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The correct answer is (B) fatigue

The explanation: Today transgenic model EXISTS for a DISEASE like cystic fibrosis. Transgenic animals serve as a model for human diseases. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic, hereditary disease that affects the lungs and DIGESTIVE system of HUMANS.

Correct answer is (d) PROTEINS

To explain: In ELISA the antigens can be proteins, GLYCOPROTEINS or any PART of that antigen. In this antigens or part of an antigen is ATTACHED to the surface against which antibodies are available. Thus ELISA is a technique that depends on the antigen-antibody reaction.

Right option is (c) ANTIGEN-antibody

The BEST I can explain: ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-antibody reaction. It is USED for the detection of proteins, antibodies, etc. produced by a person against that SPECIFIC antigen. It is used for the detection of various diseases such as HIV, AIDS, syphilis, etc.

The correct OPTION is (b) CANCER

The best I can explain: Autoradiography is used for the detection of cancer. It is used for the detection of radioactive MATERIAL in any biological specimen. It is used in the detection of target receptors in various tissues.

Correct choice is (b) ELISA

To explain: ELISA is a technique that depends on the antigen-antibody reaction. The human BODY PRODUCES antibodies against all types of antigens. THUS ELISA is used for the DETECTION of the antibodies which helps in the detection of various diseases.

Right answer is (C) AUTORADIOGRAPHY

For explanation I would say: The hybrid of the RADIOACTIVE probe and its complementary DNA is detected by autoradiography. Autoradiography is a technique that USES X-rays for the detection of radioactive SUBSTANCES. When exposed to X-rays the radioactive material emits light which helps in their detection.

Right answer is (c) probe

To explain: A single-stranded DNA or RNA tagged with a radioactive molecule is called a probe. It is an OLIGONUCLEOTIDE USED for the AMPLIFICATION of NUCLEIC acids in PCR. They emit fluorescence after successful binding with the sequence.

Right answer is (b) PCR

Explanation: PCR can be USED to IDENTIFY genetic disorders. Amplification of nucleic acid can be done with the help of PCR and is used to FIND out certain changes in the genetic material of an organism, specific gene or CHROMOSOME.

Right OPTION is (d) PCR

Easiest explanation: AMPLIFICATION of nucleic ACID can be done with the help of PCR. PCR stands for Polymerase CHAIN Reaction. It was developed by KARY Mullis in 1893.

Correct choice is (c) HIV

To explain: PCR is used to detect HIV in patients having AIDS. PCR is used to detect the genetic MATERIAL of the HIV virus that is RNA. It is used to detect early INFECTIONS WITHIN the patient’s body.

The correct CHOICE is (b) amplification

The EXPLANATION is: LOW concentration of any pathogen can be detected by amplification of their nucleic acid. Amplification means INCREASING the number. The high number of nucleic acid can ease in finding pathogens, symptoms and cure against it.

The CORRECT choice is (b) MUTATIONS

For explanation: PCR is used to detect mutations in cancer patients. It is used to find out certain CHANGES in the GENETIC material of an organism, specific gene or chromosome. Thus it is useful for the DETECTION of various genetic disorders including cancer.

The correct answer is (B) symptom

The explanation: A symptom of a disease helps to suspect the presence of PATHOGENS within the body. A symptom is a physical and mental feature that INDICATES the condition of the disease. SYMPTOMS of diseases can be the same or vary ACCORDING to person and disease.

Right answer is (c) normal

For explanation: In gene therapy, the genetic defect is CORRECTED by the delivery of a normal gene into the individual. This normal gene when replaced cures that deficiency. It is a FUNCTIONAL gene and is useful in the CURING of that DISORDER.

Right answer is (a) gene therapy

To explain: Gene therapy is a technique USED to cure MANY hereditary diseases. It INVOLVES changing the genome in order to prevent or cure diseases. It is one of the most successful techniques used to cure hereditary diseases or to cure deficiency of VARIOUS HORMONES.

Correct ANSWER is (d) embryo

To elaborate: In GENE therapy, the gene defects are CURED in child or embryonic stage. This phase is chosen to avoid complications and each and every cell will receive a HEALTHY, functional gene.

Correct option is (b) Hereditary

To explain: Gene therapy is a TECHNIQUE used to cure hereditary diseases. It involves the introduction of a normal gene into the early embryonic STAGES to compensate for abnormal or MISSING genes. The normal gene is INTRODUCED into the ORGANISM using retrovirus or plasmid.

The correct choice is (d) Embryonic stage

The best I can EXPLAIN: To treat any gene-related DISORDER with the help of gene therapy, the NORMAL gene should be introduced within the CELLS in embryonic stages. This is done in the early stages because modification in germ cells causes modification in all cells of that organism. Thus all cells will RECEIVE the normal genes.

Right answer is (c) ADA CDNA

For explanation: To cure ADA through GENE therapy, ADA cDNA was introduced into lymphocytes. cDNA is made from a single-stranded RNA TEMPLATE with the help of enzyme REVERSE transcriptase. This helps in the introduction of the new genes within an organism without causing TOXICITY in cells.

The CORRECT option is (B) False

Best explanation: LYMPHOCYTES are mortal cells. They are the white blood cells RESPONSIBLE for maintaining the immunity of an individual. Most lymphocytes are short-lived ranging from weeks to months, while few cells such as B and T lymphocytes can LIVE for years.

The CORRECT option is (b) lymphocytes

The best I can explain: In the first step of gene therapy, lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture outside of the body. Lymphocytes are the white blood cells responsible for maintaining the IMMUNITY of an INDIVIDUAL. The DEFECTIVE gene is identified and replaced with the normal FUNCTIONAL gene.

Right choice is (b) retroviral

To explain I would say: In GENE therapy, a functional ADA cDNA is introduced into the patient’s LYMPHOCYTES using a retroviral vector. Retroviruses are used because they have an enzyme reverse TRANSCRIPTASE. This enzyme converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA and this DNA then further integrates within the GENOME without disturbing its stability.

The correct answer is (a) Bone marrow transplantation

The EXPLANATION: Bone marrow transplantation is an alternative METHOD to cure ADA deficiency. Another method is enzyme REPLACEMENT THERAPY. But a drawback of both these therapies is they are not COMPLETELY curative.

Right answer is (C) deletion

The explanation is: ADA deficiency is caused due to the deletion of the GENE responsible for synthesizing the enzyme adenosine deaminase. This enzyme is involved in purine METABOLISM and its deficiency leads to immune DISORDER.

The correct OPTION is (c) Adenosine DEAMINASE

To explain I would SAY: ADA stands for Adenosine deaminase. It is an enzyme that brings about the breakdown of purines. In humans, it helps in the development and MAINTENANCE of the immune system. Thus ADA deficiency leads to immune DISORDER.

The correct answer is (d) Adenosine DEAMINASE

Easiest explanation: The first gene therapy was given to a 4-year-old child to TREAT Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. ADA deficiency is an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE metabolic and immune disorder.

The CORRECT choice is (c) non-functional

To explain I would say: In GENE therapy, the inserted normal gene takes over the function of the non-functional gene. This non-functional gene is also called as an INCORRECT or MUTANT gene. This change in function is useful in successfully CURING of the disease.

Right choice is (b) 1990

Easiest EXPLANATION: Gene THERAPY is a TECHNIQUE that INVOLVES the introduction of a normal gene to COMPENSATE for the abnormal gene in a diseased organism. The first therapeutic use of gene therapy was done in September 1990 by French Anderson.

The correct choice is (b) GENE therapy

For EXPLANATION: A COLLECTION of methods that allows the correction of a gene that has been DIAGNOSED in a child/embryo is CALLED gene therapy. It consists of various processes. In this, the defective genes are corrected and replaced with normal, healthy genes.

Correct answer is (b) E.coli

To explain: The first RECOMBINANT insulin was constructed by using E.coli. It was developed by Lilly Company. E.coli was used because it has a LARGE circular plasmid that can act as a VECTOR, requires LESS growth TIME and can be easily grown in a laboratory.

The correct OPTION is (b) maturation

The explanation: C-peptide is removed during the maturation phase of insulin PRODUCTION. C-peptide consists of 30 AMINO acids and it joins two insulin polypeptide chains in pro-insulin. It is RELEASED as a by-product of insulin FORMATION.

The correct choice is (a) Eli Lilly

Easy EXPLANATION: In 1983 Lilly Company of AMERICA that was founded by Eli Lilly USED recombinant DNA technology to PRODUCE insulin. This insulin was obtained from a microorganism.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (c) C-peptide

For explanation: The pro-hormone form of insulin consists of an extra stretch called C-peptide. The C peptide is a CONNECTING peptide having approximately 31 amino acids. It connects A and B CHAIN of pro-insulin.

Correct answer is (C) C-PEPTIDE

Explanation: C-peptide is absent in mature INSULIN. This connecting peptide CONNECTS A and B chain in pro-insulin. It is removed during the MATURATION of pro-insulin to insulin.

Right answer is (B) Pancreas

Best explanation: Insulin is secreted by the pancreas. The stomach secretes various digestive enzymes like PEPSIN and gastric juice. The thyroid secretes thyroid hormones while SMALL intestine secretes TRYPSIN.

The CORRECT option is (c) DISULPHIDE

The best explanation: The POLYPEPTIDE chains present in insulin is CONNECTED by disulphide bonds. These disulphide bonds are formed between TWO cysteine residues. In total insulin consists of 3 disulphide bonds.

The correct answer is (c) 2

Easiest explanation: Insulin consists of TWO polypeptide CHAINS. These are known as A chain and B chain. A chain is made up of 21 amino ACIDS while the B chain is made up of 30 amino acids. Thus, MAKING insulin a polypeptide containing 51 amino acids.

Correct answer is (a) 30

Explanation: Recombinant therapeutics is the TYPE of MEDICINES obtained from recombinant organisms. These are mostly protein in nature. Till DATE, 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use which includes insulin, human factor IX, ETC.

The correct CHOICE is (d) RDNA technology

The explanation: rDNA technology is a series of PROCESSES in which molecules of DNA from two different species of the organism are inserted within a host to introduce new CHARACTERS within that host. This often lead to the formation of new and BETTER host species.

Correct ANSWER is (b) 12

The best I can explain: Out of 30 how many recombinant therapeutics 12 have been marketed in India. These products have been APPROVED by the Genetic ENGINEERING Appraisal Committee (GEAC). Few examples of approved products are Human GROWTH hormone, Human insulin, Erythropoietin, etc.

The correct choice is (a) transgenic technology

The BEST explanation: Transgenic technology was used to develop Bt-cotton. It allows the introduction of the NEW and functional genes in the cell. This produces a new and better variety of crops. For EXAMPLE, Bt-cotton is a transgenic CROP and is insect resistance.

Right option is (d) bioinsecticidal PLANTS

Explanation: Bacillus thuringiensis is mainly USED for the PRODUCTION of bioinsecticidal plants. Bacillus thuringiensis along has a cry GENE that kills the ORGANISM. This gene is carried with a vector of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The correct answer is (c) incorporation of a transgene

The explanation is: Flavr savr is a genetically MODIFIED TOMATO developed through the incorporation of a transgene. The transgene introduced was the antisense PG gene which interferes with the ENZYME called polygalacturonase THUS increasing the shelf LIFE of tomato.

The correct answer is (c) Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Easiest explanation: the natural genetic ENGINEER is Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It is so-called because its plasmid (Ti plasmid) is used as a VECTOR for the TRANSFER of the insect-resistance gene called CRY gene obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis.