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1. Alcohol & drunk & driving 

2. Street racing 

3. Speeding 

4. Weather related 

5. Cell phones, etc.

Industries have big machines and plants. Many gases are used in these. Sometimes accidents occur due to leakage of gases like Bhopal Gas Tragedy. There ill-effects are :

• The fire causes huge loss of life and property
• Temperature increases
• Poisonous gases kill people
• Various respiratory diseases spread
• People become unemployed
• Environment is degraded.

1. Industrial accidents are man-induced disasters.

2. Inspite of several precautions and safety measures, industrial areas, townships, mills and factories are highly prone to accidents and disasters.

3. Such accidents result in deaths of people, livestock and damage to property.

4. Moreover, smoke and gases or chemicals released during such accidents harm the environment to.

5. In most of the cases human mistakes form the base of industrial accidents.

6. Although people take various precautions, safety measures to manage the machine and production processes, collection, transfer and distribution of the raw material and finished goods, still accidents cannot be prevented fully.

Man-made, intentional.

Due to the activities of terrorism, many innocent lives are lost. Many are seriously injured. Some become crippled for their entire life. Buildings, monuments, vehicles everything is completely destroyed. There is rift between different religions or sects. The peaceful atmosphere is disturbed. The entire society is under the constant fear of insecurity.

1. A person who involves in terrorizing people by involving in activities such as bombing mass killing and hence spreading fear in general public is called a terrorist.

2. The immoral destructive act performed by such people or a group is called terrorism.

3. In recent times, terrorist activities have increased many folds.

4. In reality, terrorism does not care for any religion, race, community or region. It is the enemy of whole mankind in general.

5. Terrorists involve in destroying properties, creating an atmosphere of fear and hence get their demands fulfilled, genocide, kidnapping, hijacking, mass killing, bombing etc.

6. Terrorism has spread in almost entire world. No country is safe from terrorism.

A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or threatened use of violence to intimidate a population or government and thereby effect political, religious or ideological change.

Motives of terrorism : 

• Terrorism is a type of violence used tactically in peace, conflict and war.
• The motivation of terrorists are quiet various depending on what they hope to accomplish. 
• The majority of the motives can be broken down into three broad areas: rational, psychological and cultural.
•  Although some motives are difficult for the majority of the world to comprehend given a motive, a terrorist group has a purpose for violence.

(1) Atomic tests – Unintentional 

(2) Terrorism – Intentional.

Landslides: Groundwater increases the weight of the rock or the soil which contains it. Sometimes a mass of earth saturated with water slides down a hill slope causing landslides.

Causes: One or more causes such as lubrication by rains or melting snow, steep slopes and unusual structures, earthquakes, removal of support, or gravity may produce landslides. Lubrication of rocks takes place by means of rains or melting snows as in many parts of the Himalayas. Rocks become slippery and slide down. Steep slopes may be caused by the sliding of rocks straight through faulting or by quarries made by man. The sides of these may collapse on accounts of other factors.

Effects of landslides: Landslides and rock slides are of frequent occurrence in many mountains. National highways are closed. Cattle and vehicles suffer a lot.

Measures to reduce the risk during the landslides :

• Cutting down of trees must be stopped on mountain slopes.
• Avoiding construction of buildings on steep slopes.
• Building codes have to be followed strictly.
• Drainage should be proper.
• Afforestation on slopes is done.
• Retaining walls along roads are built.

Avalanches: The. sliding of ice along the slope leads to avalanches downwards. These cause a lot of damage to roads, cattle, human beings, buildings, etc. When the pressure of ice increases, it slides down the slopes.

Measures:

• Knowledge of avalanches is provided to people.
• Afforestation can check it.
• Barriers should be built to check the movement of avalanches.
• Ice-breaking machines are used to clear ice on roads.
• Relief is given to victims.

1. Many disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruption, etc., cannot be prevented but their effect can be reduced due to disaster management. 

2. Disaster management focuses on the hazard that causes the disaster and attempts to minimize the adverse impact of the same on communities. 

3. Now forecast of disasters like cyclone, flooding can be forecasted and people can be evacuated from vulnerable areas. 

4. It involves co-ordination from governments, local self-governments, police, military and para¬military forces, NGOs, doctors, scientists, planners, volunteers and groups or communities.

Fire accidents can be due to various reasons. They include open flames such as a candle being accidentally being knocked over or through electrical faults. It is important to know the fire safety rules because fire accidents can result in disastrous personal injury and distressing damage. Fire safety plans are to be planned.

Answer is (B) 2003

Answer is (A) 2004

Causes of rail accidents : 

1. Lack of proper maintenance. 

2. Human error or sabotage.

1. Fear in people 

2. Psychological problems in people 

3. Negative effect on tourism 

4. Financial or economic losses 

5. Unstable governments and 

6. Loss of human lives, etc.

Three risk inducing factors : 

1. In my home: Nothing. 

2. In my school: 

a. There is a big pit in our school. I think it is dangerous. 

b. We have 3 storeyed building as our school. The little children are in the third stair. I think it is also a risk factor. 

3. In my village : My village is in earthquake zone.

(a) Flood is geophysical climatic disaster. 

(b) War is man-made intentional disaster.

Impact of flood : The low-lying and the coastal areas are seen to be submerged. The entire region is waterlogged.

Impact of war: Tremendous destruction causing loss. Many lives are lost. The costs of all the items rise due to war conditions. Entire nation faces insecurity.

The phase of emergency, transitional phase and reconstruction phase are the three phases of disaster that are important for common citizens.

(1) Phase of emergency: If timely and rapid action is taken during this phase, maximum lives can be saved. Search and rescue operations, medical help, first aid, restoring communication services, removing the people from affected area are done during this phase. The gravity of disaster can be estimated during this phase.

(2) Transitional Phase: The disaster subsides and then the work of transitional phase starts. The main concern is rehabilitation work for the affected and displaced people. This work includes clearing of debris, restoring water supply, repairing roads, etc. to bring normalcy in public life. Help from different voluntary and Government institute is taken to offer the monetary provision and essential commodities to affected victims. Permanent means of livelihood is given to the people to reduce their mental and emotional stress. The victims are truly rehabilitated.

(3) Reconstruction Phase: Reconstruction phase is a highly complicated phase which actually overlaps with transition stage. Help is offered to people to reconstruct their buildings. Other facilities like roads and water supply are restored. Farming practices are restarted. It is a very gradual phase that makes the victims to completely rehabilitate.

World community :The term is used primarily in political and humanitarian contexts to describe an international aggregate of nation-states of widely varying types.

Mahatma Gandhi preached ahimsa or nonviolence and truth as the tools for peaceful resolution of issues between people, communities, or countries.

A) Truth and non-violence

Correct Answer is  (b) Cyclone

1. A sudden violent shaking of the ground that causes great destruction and which occurs due to the result of movements within the earth’s crust or volcanic action is called earthquake.

2. Earthquake is felt due to tectonic movements in the interior of the earth.

3. Earthquake mostly takes place in areas whose surface have weak relief features.

4. Although experts are able to identify earthquake-prone regions but they are still unable to forecast an earthquake. Since earthquakes cannot be forecasted they cause huge damage and destruction.

Syria tops in riot in the world.

Japan is in a very active seismic area.

Earthquakes (in China, India, Japan, Pakistan) Ruiz Volcanic Eruption (Colombia), Landslide (Varandha Ghats, Maharashtra, India), Tsunami (India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka) occurred due to geological causes.

Bhola Cyclone (India and Bangladesh), Cyclone of Odisha, India; Hailstorm in Maharashtra, India; Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India are disasters that occurred due to climatic conditions.

D) Rail accidents, Fire accidents, Acts of terrorism

1. There is a huge loss of life and property. 

2. Soil erosion 

3. Destruction of standing crops. 

4. After-effects of floods, like spread of diseases and epidemics affecting the health of the people.

(A) negligence

(A) Human – made

(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Human disasters are related with human activities. Bomb-blasts and Terrorism are its examples.

1. One should not eat food prepared in floodwater.

2. One should not move out of a safe place without collecting authentic information about safe routes and situations.

Correct option is A. River

(b) biological disaster

The local government officials shifted the people to the schools and community halls in the area. They supplied food packets and drinking water. Some people donated bedsheets, old clothes to the needy. Thus the disaster was managed.

(1) Killari

(2) Mumbai

(3) Tamil Nadu

(4) Energy

(5) Quaking

(6) Mining

(7) Floods

(8) Tremendous

(9) Cloudburst

(10) Fire extinguisher

(a) meteorological disaster

When a disease breaks out on a large scale and attacks people, it is called an epidemic. Dysentery, Dengu, Yellow fever, Cholera are called epidemics.

Unlike sudden disasters drought being a slow-onset disaster, gives us ample time for preparedness, response, and mitigation.

The government is implementing Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) in drought prone areas to reduce the impact of droughts.

(1) False : In 1993 many people died due to the earthquake at Killari in Latur district.

(2) False : Even today people of Mumbai shudder at the memory of July 2005.

(3) True

(4) True

(5) False : Forest fire is an uncontrolled fire in a forest, pasture or grassland.

(6) False : Storms cause disruption of electric supply.

(7) True

(8) False : National Disaster Management Authority was established in 2005.

(9) False : During a disaster keep watching news bulletin on TV.

(10) True

Following are the remedial measures for famine:

1. Supply food and water to the people those who are dying due to hunger. 

2. Give medicines to the people those who are suffering from malnutrition. 

3. Government should start helping centres for the people those who are suffering from famine. 

4. Give them temporary shelter in some other places where water and food are available. 

5. Shift the animals to safer places. 

6. Do proper planning so that region doesn’t get famine again and again. 

7. Reuse water 

8. grow more trees.

The government is implementing Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) in drought-prone areas.

Famine: A disaster situation caused by lack of rains.

(C) 1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – e, 4 – a, 5 – d

Answer is (A) Methane