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Correct answer is (c) Hydrophobic

Easy EXPLANATION: CHAPERONS are helper proteins that binds to hydrophobic amino ACID residues that are part of the core of the folded protein. In the denatured state the core amino acid residues are EXPOSED which is identified. Once BOUND the polypeptide molecule is folded like a hairpin into its tertiary state.

Right option is (a) drug

Easy explanation: Methylthionium chloride is a drug USED for treating ALZHEIMER’s disease. Amyloids and neurofibrillary tangles are PRESENT in the brains of AD patients. This drug DISSOLVES NFTs.

The CORRECT ANSWER is (d) 4

To ELABORATE: There are four types of nucleotides present in a DNA (or RNA) strand. DNA consists of adenine, guanine, CYTOSINE and thiamine; RNA on the other hand consists of uracil instead of thiamine and other three nucleotides are SIMILAR.

Right answer is (c) ARGININE & Histidine

The explanation is: DNA is a negatively charged molecule that wounds around HISTONE PROTEINS. They are rich in both arginine and histidine residues (both are positively charged AMINO acids) which helps the negatively charged DNA bind to it. This FORMS a strong ionic bond formation allowing the DNA to be tightly packed into chromosomes.

Correct answer is (d) carbon

Explanation: Proteins are polymers containing amino ACIDS as monomers. There are TWENTY different types of amino acids, with varying FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Every amino acid has a carboxyl GROUP and an amino group separated by a single carbon atom between them.

Correct answer is (a) Lactose

To elaborate: Lactose is a disaccharide molecule found in MILK. Glycogen, starch and cellulose are all polysaccharides composed entirely of GLUCOSE subunits. They have same constitution but different chemical and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

The CORRECT choice is (b) False

The EXPLANATION: In the first experiments conducted in 1955, the RNA and protein components of a TMV were separated and then mixed together. After a brief incubation period, the recovered mixture CONTAINED infective particles. This confirmed the self-assembly PROPERTY in TMV.

Right answer is (a) Oligosaccharides

Explanation: Oligosaccharides are FORMED when sugar molecules link to FORM small chains (oligo means few). These form covalent BONDS with LIPIDS and proteins generating GLYCOLIPIDS and glycoproteins.

Right answer is (c) L-amino acids

The explanation: Explanation: In most ORGANISMS including humans, the L amino acid is USED to make up proteins. In some microorganisms D types are used. The CONVERSION of D to L can take PLACE in our body using an enzyme called racemase.

Right answer is (a) Lowest

The explanation: The native structure ADMINISTERED by the proteins which are the tertiary structure corresponds to the state of lowest ENERGY. The tertiary structure ASSUMED by the polypeptide chain is the most thermodynamically stable structure that can be FORMED by that chain.

Right CHOICE is (a) True

To explain I would SAY: Fatty acids differ from each other by the length of hydrocarbon CHAIN present and the nature of bonds between the ATOMS. Those with presence of double bonds are called unsaturated fatty acids and the other group is called saturate fatty acids.

The correct ANSWER is (C) PLASMA MEMBRANE

The explanation: The enzyme LACTASE is responsible for hydrolyzing lactose. It is found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the walls of the intestine.

Correct option is (b) disaccharides

To EXPLAIN: Disaccharides provide the readily AVAILABLE STORES of energy. Sucrose is found in plant sap and has the function of carrying CHEMICAL energy from ONE part of the plant to another. Lactose is found in milk of mammals and has the role of nourishing the new born with fuel for growth and early development.

The correct answer is (c) Protonated

Easiest explanation: In presence of an acid, amino GROUP can be Protonated because an acid release PROTON, thereby increasing the HYDROGEN ion concentration in its VICINITY and this can result in disruption of the protein activity to which amine group is attached.

The correct option is (c) Aβ42

To elaborate: Researchers at the Elan PHARMACEUTICALS PUBLISHED some interesting findings in which they used the Amyloid-β-42 peptide to IMMUNIZE mice and saw the mitigation in symptoms of AD.

Right choice is (c) Collagen

Easy explanation: Spider silk is a collagen molecule made up of 3 alpha HELICES wound together in a triple helix format. It is RICH in hydrophobic residues as WELL as glycine and proline to incorporate a flexible nature to it. Collagen is also FOUND in our bones and tendons.

Correct CHOICE is (a) 55.51 M

Best explanation: The CONCENTRATION of PURE water is ALWAYS 55.51 Molar. On the BASIS of this universal value ion-product constant Kw for water is calculated, which is a constant value at 25℃.

Right choice is (d) Water

The explanation: Water is an example of both an ACID and a base, and is THEREFORE an AMPHOTERIC MOLECULE. It can accept a proton thereby acting as a base and can also donate a proton acting as an acid.

Correct ANSWER is (d) Helper proteins

To explain: MOLECULAR chaperones are helper proteins that help unfolded or misfolded POLYPEPTIDE chains to assume a CERTAIN folded state. The role of these proteins is to prevent the proteins from non-selectively interacting with other COMPONENTS in the cell.

The correct answer is (c) S16

To EXPLAIN I WOULD SAY: The S16 PROTEIN of the SMALLER ribosomal subunit 30S was found to have a function solely in ribosome assembly. The deletion of this protein slowed down the in vitro assembly process.

The CORRECT option is (B) 2

Explanation: The large (50S) RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT of bacteria contains 2 molecules of RNA and approximately 32 different proteins. The smaller 30S subunit contains ONE RNA molecule and 21 different proteins.

Right CHOICE is (a) hydrogen, HYDROXYL

For EXPLANATION: Buffers react with free hydrogen and free hydroxyl ions resisting changes in the pH and protecting CELLS and SOLUTIONS from destroying. Buffers are also routinely used in laboratories.

The correct choice is (d) Tau

To EXPLAIN I would say: The tau-protein FUNCTIONS as a part of nerve CELL’s cytoskeleton. In PATIENTS with Alzheimer’s this protein develops into bundles of tangle cellular FILAMENTS called neurofibrillary tangles (or NFTs) as a result of misfolding.

The correct answer is (c) FIBRILLAR deposits

For explanation I would say: The fibrillar deposits found in the person with Alzheimer’s DISEASE are termed as Amyloid. These deposits result from the SELF association of a polypeptide composed predominantly of beta-sheets.

Correct option is (b) enzymes

For explanation: Ribozymes are RNA enzymes that perform a CATALYTIC activity. Ribosomal RNAs don’t function as genetic carriers but SERVE a structural function. ONE subunit of ribosomal RNA acts as a catalyst in addition reaction of amino ACIDS in the PROTEIN synthesis; these are called ribozymes.

The correct OPTION is (a) True

For explanation I WOULD SAY: Unlike animals, microorganism use D-amino acids in the SYNTHESIS of certain small peptides, including those present in cell walls and SEVERAL antibiotics.

Right option is (b) protein

Easiest explanation: Rubisco is a protein found in chloroplasts of plant cells, it catalyzes the reaction in which CARBON DIOXIDE TAKEN up from the atmosphere is COVALENTLY linked to organic molecules.

The correct answer is (B) Disulphide

The explanation: The disulfide BONDS of a protein can be BROKEN by adding a reducing AGENT. Mercaptoethanol is ONE such reducing agent that breaks the disulphide bridge into sulfhydryl groups.

Right answer is (a) sugars

To EXPLAIN: Heptoses are carbohydrates that contain 7 ATOMS of carbon. The sugars of importance in CELLULAR metabolism contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms.

Correct option is (c) NUCLEOTIDES

For EXPLANATION: Adenosine TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are nucleotides of utmost IMPORTANCE in organisms. The ENERGY present in living organisms is stored in the form of ATP and GTP binds to a variety of proteins called G proteins to turn on their activities.

Right answer is (B) Non-polar

The explanation: Non-polar amino acids have side chains that are essentially hydrocarbons(sulphur in CASE of METHIONINE and CYSTEINE). This causes the amino acid water interaction to be weak and thus are sparsely soluble in water. The amino acids included in this category are alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine and methionine. Phenylalanine is least soluble DUE to its bulky aromatic side chain.

Correct choice is (a) Bapineuzumab

Easy EXPLANATION: FIRST anti-Aβ42 body came to be known as Bapineuzumab. This was USED in CLINICAL trials as a passive immunization technique for the treatment of Alzheimer’s DISEASE.

Correct option is (b) Double bonds

To explain I would say: Double bonds are profusely PRESENT in the VEGETABLE fats which account for their liquid STATE at room temperature. Due to this reason they are also KNOWN as polyunsaturated. Fats that are liquid at room temperature are called oils.

The CORRECT choice is (d) ADIPOCYTES

The best explanation: In many animals, fats are stored in adipocytes CYTOPLASM of which contains one or a few large droplets of lipids. Adipocytes have the ABILITY to change their shape to accommodate varying quantities of fats.

The correct answer is (C) Flurizan

Explanation: Flurizan was the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID for treating ALZHEIMER’s which REACHED the STAGE of phase III clinical trials but could proceed THEREAFTER.

The correct CHOICE is (b) deoxyribonucleic acid & ribonucleic acid

Best explanation: Two types of amino acids are found in LIVING organisms namely DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is the carrier of genetic information in animals and RNA PLAYS this role in viruses.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Nucleotides

Explanation: The strands of NUCLEIC acids are composed of monomeric UNITS called nucleotides. Nucleic acids are mainly the storage sites for genetic INFORMATION and also have structural and CATALYTIC functions.

Right choice is (a) True

For EXPLANATION: Fats CONTAIN more energy content than carbohydrates. A gram of fat contains TWICE the energy than a gram of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates serve as short-term, readily available energy whereas fat reserves store energy on long-term basis.

Right choice is (d) PRION

Explanation: The Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (CJD) is a RARE and fatal disorder that is caused primarily by a protein misfolding EVENT. The prion proteins are present on the SURFACE of nerve cells and the misfolded prion proteins are located within, forming aggregates that ultimately kill the cells.

The correct answer is (C) ester

The best explanation: FATTY acids consist of one glycerol moiety linked to three fatty acids via ester bonds; the composite MOLECULE is CALLED triacylglycerol or neutral FAT.

Right option is (c) Hsp72

Explanation: Hsp70 is a class of molecular chaperones that BIND to nascent proteins being synthesized on ribosomes. Hsp70 chaperones PREVENT the newly synthesized proteins from binding to other proteins in the cytosol which COULD lead to misfolding or AGGREGATION.