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Environmental Degradation: Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water, and soil, the destruction of the ecosystem.

Answer is (D) Famine

Pest Infection: Sometimes there may be attacks of pests on fields and the fluids get infected. This is called pest infection.

C) slow-onset disaster

(B) Rayalaseema

East and South – East egions of India are frequently affected by cylones

(B) Rayalaseema in the South

(C) Both A & B

Human-Induced Hazard: A serious disruption of normal life triggered by human induced hazard.

Multi-Hazard Zone: Area which faces floods and cyclones frequently is called Multi’ Hazard Zone.

(c) geological disaster

(a) Only A is correct.

(d) tectonic disaster

(b) disaster preparedness

An earthquake is a sudden vibration of the part of the earth caused by plate movements. It occurs along the plate boundaries. The place inside the earth where an earthquake originates is focus. The point on the earth’s surface above the called a focus is called an epicentre. The damage caused by the earthquake is the highest near the epicentre.

• During riots, there is financial loss for all the rioting groups.
• The belongings, houses, shops, etc. are destroyed or damaged.
• Property is looted. There is no guarantee of safety and security for anyone.
• Women and children suffer the most as they are easily victimized. Therefore, when there are riots, the cities, towns or villages show signs of tense atmosphere.

Disaster Management includes Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery.

Modern disaster management goes beyond postdisaster assistance. It now includes pre-disaster planning and preparedness activities, organizational planning, training, information management, public relations and many other fields.

Disaster management includes Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery.

1. India’s geo-climatic conditions and its high degree of socio-economic vulnerability, makes it one of the most disaster-prone country in the world. 

2. After the Tsunami in 2004, approach towards disaster management has drastically changed. Various State Governments were requested to set up a disaster management office. 

3. At the Government of India level two institutes were set up in New Delhi – the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The aim was to mitigate the damage potential of natural disasters in future. 

4. The disaster management authorities have been established at different levels. At the centre level, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been established. At state level, State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) has been established, at district level, District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) has been established. 

5. The National Crisis Management Committee, also functions at the centre. 

6. The nodal ministers are identified for different disaster types of function under the overall guidance of the ministry of Home Affairs (Nodal Ministry for Disaster Management). These ministers interact at different levels within the disaster management framework. Example, for disasters, such as drought, the Ministry for Agriculture is the Nodal Agency. 

7. Military forces and para-military forces such as Home Guard, etc., play an important role. 

8. Various agencies such as ISRO, NRSC (National Remote Sensing Centre) etc., also play an important role in disaster management.

• Figure A indicates inflammable substances. They can catch fire if they come in contact with oxygen-rich air.
• Figure B indicates corrosive substances which can cause damage to tissues of skin, eyes and other delicate organs etc.
• Both the symbols are warning signs for people to keep away or handle carefully such substances.

Disaster response entails restoring physical facilities, rehabilitation of affected population, restoration of lost livelihoods and reconstruction efforts to restore the infrastructure lost or damaged. The Response Phase focuses primarily on emergency relief: saving lives, providing first aid, restoring damaged systems (communications and transportation), meeting the basic life requirements of those impacted by disaster (food, water and shelter) and providing mental health and spiritual support and care.

The management measures taken after the striking of a disaster is called post-disaster management. 

Following steps are taken during post-disaster management:

• Helping the victims of disasters by giving all possible help needed for their survival.
• Local people are trained to take part in the disaster management so that affected people can be saved rapidly.
• Establishing the help centres that could provide all the necessary help. Such centres will be different in case of different disasters.
• Collection and categorization of the material received from control centre for helping the victims. Distributing the same and reviewing the measures continuously.
• Disaster rescue programmes are mainly focused.

The management measures taken before onset of a disaster is called pre-disaster management.

In pre-disaster management, complete preparation and planning to face any type of disaster is done. For this purpose, following steps are taken.

• Identifying the areas where the disaster can strike. Such disaster-prone areas are to be thoroughly studied.
• Through predictive intensity maps and hazard maps, the information is collected about the intensity of disaster and probable sites of disasters respectively.
• Special training for disaster management is given to the concerned people.
• The mass awareness is created about disaster management through training programmes, mass media and internet, etc.

(A) flammable

When the river water spreads beyond its bank it is called a flood.

1. An overflow of large amounts of water beyond its normal limits which causes several problems is called flood. It is a natural disaster.

2. During floods a large area of land remains submerged underwater continuously for several days.

3. Floods is associated with heavy rainfall and overflowing of rivers.

4. When rainfall occurs very heavily it overflows the rivers. The water in the streets get closed and the extra water added to rivers starts overflowing outside it.

5. As a result the nearby areas get submerged underwater.

6. Floods become dangerous when some construction activities are carried out ignoring, drainage pattern, slope of the land, etc.

7. Floods damage lives and property on a large scale.

1. A sudden accident or a natural event that causes great damage or loss of life is called disaster.
2. Disaster management refers to a range of activities designed to mitigate the effects of disasters and to provide a framework to help people at risk.
3. The organization and management of resources and responsibilities to deal with emergencies so as to secure and safeguard the humans is called disaster management.
4. To deal with emergencies disaster management focuses on preparedness, response, recovery and prevention in a order to reduce the impact of disasters.

Explanation:

1. A disaster may be natural or man-induced, catastrophic or diastrophic may have originated in the interior of the earth or in atmosphere.
2. Some disasters like volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami, etc. occur due to the result of natural cases.
3. Irrespective of its form or origin its effect can be seen over a large area of the earth, causes devastation and takes lives of several people.
4. At times some disasters are pre-planned to cause devastation and destruction. For example, atomic attack by US bombers on Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities of Japan during the Second World War, terrorist attacks, riots, etc.
5. On the other hand some disasters occur due to human negligence or mistakes. For example, Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Chernobyl Atomic Disaster of Russia, etc.

• NDMA – National Disaster Management Authority

• SDMA – State Disaster Management Authority

• NGO – Non-Governmental Organization.

1. Due to heat of the sun, water from the sea, lake and river gets evaporated and this water vapour is light in weight so it goes higher and higher and forms the cloud. 

2. At a certain level the amount of vapour in those clouds becomes very heavy and it burst and rain occurs.

1. Waves generated by an earthquake or volcano occurring on the ocean floor is called ‘tsunami’. ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese word which means ‘harbour wave’. 

2. As on land, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur, at the bottom of the sea, too. 

3. If an earthquake occurs at the bottom of ocean, the energy released pushes the water upwards. As a result of this particular type of waves are formed. 

4. These waves are not very high near the source, but they start spreading very fast to long distances. 

5. The velocity of these waves is 800 to 900 km/hr. When they reach a coastal area, their velocity is reduced, but their height is found to have increased tremendously even to about 30 m. These are tsunami waves.

1. Sometimes the water coming down from rain clouds does not reach the land in the form of rain. Instead, due to very high temperature near the land, it vaporizes and goes back into the same clouds. 

2. As a result the amount of vapour in those clouds becomes very high. 

3. Due to rapid condensation, it rains suddenly over a specific and small region at a rate of 100 mm per hour or more. This is known as a cloudburst.

Lessor no rain leads to water scarcity.

Following are the effects of a volcano:

1. The chemical substances such as lava, vapour, hot mud, sulphur etc. get collected on the surface of the earth and thereby mountains and hills are created 

2. The atmosphere gets polluted due to the ash and gases ejected by the volcano. 

3. Often, it rains as a result of a volcanic eruption. 

4. The temperature rises due to hot gases. 

5. Forests and settlement get buried under the hot mud.

1. Grow more trees near the bunds. 

2. Grow grass strips. 

3. Make stone lines near the bunds. 

4. Use contour ploughing and tillage network method to prevent the bunds on a farm from getting washed away in the rainy season.

Students will answer this question based on their experience.

Following are the measures to prevent loss of life due to lightning:

1. Do not stand on open ground, below a tree, on high location, near an electric pole, near a telephone pole or a tower etc. 

2. Do not lean on wire fences around a farm, a compound, a garden or a house. 

3. If you are on two-wheeler, a bicycle, a tractor or a boat, get off immediately and go to safe place. 

4. Do not gather all together in one place. 

5. Take care to keep a distance of 15 feet between any two persons. 

6. Do not use plugged in electrical appliances. Do not use a mobile or telephone. 

7. Stand on dry wood, a plastic sheet, sack or jute cloth or dry leaves. 

8. Keeping your feet together support yourself on the soles of your feet placing your hands on your knees and crouch low.

9. Swimmers and fishermen should immediately come out of the water. 

10. A pucca house is the safest place. Find out if there is a lightning conductor on any tall building near your house. If necessary get a lightning conductor fitted on your house.

1. Where air and clouds rub against each other in the sky, the upper part of some clouds on the upper side becomes positively charged and the lower sides become negatively charged. 

2. When this negative charge on the bottom of the cloud becomes much larger than the charge on the ground it starts flowing towards the ground in stages. 

3. This happens very fast, in much less than a second and heat, light and sound energy are produced along with the electric current.

Yes, it is possible to prevent the loss of life caused by lightning, by taking precautions.

i. Tsunami.

ii. 177.

iii. United Nations.

iv. 13^th October

v. famine

(A) Students

A) Kumbakonam school fire accident