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Right OPTION is (d) Antioxidants

The explanation: Chemicals are ADDED to food for improving their aesthetic, to increase their shelf-life or to ADD nutritive value. Food colours, FLAVOURS and sweeteners simply enhance the appearance and taste of food. Antioxidants are USED for preservation.

Right option is (d) Antihistamines

Explanation: Analgesics, ANTIPYRETICS and BARBITURATES (tranquilizers) are drugs that interfere with the MESSAGE TRANSFER mechanism from the nerve to receptor and hence block neurological communication.

The correct OPTION is (a) Chlordiazepoxide

To EXPLAIN: Amytal, seconal and nembutal are examples of barbiturates or sleep-inducing drugs. These are hypnotic COMPOUNDS barbituric acid and are IMPORTANT tranquilizers and components of sleeping pills. Chlordiazepoxide is a mild tranquilizer used only for relieving tension.

Right answer is (d) DYSIDAZIRINE

Explanation: Dysidazirine is effective in treatment of only certain STRAINS of tumour cells, hence they are narrow spectrum. Chloramphenicol, vancomycin and AMOXYCILLIN are EXAMPLES of broad-spectrum antibiotics, that are USED for treating different types of problems.

The correct CHOICE is (a) Antihistamines

The EXPLANATION is: Pharmacological effects of drugs provides a WIDE range of drugs that have a same effect on a specific type of problem. ANALGESICS have pain killing effect, antiseptics prevent the growth of MICROBES and antipyretics help in lowering body temperature during fever.

Correct choice is (d) Boric ACID

Best explanation: Dettol, tincture of IODINE and iodoform are common antiseptics that are directly APPLIED on wounds to treat them. Boric acid is prepared as a dilute aqueous solution and acts as an antiseptic for the EYES.

Correct ANSWER is (c) Sodium bicarbonate

To explain: All can be used as antacids. But when NaHCO3 (and other hydrogen carbonates) are taken in excess, it increases the alkalinity of the STOMACH and stimulates the RELEASE to more acid to counter it. METAL hydroxides are better as they are insoluble and do not increase the pH above 7.

The CORRECT option is (b) Valium

For explanation I would say: OPIATES are a class of narcotic analgesics NATURALLY obtained as alkaloids from the OPIUM poppy plant. Morphine, codeine and thebaine are the opiates that have the maximum effect of the human NERVOUS system.

The correct answer is (a) They have constant shape

The BEST I can explain: RECEPTORS are proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane with the binding site protruding outwards. They CHANGE the shape of the binding site to accommodate the incoming MESSENGER and facilitate COMMUNICATION.

Right option is (b) agonists

Best EXPLANATION: Agonists are drugs that replicate the behaviour and properties of the chemical MESSENGER and ACTIVATE the receptor. These are used when the actual messenger is not PRESENT in the BODY.

The correct option is (c) Saccharin

The best explanation: ANTIOXIDANTS prevent food spoilage by itself REACTING with oxygen and protecting the food from oxidation. Butylated hydroxy toluene and butylated hydroxy anisole increase the SHELF lives of food like butter. SO2 is ALSO used in wines, fruits and sugar syrups for preservation.

Right answer is (C) Bithionol

The explanation: Bithionol consists of two dichloro and dihydroxysubstituted aromatic rings connected by a sulphur bridge. It is ADDED to soaps as an ANTISEPTIC. It ALSO helps to reduce the SMELL produced by microbial decomposition on the skin.

Right choice is (d) 2000

For explanation I would say: Alitame is a compound CONSISTING of one hydroxy GROUP, THREE keto groups and a tetra-methyl sulphur containing CYCLIC group. It is a very strong sweetener and PROVIDES uncontrollable sweetness to food.

Right choice is (b) Ofloxacin

For explanation I WOULD say: Antibiotics can either kill the target microbes (cidal EFFECT) or can prevent it from pathogenic action (STATIC effect). The former are known as bactericidal and the LATTER is known as bacteriostatic.

Correct choice is (C) VITAMIN C

To elaborate: The USUAL macromolecular targets of drugs in the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Since vitamins are not produced by the body, they can be controlled WITHOUT the use of drugs.

The correct choice is (b) non-competitive inhibitor

The explanation: Non-competitive INHIBITORS are drugs that affect the CATALYTIC activity of enzymes by changing the SHAPE of the active site by binding to the enzyme at some other site. This PREVENTS the substrate from binding to the enzyme.

Right option is (a) Based on size

Easiest explanation: Drugs are mainly classified on the basis of four criteria, namely PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT, drug ACTION, chemical structure and MOLECULAR TARGETS in the body.

Right choice is (d) Salvarsan

For EXPLANATION I WOULD say: ANALGESICS are DRUGS that are used to relieve pain without causing disturbances within the nervous system. Aspirin and paracetamol are non-narcotic analgesics, WHEREAS morphine is a narcotic analgesic.

The correct answer is (a) Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Explanation: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromideis a quaternary salt cation with bromine as the anion. The cationic PART PARTICIPATES in the cleansing mechanism. Pentaerythritol monostearate is a non-ionic detergent, whereas SODIUM dodecyl sulphate and sodium lauryl sulphate are ANIONIC detergents.

Right answer is (a) inhibitors

To explain I WOULD say: DRUGS that either PREVENT the enzyme from HOLDING the substrate or prevent it from providing FUNCTIONAL groups that attack the substrate, are called enzyme inhibitors. These inhibit the catalytic activity of enzymes.

Correct option is (b) medicine

The explanation is: The chemical COMPOUNDS which INTERACT with specific targets and initiate a biological response in the body are called drugs. When the response is therapeutic and useful, they are called MEDICINES and when it is HARMFUL, they are called POISONS.

Right answer is (b) Novestrol

To ELABORATE: Progesterone is a HORMONE that is known to suppress ovulation. Antifertility drugs are made of SYNTHETIC ESTROGEN and progesterone derivatives. Ethynylestradiol is a drug with a combination of these two derivatives.

Correct option is (b) narrow spectrum

The EXPLANATION is: Antibiotics are classified based on the RANGE of microbes that are AFFECTED by it. Broad spectrum antibiotics AFFECT Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. Narrow spectrum are used only against either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, whereas limited spectrum antibiotics kill or inhibit only one particular organism.

Right OPTION is (c) Penicillin is bacteriostatic ANTIBIOTIC

The explanation: Penicillin is an antibacterial compound derived from Penicillium. It has a bactericidal effect on microbes. Ampicillin is a modified version of penicillin with a WIDER SPECTRUM. Arsphenamine is an -As=As- linkage compound that resists bacterial action and is also toxic to human beings. Sulphanilamide is an ACTIVE antibiotic compound formed in the body.

Correct OPTION is (a) True

For explanation: Antagonists bind to the RECEPTOR at the binding site and inhibit its NATURAL communicative function. This PREVENTS the message to be passed into the cell.

Right ANSWER is (a) True

The EXPLANATION is: Phenol acts as a DISINFECTANT or as an antiseptic based on its concentration in SOLUTION. A 0.2% phenol solution acts as an antiseptic, while a 1% PHENOLIC solution is a disinfectant.

Right option is (d) molecular targets

To elaborate: MEDICINAL chemists are interested in the location at which a particular drug will create action and ASSIGN specific drugs to people based on the REQUIREMENTS. This ALSO involves the mechanism of drug action on target based on structure.

Right CHOICE is (b) SODIUM rosinate

For explanation: Rosin is a chemical compound which is a GUM that is ADDED while making SOAPS. During saponification, it forms sodium rosinate which forms lathers.

Correct answer is (a) DISINFECTANTS

For explanation: Antimalarials and ANTIBIOTICS are ingested in the form of pills. Antiseptics are APPLIED on the skin. Disinfectants are used for cleaning OBJECTS like FLOORS, toilets, drains, etc. and protect them from pathogenic activity.

The correct option is (C) Anaesthetics

The explanation: Antimicrobials are substances that are used to PREVENT and treat infections DUE to various microorganisms LIKE fungi, VIRUS, bacteria or parasites. They can be used for curing diseases and avoid them. Anaesthetics are drugs that produce insensitivity to pain.

Right OPTION is (b) Terfenadine

For explanation: Low LEVELS of noradrenaline in the BODY REDUCES the signal-sending activity of neurons and lead to depression. Citalopram, iproniazid and phenelzine are antidepressants that INHIBIT the catalysis of the degradation of noradrenaline and helps treat depression.

Right choice is (a) Histamine

The explanation is: Histamine is the COMPOUND which is responsible for the SECRETION of pepsin and HCl in the STOMACH. Drugs like cimetidine (Tegamet), ranitidine (Zantac), omeprazole and lansoprazole PREVENT the interaction of histamine with the stomach wall receptors, resulting in release of LESSER acid.

Correct choice is (d) The body SYNTHESIZES a NEW enzyme

Easy EXPLANATION: When there is a strong covalent bond between the enzyme and the drug, the enzyme is blocked PERMANENTLY. This results in the degradation of the ENTIRE drug-enzyme complex and the synthesis of a new enzyme.

Right choice is (d) Location in the membrane

For EXPLANATION I would say: There are lots of different types of receptors in the BODY at different locations. They interact with different kinds of chemical messengers. Their selectivity for ONE messenger over the other is because of the difference in their binding sites, structure and composition of AMINO ACIDS.

Right answer is (a) Aspartame

For explanation: Aspartame is an artificial sweetening agent which is unstable at higher temperatures. It is a compound formed from ASPARTIC acid and PHENYLALANINE. It is 100 times as sweet as CANE SUGAR.

Correct ANSWER is (a) To make the soap act rapidly

Explanation: SODIUM carbonate and trisodium phosphate acts a BUILDERS or BUILDING agents in POWDER soaps. These make the soap act more rapidly.

Correct answer is (d) non-ionic detergents

For explanation I would say: Dishwashing LIQUIDS are non-ionic detergents. They may be PREPARED from the reaction of POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL with stearic acid. These do not contain any ionic entities in their WHOLE chain.

Right answer is (a) Transparent soap

To explain: When the soap is dissolved in a solution of ETHANOL while making it and then EVAPORATING the EXCESS ethanol not used in the process, a transparent soap is FORMED.

Correct ANSWER is (B) False

To elaborate: DRUGS prevent the ATTACHMENT of substrate to ENZYMES by two different ways. One is the competitive approach where it occupies the active site, and the other is non-competitive way in which it does not occupy the active site.