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(B) Ganga – Brahmaputra plain

(B) Sink holes

Rainwater harvesting: 

In urban areas all rainwater as it falls over roofs of houses should be harvested. The easiest thing is to divert it into soak pits for recharging of groundwater. The rainwater may also be stored in sumps/ tanks which are built for this purpose. In certain places, with simple filtering, rain water can be the best source of drinking water.

Following are the remedial measures for lightning strike:

1. Give immediate treatment to the lightning affected persons so their life can be saved. 

2. Keep the people away from the open ground and swimming pool. 

3. Provide them proper guidelines to cure for the lightning strike.

Alaknanda and Mandakani.

1. Laser ranging 

2. Very long baseline 

3. Geiger counter 

4. Creep meter 

5. Strain meter

6. Tide gauge 

7. Tilt meter 

8. Volumetric strain gauge.

In case we see a victim in road accident, we may call 108 first.

At the time of fire accident make a phone call to 101 number

When you happen to see fire break out you will make a call to 112

1. Rivers get flooded because heavy rain in upper course or by bursting of dam or by melting or snow of the snowfield.

2. Cyclones occur because unequal atmospheric pressure when high pressure develops on the sea or on ocean a cyclonic conditions develops.

3. Earthquakes occur because tectonic movements in the interior of the earth, the weaker area of the surface of earth shakes powerfully.

Some people get affected by disasters in specific areas. 

1. In case of a cyclone, people in the coastal areas of India are more likely to be affected than those in the interior. 

2. People living in seismically active regions are prone to earthquakes. 

3. The poor, the old people and children are more likely to be affected by disasters in the same region.

4. Densely populated areas are more likely to be affected than sparsely populated areas. 

5. Sometimes due to social, economic and political conditions, people are more likely to be affected by disaster in some regions. E.g. poor people are more likely to be affected by disasters.

If you see the road accident, you call to 108 number

(A) underneath

Lifts or elevators run on electricity. The electricity supply can be hindered due to earthquake. There may be chances of fire due to short circuit. We may get trapped in the elevator at such times. The building may also collapse due to earthquake. It is always better to use stairs at the time of such calamities, so that one can safely come out of the building. Therefore, it is said that lifts should not be used at the time of earthquakes.

1. We should not shout or ran in panic.

2. We should not try stopping things falling down after the earthquake tremors. Trying to stop them while they are falling can panic.

3. We should not use elevators.

4. If we are in a house, we should not stand near wooden cabinets (cupboard), safes, mirrors or a glass chandelier.

5. We should not light a match stick or a lighter. We should also not switch on electric gadgets before thoroughly confirming that the cooking gas is not leaking.

6. This is done to prevent leaking gas from exploding.

7. We should not unnecessarily keep on making phone calls. Excessive calling by a large number of people together can overload the telephone network and hence jam it.

8. As a result, important calls of rescuing people, taking care of emergencies, etc cannot be made.

9. So, one should make phone calls only in case of emergency medical help or fire or similar situation.

1. During an earthquake, we should stay under a large bench or a table. If we are in a school we should sit under a bench.

2. If we are in an open space, we should stay away from buildings, balcony, electric power lines and electric poles.

3. If we are driving a vehicle, then we should stop it over or below a bridge, away from electric poles, power lines and traffic signals.

4. We should remain seated in our vehicle till the earthquake tremors are not over.

5. Even after the earthquake tremors are over, things like refrigerator, photographs on the wall, ceiling fans, etc. may fall down later due to aftershocks. Hence, maintain safe distance from them.

6. Keep listening to radio for instructions and guidance about the event.

7. New buildings under construction should be made earthquake-proof.

Heavy rains lead to large destruction.

Relief camps provide medicines, food packets, drinking water and first aid. 

Since these things help victims to restart, people should take shelter in relief camps during a disaster.

We should seek shelter in safe places especially safer places at great heights.

The excessive rainfall can cause landslides. The soil and rocks from the hillside can be pushed down along with the flow of rainwater. This debris slides to the lower heights from the hills. This explains us that taking shelter near the base of the hillside can be disastrous as one can be buried in the debris due to sudden landslide. Therefore, in monsoon, one should not take shelter near hillside.

Richter Scale.

1. Cracks appear in buildings. Houses, roads, bridges, railways are disrupted. People die.
2. Water, gas, electricity supply is closed.

Dams are used for reservoirs to store more water. Dam burst causes floods. When there is a big dam, it is a disaster. Whole life is disrupted. Govt, should take measures to save life and property.

Correct option is (d) Haryana

The suitable measures to be taken to protect oneself from the damage caused by earthquakes are :

• Earthquake-resistant buildings need to be constructed in both the highest and high-risk zone areas.
• The buildings should be flexible and strong.
• The building plan should have the building codes which have been prescribed.
• Existing buildings which are not earthquake resistant must be strengthened structurally.
• Even individuals should be taught how to protect themselves during an earthquake in schools and colleges by giving them daily drills about it.
• There should be no confusion and fear.
• People should nor rush out.
• People should help the victims.

When earthquake takes place, due to the vibrations in the earth’s surface, there is possibility of the roof and walls of the house to fall. This collapse can cause severe head injury which can be fatal. Thus, one must take shelter below the hard-supporting structures such as bed or table. This precaution can save one’s life.

(D) All the above

The earthquake-proof building is such that even if the earthquake is caused, it should not cause damage to the buildings due to these earth movements. There are some codes of conduct while constructing such buildings. Advanced technology is used for earthquake resistant construction. The foundation of earthquake-proof building is separated from lower land. The walls are of less weight or they are wooden. The house constructed with special light materials are preferred in earthquake-prone regions.

Human Induced Disaster: A disastrous event caused directly and principally by one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent human action.

True. 

Heavy rains result in flood so crops get washed away or damaged in the flood and results in famine.

Loss of life, property and cause damage to a large number of people.

1. Switching off the regulator of cooking gas cylinder when not in use. Put off the connections of all electrical appliances when not in use. 

2. If there is fire, call others immediately for help. Take help of others by calling them. Also help others who are in need to save their lives from fire. 

3. Get help from fire brigade by calling phone number 101. 

4. Know details about working of the fire extinguishing apparatus. 

5. Give first aid to the victim of fire. Seek immediate medical help,

There is abundant water stored in the dams. This water column puts additional weight on the ground. Initially there may not be any weight, but later due to construction of dam, suddenly the pressure of this weight is so high that this ground experiences the tension. If such area is already earthquake-prone, then there can be chances of earthquake. According to theory of plate tectonics, there are continuous movements in the earth’s surface. If over such fragile plates, the dams are constructed then the chances of earthquake are enhanced.

1. Various types of natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunami, heavy rains, storms, floods can result into landslide.

2. The indiscriminate cutting down of the trees can result into soil erosion. Soil erosion in turn results into landslide. 

3. The construction of roads, bridges, railway tracks, etc. on the mountain slopes result into lot of digging. Such activities make soil cover loose. From the slopes the soil and rocks then can slide easily. This results into landslides.

1. Mostly rivers originate in the hills and mountains. When there is landslide, the rivers naturally get flooded. 

2. The paths of the riverine water changes due to landslide. 

3. Waterfalls are displaced from their original positions.

4. New and artificial water reservoirs are created. 

5. The falling debris, soil and rocks make the trees at the base of hillside uprooted. All the plant life is lost. 

6. The constructions done by the villagers on the slope can be totally damaged due to landslide. There is large scale damage to property and life. In few cases like Malin the entire village was buried due to landslide and accompanied rainfall. 

7. Transportation is affected as the roads and railway tracks are blocked due to debris.

Before the actual landslide, many changes occur in the surrounding hilly ground. The hard rocks develop cracks and crevices. These are natural changes but due to man-made activities, the cracks are widened due to erosion. These cracks make the big rocks to break into smaller stones. The cracks widen further due to excessive rainfall. These rocks further get eroded and they fall down along with soil from the slopes. The entire process is speeded up due to rainwater.

Students should write their own experiences about such incidents if any.

C. Time and Fuel

In Maharashtra, the landslides are very common in the hilly regions. The traffic is suspended often during rainy season when such calamity strikes. Malshej, Khandala, Kasara are some of the Ghats which are very prone to land-slide. On the tracks of Konkan railway, the landslides are very common during heavy downpour.

The regions where more landslides occur have many constructions and large scale deforestation. The traffic of Konkan railway comes to standstill after such landslide. Moreover, during heavy monsoon days, the speed of the running trains is kept very slow. The soil structure is also responsible for such landslides.

Preventive measures: There should be wire meshing done across the sides of the roads and railway tracks so that the collapsed rocks and other debris does not obstruct the traffic. Tree plantation should be carried out to prevent loosening of the soil and rock. It will also help in preventing the soil erosion.

This is an activity based question. kindly do it yourself.

D) Dilsukh Nagar

Correct option is (b) 11, Sept. 2001

Correct option is C. Peshawar

On 11 Sept., 2001 in New York-Tower buildings and Pentagon.

One should do the following in case of doubt of terrorist activity:

1. Immediately inform the police if behaviour of a person seems doubtful.
2. Do not touch any unclaimed object such as purse, bag, tiffin, etc. in public places, such as shopping malls, cinemas, gardens, religious places, etc.
3. Cooperate in security check arranged for safety reasons at any place.
4. If you rent your house, you should provide the details of your tenant at the nearest police station. This is required under legal provisions.
5. Public places should be well equipped with CCTV Cameras.
6. While traveling in a bus or train, if you find that someone has left his luggage then do not attempt to open it or possess it.
7. Immediately inform the concerned authority to take charge of the matter.
8. If you have some neighbors whose behavior is very suspicious and awkward like not involving with anyone, have very unfriendly odd-looking visitors all the time, works late night on computer which generally the society finds very unusual then inform the police about him.
9. This is to cross-check if everything is fine and confirm that the person is not involved in any anti-social activity.
10. Inform police about unclaimed vehicles in your area.

(1) Earthquake and volcano – Geological.

(2) Snowfall and snowstorms – Climatic.

1. Do not accept goods or parcels from an unknown person.

2. Do not rent your house to an unknown person without through inquiry about him.

3. Also keep a copy of his important documents like permanent residential proof and photograph.

4. Do not sell your home, mobile phone of a vehicle to any unknown person. After selling take care of all important document work.

(A) Terrorist attack on the Parliament:

1. On 13th December 2001, five terrorists from a terrorist organization attacked Indian Parliament building, Delhi.
2. The objective of the terrorists was to kill important politicians and hence dissolve the Parliament.
3. The terrorists took the complex under their control and fired several rounds of bullets.
4. Indian Army took quick actions. The soldiers risked their lives and failed the plan of the terrorists.
5. About 8 security guards became martyrs and 16 were wounded.

(B) Mumbai Bomb Blast:

1. On the night of 26 November 2008 a series of bomb blasts and firing took place near well-known hotels and some important places in Mumbai at a specific interval.
2. About 137 persons were injured.
3. The terrorists kept several persons as hostages in some well-known hotels of Mumbai. The terrorists were loaded with modem and hi-tech weapons.
4. To take charge of the situation, the Central Government sent 200 NSG (National Security Guards) Commandos, 50 military commandos and 5 battalions.
5. After two days of long and tiring struggle, all the terrorists were killed

The main causes of road accidents: 

1. Alcohol & drunk – driving. 

2. Speeding 

3. Weather related 

4. Hydroplanning 

5. Animals in road. 

6. Street racing. 

7. Cell phones. 

8. Music, CD players, Radio distractions 

9. Driver fatigue

10. Suicide car accidents. 

Steps to reduce road accidents : 

1. Strict enforcement of speed limits. 

2. Heavy penalty should be imposed on all those who cross speed limits. 

3. Lower age limit for 2 wheeler and heavy vehicle license should be raised to 21. 

4. Driving tests for issue of driving license is to be made more stringent and fool proof. 

5. Helmet should be made compulsory by law. 

6. Existing traffic rules should be strictly enforced, etc.

The following precautions should be taken against fire:

• Do not keep flammable liquids in the house.
• In case of fire, the evacuation route should be used.
• Install a fire extinguisher on a wall in your house.
• All electrical and gas appliances should be shut when you are going out of the house.
• Do not create a panic.