcription. mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

1. DNA finger printing is one of the most accurate methods for placing an individual at the scene of a crime has been a finger print. 

2. The DNA finger print is unique for every person and can be extracted from traces of sample from blood, saliva, hair etc. By using this method, we can detect the individual specific variation in human DNA.

3. In this method, the extracted DNA is cut at specific points of varying lengths in the formation of DNA fragments of varying lengths which were analysed by technique called gel electrophoresis. This method separates the fragments based on their size. The gel containing the DNA fragments are then transferred to a nylon sheet using a technique called blotting. Then the fragments will undergo autoradiography in which they were exposed to DNA probes.

4. A piece of X-ray film was then exposed to the fragments, and a dark mark was produced at any point where a radioactive probe had become attached. The resultant pattern of marks could then be compared with other samples. 

5. DNA finger printing is based on slight sequence differences between individuals. These methods are providing decisive in court cases world wide.

1. Ribonucleic acids are similar to DNA.

Cells contain upto eight times high quantity of RNA than DNA. RNA is found in large amount in the cytoplasm and a lesser amount in the nucleus.

2. RNA molecules are classified according to their structure and function into three major types. 

1. Ribosomal RNA (r – RNA) 

2. Messenger RNA (m – RNA) 

3. Transfer RNA (t – RNA

3. r – RNA: 

r – RNA is mainly found in cytoplasm and in ribosomes, which contain 60% RNA and 40% protein. Ribosomes are the sites at which protein synthesis takes place. 

4. t – RNA: 

t – RNA molecules have lowest molecular weight of all nucleic acids. They consist of 73 – 94 nucleotides in a single chain. The function of t – RNA is to carry amino acids to the sites of protein synthesis on ribosomes. 

5. m – RNA: 

m – RNA is present in small quantity and very short lived. They are single stranded and their synthesis take place on DNA. The synthesis m-RNA from DNA strand is called transcription. m – RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

(d) Both a & b

It is a particular order in which amino acids are arranged to form a specific protein. The aminoacids sequence in a protein molecule is of paramount importance.