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The correct choice is (d) ANALOG to DIGITAL converter

The EXPLANATION is: A typical hardware defined radio used as a frequency modulated/ amplitude modulated broadcast receiver consists of radio hardware such as antenna, filters, and demodulators. The primary function is the conversion of radio SIGNALS into AUDIO signals.

Right answer is (d) Limited constraints

Easiest explanation: API DEFINED as a MAP lists the methods and the procedure applicable for subsets s1 of a DOMAIN that map onto subsets S2 of a range.This enables easy ESTABLISHMENT of API while avoiding the constraints the limit the application of API in cognitive radio.

Right choice is (d) Black processing occurs between antenna and INFOSEC module

Best explanation: MILITARY radios assign the term ‘RED’ for secret information. The term ‘black’ is used to refer to PROTECTED or ENCRYPTED information during transmission. Black processing generally takes place between the antenna and INFOSEC module, particularly the decryption process.

The correct choice is (a) To explicitly describe KNOWLEDGE

The best explanation: Knowledge based SYSTEM is a COMPUTER program that provides solution to complex problems by using knowledge and reasoning. It is important that the knowledge is described explicitly. This assists easy APPLICATION of reasoning to new knowledge.

Correct ANSWER is (B) Operations performed on radio knowledge

The best I can explain: Knowledge based Query and Manipulation LANGUAGE supports communication among SOFTWARE agents and knowledge based systems. The KQML message format and protocol ALLOWS a radio to perform operations and utilize the knowledge available in another radio.

Right option is (a) True

The explanation: The entrance of a stimulus invokes a new cognition cycle during the waking BEHAVIOUR. It is also invoked by the completion of cognition cycle which was already in PROCESS. The stimulus is obtained by MONITORING the information signals such as voices, images, radio signals, ETC.

The correct option is (b) Isochronous

Explanation: The awake-state or WAKING behaviour CONTROLS the cognitive RADIO resources isochronously. It MAPS the stored environmental interactions to the present input-response case being OPERATED. Machine learning converts these interactions and cases into knowledge.

Right OPTION is (d) Geo-location

The best explanation: Speech synthesis, text analysis, multimedia display, and graphics fall under the category of LOCAL effector functions. It involves finding USER information on information states, identifying plans, and determining the PROBABILITY of potential communication through parsing and interpretation.

Correct option is (C) 30 MHz – 2.5 GHz

Explanation: The software defined radio DESIRABLY operates over a large range of frequencies that cover various BANDS of the spectrum. The radio should be capable of supporting various APPLICATIONS such as TV bands, air traffic control bands, industrial medical and scientific bands, etc. For example, 30 MHz – 2.5 GHz has a BANDWIDTH of 2.47 GHz which is most suitable for the spectrum requirements of cognitive radio.

Correct answer is (a) Domain is the set of subsets of internal DATA structures over which the MAP is defined

Explanation: Domain is the set of subsets of internal data structures over which the map is defined. Range is the set of subsets onto which the map exhibits its output. Each TOPOLOGICAL map consists of a domain and a range.

Correct OPTION is (a) Radio Knowledge Representation Language frames

To EXPLAIN I would SAY: Known sequence describes the integrated knowledge of cognitive radio. The known sequence is developed by EMBEDDING Radio Knowledge Representation Language (RKRL) frames in the cognitive radio. It is also possible to develop known sequence through independent MACHINE learning.

Right OPTION is (d) ARCHITECTURE map represents cognition FUNCTIONS implemented USING cognition components

The explanation is: Architecture map represents cognition functions implemented using cognition components. It consists of DATA structures, processes, and flows which are represented using topological maps over abstract domains.

The correct CHOICE is (C) SLEEP cycle

Explanation: The formation of atomic symbols can take place by two procedures. The atomic stimuli may COMBINE to form atomic symbol. The atomic symbols may also be formed by learning from higher aggregates. The first type occurs during wake cycle while the second is CARRIED out during sleep cycle.

The correct choice is (b) Compose messages for INTERACTION with environment

Explanation: The function of the act phase is to ENGAGE in contact with outside WORLD by composing messages for interaction with the local environment. The message may also have to be TRANSFERRED to another cognitive radio or to a cognitive node.

The correct CHOICE is (a) Correlation between present condition and reference condition is high

Explanation: Autonomous decisions are TAKEN when the correlation between present and reference condition is high. It is preferred when the radio has been operated previously in the same spatial-temporal CONTEXT. Knowledge representation depends on the radio procedure components.

The CORRECT option is (b) STIMULUS RECOGNITION

To explain I would say: In addition to binding, stimulus recognition refers to the matching of current stimulus to stored experience. It is carried out when there is an exact match between the stimulus and prior experience. However it does not MEAN that the reaction is always apt for the condition being worked.

Correct OPTION is (d) Observe

To elaborate: Observe phase accumulates all sensor DATA. The data is parsed and allotted to various processing nodes for fast parallel RETRIEVAL. Observe phase OCCUPIES large amount of storage to support memory based LEARNING techniques.

The correct option is (b) Information services

Easy explanation: System application offers information services of VALUE to the user. It is responsible for providing the applications such as phone BOOK, text messaging, networking, and gaming, etc. It is also responsible for hiding information that is not PRIMARILY important for a user such as the TECHNOLOGY being used for COMMUNICATION.

The CORRECT option is (b) Constraint programming

The explanation is: Constraint programming approaches a problem as a series of CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED on a possible SOLUTION. Constraint based scheduling is a method that USES constraint programming to solve scheduling problems. It may be used as a planning tool in cognitive radio.

Right answer is (d) Applicable for RADIO resources

The explanation: Direct virtual CHANNEL management is RESPONSIBLE for identifying and verifying radio resources. It finds channels to transmit information, determines channels to listen for information, determines the channels that can be used SIMULTANEOUSLY, etc. The network management performs the same operation on digital PATHS, not on radio resources.

Right answer is (a) Human-machine interface

To explain I WOULD say: System control RESEMBLES a framework.It contains a SET of basic functions that are arranged in the form of a computational architecture in accordance with the norms of CORBA. It ACCEPTS input from the human-machine interface unit and overlooks the management of VIRTUAL channels, networks, security, etc.

The correct option is (d) Based on instruction set

For explanation I would say: Complex Instruction Set Computer processor consists of a single instruction to carry out loading, EVALUATION, and STORING operation. Reduced Instruction Set computer processor consists of a series of INSTRUCTIONS to carry out loading, evaluation, and storing operation. The general purpose PROCESSORS are commonly classified based on the instruction set.

Right OPTION is (d) Support VECTOR machines

Easiest explanation: Support vector machine is a supervised machine learning ALGORITHM. It consists of learning algorithms that study data related to classification and regression analysis. It is typically used for creating context clusters in inference hierarchy.

Correct CHOICE is (b) False

The explanation is: Parallel virtual machine is implemented using a set of HETEROGENEOUS computers that work as a combined and FLEXIBLE computational resource. Message-passing, task and resource management, and fault notification is accomplished by using a run time environment and library. Parallel virtual machine supports UNICASTING, MULTICASTING, and broadcasting.

Correct OPTION is (a) COMPUTATIONAL model

Best explanation: A computational model is used by the cognitive radio to keep track and to justify the usage of internal RESOURCES. The computational model consists of analog and digital parameters of performance. It also establishes the relationship between parameters on the basis of MEASUREMENT and CONTROL.

The correct answer is (b) Plan

To explain I would say: In planning stage, the information COLLECTED and ORGANISED during the observe phase and the orient phase are used to generate an ACTION plan. By choosing planning stage, the PROCESS is carried out in a deliberated and calculated manner.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Easier to compare with prior experience

For explanation: The newly formed BINDINGS are compared with prior experience to identify a close match. The binding is then grouped with the prior experience. This is done to detect PATTERNS that COULD help in prediction, modelling, and decision making.

Right answer is (C) Cross-media correlation interfaces

The best I can explain: The functional components operate together for effective operation of cognitive radio. The functional COMPONENT “User SP” combines with itself for reducing operations provoked by irrelevant triggering actions. For example, video-acoustic combination HELP in eliminating VOICE commands when the person is not talking on video.

The CORRECT option is (a) Non-deterministic polynomial time

For explanation I would say: The non-deterministic polynomial time is a complexity CLASS in the computational complexity theory. It is used to differentiate decision problems. NP is a collection of decision problems. When a decision results in ACTION, it MUST have proof that can be confirmed in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine.

Right choice is (b) To offer DIFFERENT levels of priority

To explain: The architecture model builds an environment consisting of WORLD, cognitive radio, and a world model within the cognitive radio. The world is composed of entities such as user, home network, people, things, networks, etc. The cognitive radio MUST be capable differentiating these entities to respond in ACCORDANCE to pre-determined priority levels.

The correct choice is (d) Tentative decision

The explanation is: Tentative decisions are consulted with the user for confirmation before EXECUTION. This leads to better user experience in the FUTURE. In CERTAIN situations, the selected OPTION is executed and the user interaction is RECORDED to resolve conflict.

The CORRECT option is (a) Sequence cluster

To EXPLAIN: Sequence CLUSTERS are developed on the basis of shared properties. Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD) and the semantic web provide VARIOUS means for defining or DETERMINING sequence clusters from basic and primitive sequence.

Correct choice is (d) STIMULUS

For explanation I would say: The cognition functions and PHASES are represented USING data structures. The data structures are mapped to RKRL FRAMES which are made up of handle, model, body, resources, and context. The handle may correspond to a SET or a stimulus. The body may correspond to a subset or a response. The context may correspond to a URL, source, time or location.

Right CHOICE is (C) Primitive SEQUENCE

For explanation: Primitive sequence is formed by assembling similar atomic symbols in a COHERENT manner. Primitive SEQUENCES generally have spatial or temporal likeliness which is visible and can be identified from a heap of information.

Correct answer is (a) Organisation of data structures

To EXPLAIN: The inference hierarchy organises the information from OBSERVATION to action PHASE in the corresponding data structures. It aids in including machine learning with real-time performance during the WAKE epoch.