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Correct option is (D) None of these

Classroom Communication: Communication plays a crucial role in the classroom teaching-learning process. Classroom communication is one of the most essential as well as inevitable tools for effective teaching. It is a two-way process and is incomplete and disorganized without feedback from the receiver to the sender (in this case from student to teacher). 

• In the field of sociology, cultural capital comprises the social assets of a person that promote social mobility in a stratified society. Cultural capital functions as a social relation within an economy of practices, and includes the accumulated cultural knowledge that confers social status and power.
• As adults, cultural capital helps individuals network with other adults who have similar knowledge and experiences. In turn control access to high-paying professions and prestigious leadership roles, for example, in government.

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• All the communicated knowledge through textbooks or teachers is considered as part of the cultural capital. 
• Cultural capital in the schools should be woven such that it provides reference points and contexts that allow students to build schema.
• Cultural Capital can be classified into three forms - embodied, objectified and institutionalized.
• A students' dialect or accent can be accorded to the embodied form of cultural capital. The collection of luxury cars can be accorded to the objectified form of cultural capital whereas credentials and qualifications refer to an institutionalized form of cultural capital.

Hence we can conclude that the communicated knowledge is considered as cultural capital. 

• According to Festinger’s (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance, if a person holds two psychologically inconsistent cognitions, he or she will experience dissonance, that is, inconsistencies between internal beliefs and behaviour cause discomfort that drives an individual to reduce the arousal.
• Festinger goes on further to say that due to the discomfort, the individual will make a conscious effort to avoid situations that are likely to increase his or her dissonance and also seek ways to reduce it.
• Ultimately, the individual seeks to reach a state of consistency, the balance between actions and beliefs, which Festinger refers to as consonance.
• He argues that the magnitude of the dissonance determines an individual’s motivation to reduce it and restore consonance. The magnitude is determined by both the importance of the dissonance cognitions and the number or proportion of consonant or dissonant cognitions individual experiences.
• Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours.
• This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviours to reduce the discomfort and restore balance etc. for example when people smoke (behaviour) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition).
• According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviours (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.
• Cognitive dissonance in classroom communication is the result of Chaotic conditions.

Correct option is (C) Paying cash online

1. Cash on Delivery (COD):

• Under Cash on Delivery (COD) mode the customer needs to pay for the product in cash after he receives it.

2. Cheque:

• Under cheque system the seller sends his person at customer’s place to collect the cheque for the order placed.
• The seller then deposits the cheque in his account. Once the cheque gets clear he sends the product to the buyer.

Correct option is (C) When customer registers on seller’s website

Credit and debit cards:

• Credit and debit cards are also called plastic money. These cards are used quite widely in online shopping.
• While making payment through credit cards the banks provide credit to the buyer which he uses to shop online. The buyer pays to the seller by providing his card details. The bank pays to the seller on behalf of the buyer.
• The bank then adds this amount to the buyer’s account and sends him a statement. The buyer pays to the bank as per the time limit mentioned in the statement.
• If the buyer buys using debit card the amount gets debited from his bank account immediately. The buyer can buy only till the balance is available in his account.

Correct option is (A) Internet

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO):

• When a company hands over its business activities (or processes) on a contractual basis to another company it is called Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). For example, a company would outsource the work of call centre or data entry to reduce its expenditure.
• Outsourcing has become quite popular in recent years because human resource is available at very low rates in populated countries like India and China. Several foreign companies set-up their call centers in these countries to provide sales, after sales, online technical assistance to their customers.

Need of BPO:

• Cost-cutting: To save infrastructure set-up and other costs companies outsource their activities like billing, data entry, marketing survey, etc.
• Focus on principal activities of company: By outsourcing some activities the senior level employees and managers can focus properly on the core activities of the business.
• Benefit of efficiency: By outsourcing to a professional company a business can take benefit of the rich experience and efficiency a professional unit possess. If might be quite difficult or even impossible for the business firm to carry out such outsourced work on its own with such efficiency and expertise.
• To cater the dynamic demand: As a nation develops, expectations and demands of customers keep on increasing and changing. It may not be possible to meet the expectations and demands and so it becomes important to outsource some tasks to BPO who can handle such tasks. For example, in olden days companies did not have a large customer-care ‘ centre which now has become quite important with increased sales through online shopping and expanded market.
• Increased benefits: Business units can outsource few works to their subordinates in order to focus more on important activities like increasing sales, developing new products, expanding business and to serve and satisfy their customers better and thus increase the profits.

Scope of BPO:
The extent to which a company can outsource its work can be classified into two categories. They are:

1. Back-office outsourcing: A company can outsource its back-office works like billing, purchase, data entry, etc.
2. Front-office outsourcing: This includes customer services like sales and marketing, technical assistance, etc.

• A business has to deal with enumerable tasks on a daily basis. These tasks include production, purchase, sales, marketing, billing, customer care, etc.
• If thought well some of these tasks can be categorized as tasks with lesser priority and others with more priority.
• If a businessman can outsource some of his tasks which are either of lesser priority or which require large investment or specialized skills then he can focus more on other tasks that are directly related to generate revenues for the business. -» For example, maintaining a canteen or call center is tedious and would eat-up important time of business personnels. Outsourcing such activities can save both money and time.

Outsourcing:

• When a company or individual hands over some of its processes or works to another company or a professional group it is called outsourcing.
• Both the companies sign an agreement and decide the nature of work, payment and its terms, time of delivering the work, etc.
• Outsourcing can be done within the company or with other companies.

Reason for outsourcing the works:

• Large companies outsource small works so that they can focus on main activities of the companies.
  Some companies even outsource their main activities in case they do not have sufficient infrastructure or knowledge to do on their own.
• To save costs.

Examples of outsourcing:
A company may outsource call-center activity, production, marketing activity, product installation, after sales service, Research and Development, Analytical activities, etc.

Outsourcing can be done within the company or with othe. companies.

Reason for outsourcing are :

• Large companies outsource small works so that they can focus on main activities of the companies,
• Some companies even outsource their main activities in case they do not have sufficient infrastructure or knowledge to do on their own.
• To save costs.

Correct option is (B) Outsourcing

By outsourcing to a professional company a business can take benefit of the rich experience and efficiency professional unit possess. If might be quite difficult or even impossible for the business firm to carry out such outsourced work on its own with such efficiency and expertise.

• Cost-cutting
• Focus on principle activities of company
• Benefit of efficiency,
• To cater the dynamic demand and
• Increased benefits.

Correct option is (C) Cheap labour

Correct option is (D) Process

A form of outsourcing in which knowledge and information-related work is given to another company or to some subsidiary department within the company is called outsourcing of knowledge-related process or Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO).

Scope (categories) of e-commerce services:
Based on the parties included and activities done e-commerce can be divided (or done) in four ways. They are:

1. Business to Customer (B2C)
2. Business to Business (B2B)
3. Customer to Customer (C2C)
4. Customer to Business (C2B)

1. Business to Customer (B2C):

• in business to customer (B2C) there exists a seller (businessman) at one end and customers on the other.
• The seller creates its website, puts it on internet and displays the products it sells on that website.
• Thebuyer (customer) sees these products on the seller’s website and if he likes them he places an order on the website itself.
• Once the seller receives the order be sends the product to the customer without the need of any mediator such as wholesaler, retailer, etc.
• Companies like Amazon, Flipkart, etc. provide online shopping facility which is an excellent example of B2C.
• B2C model is quite prevalent due to quick and easy sales and purchase transactions it offers.
  Online banking, railway ticket booking, etc. are other examples.

2. Business to Business (B2B):

• In B2B model both the parties are businessman i.e. one businessman sells its product to another.
• For example, a businessman would like to create its website for its customers or would like to design brochures for advertising his products. On the other hand – there is a businessman whose company does the activity of designing websites brochures, etc. for clients.
• When these two businessmen come in contact online we call it Business to Business (B2B) transaction achieved through e-commerce.
• In today’s fast changing world business units are interdependent. They need B2B trading for faster and effective results.
• Through B2B, suppliers, distributors, and other mediators come in contact. Since several businesses provide their services online to other businesses they compete among themselves which results in better products and services. It increases efficiency of routine business activities like that of supply management, inventory management, managing payments, etc.

3. Customer to Customer (C2C):

• In C2C, a customer directly comes in contact with another customer, without any mediator.
• Any internet user becomes a seller as well as buyer.
• The best example for C2C would be e-bay.com. It is an e-auction website where in a customer (seller) who wishes to sell logs into e-bay website and provide detail about the item and asks interested customers (buyers) to bid. The highest bidder buys that item.
• Other examples are Olx.com, quicker.com where a customer (seller) posts details of the items he wish to sell and interested customer (buyer buys it).

4. Customer to Business (C2B):

• In C2B model a consumer let’s say an individual who has something to offer either a service or a good sells it to companies (businesses) and in turn companies pay such customers, for the work they provide. For example, a designer (i.e. a customer) may sell his designs to a garment manufacturing company.
• Since the customer is selling his product or service he decides its price.

Other models in e-commerce:
If we consider government as an autonomous body then we may have following different categories too:
(A) Government to Business
(B) Government to Citizen
(C) Government to Government

A company may outsource the following knowledge related processes:

• Business and market researches
• Legal services
• Medical services
• Employee training
• Research and Development (R&D)
• Computer programming like software development, etc.
• Animation and designing

• Back-office outsourcing: A company can outsource its back-office works like billing, purchase, data entry, etc.
• Front-office outsourcing: This includes customer services like sales and marketing, technical assistance, etc.

1. B2C (Business to Customer),
2. B2B (Business to Business),
3. C2C (Customer to Customer) and
4. C2B (Customer to Business).

‘Interconnection’ and ‘network’

In Business to Customer (B2C) the businessman (seller) displays its product on the website. The customer who sees it and likes it buys it online; Amazon and Flipkart are two such sellers.

In B2B model both the parties are businessman i.e. one businessman sells its product to another. For example, a businessman would like to create its website for its customers or would like to design brochures for advertising his products. On the other hand there is a businessman whose company does the activity of designing websites brochures, etc. for clients.

Business to Business (B2B):

• In B2B model both the parties are businessman i.e. one businessman sells its product to another.
• For example, a businessman would like to create its website for its customers or would like to design brochures for advertising his products. On the other hand – there is a businessman whose company does the activity of designing websites brochures, etc. for clients.
• When these two businessmen come in contact online we call it Business to Business (B2B) transaction achieved through e-commerce.
• In today’s fast changing world business units are interdependent. They need B2B trading for faster and effective results.
• Through B2B, suppliers, distributors, and other mediators come in contact. Since several businesses provide their services online to other businesses they compete among themselves which results in better products and services. It increases efficiency of routine business activities like that of supply management, inventory management, managing payments, etc.

Customer to Customer (C2C):
In C2C, a customer directly comes in contact with another customer, without any mediator.

• Any internet user becomes a seller as well as buyer.
• The best example for C2C would be e-bay.com. It is an e-auction website where in a customer (seller) who wishes to sell logs into e-bay website and provide detail about the item and asks interested customers (buyers) to bid. The highest bidder buys that item.
• Other examples are Olx.com, quicker.com where a customer (seller) posts details of the items he wish to sell and interested customer (buyer buys it).

Customer to Business (C2B):

• In C2B model a consumer let’s say an individual who has something to offer either a service or a good sells it to companies (businesses) and in turn companies pay such customers, for the work they provide. For example, a designer (i.e. a customer) may sell his designs to a garment manufacturing company.
• Since the customer is selling his product or service he decides its price.

Other models in e-commerce:
If we consider government as an autonomous body then we may have following different categories too:
(A) Government to Business
(B) Government to Citizen
(C) Government to Government

In C2B model a consumer let’s say an individual who has something to offer either a service or a good sells them to companies (businesses) and in turn companies pay such customers for the work he provides. For example, a designer (i.e. a customer) may sell his designs to a garment manufacturing company. Since the customer is selling his product or service he decides its price.

Correct option is (c) government

Correct option is (a) expression

Correct option is (b) INSAT

Mass media helps us in the following ways : 

1. Awareness about issues such as environmental balance, gender equality and cleanliness. 

2. Forewarn about natural disasters like storms, tsunamis, flood, etc. 

3. Awareness about health, educational facilities, good things happening in society, etc.

4. Awareness about basic needs related to food, clothing, shelter, education and health. 

5. Helps in the expansion of trade and industry.

Correct option is (b) rockets

Messages were earlier 

1. Sent by pigeons who were trained 

2. Men on horseback with messages 

3. Letters sent through postal services.

Correct option is (b) sensibly

Correct option is (a) excessively

The uses of artificial satellites are as follows: 

1. Live telecast of events happening in the world. 

2. With the help of phones, we can directly talk to people in other countries. 

3. The President or Prime Minister can address the entire nation at the same time over the radio or TV.

The disadvantages of telecommunication devices are:

1. Excessive use of the television, computer or mobile phones cause disorders of the eye, ears and back. 

2. Psychological disorders and isolation are also possible. 

3. Information through television and the internet disturbs peace and order in society

4. Excessive TV watching neglect the outdoor sports and physical fitness. 

5. Adverse effect on physical health.

Correct option is (b) see

The expression on the face is used to communicate.

Political, Educational, Social, Cultural, Economic and Entertainment.

Correct option is (C) Keep it short and sweet

The seller may say he did not receive order, the buyer may say he did not place an order, wrong delivery, orders placed by mistake, etc.

Correct option is (D) None of these

Various definitions of communication:

• Communication can be defined as sharing of thoughts, opinions and information through speech, writing or signs.
• Communication is a process of transmitting information related to knowledge, thoughts, concepts, understanding, emotions, feelings and opinions on information through proper medium which can then affect information receiver, change his behavior and establish and maintain relationship with him.
• The process of introducing our thoughts into other’s mind is called communication.

Advantages of e-commerce:

• E-commerce has made buying-selling, delivery of goods and services and making payment quite easy and fast compared to traditional methods of business.
• It saves time and money.
• One can buy-sell goods and services any time and from any place because there is no need of any physical shop.
• Due to e-commerce many works related to marketing, delivery, phone calls, post and printing, etc. have reduced. This has resulted in savings of time, efforts and transportation.
  One gets better and quicker service through e-commerce.
• Communication becomes faster due to internet. As a result, issues of customers related to price, quality, etc. of goods can be solved faster.

Communication done without using words is called non-verbal communication.