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There are various groups such as the Red Cross, UN agencies and NGOs (nongovernmental organization) which provide aid at the time of disasters. These organizations focus on meeting people’s emergency needs. They provide shelter, food and medicines to the victims. They work to decrease the sense of isolation and abandonment that disaster victims often feel.

Military and paramilitary forces evacuate people from the flood-affected areas. They distribute food packets and clothing in the flood-affected areas. They also help in cleaning debris.

(i) Earthquakes cause seismic waves leading to movements of the earth’s surface.

(ii) The central point of earthquake is the point above the epicentre on the earth’s surface.

(iii) The accentuation of earthquake is measured in ‘Richter Scale’.

(i) False. (Indiscriminate cutting of the trees results in soil erosion.)

(ii) True.

(i) If there is earthquake at the bottom of ocean, it may create tsunami waves.

(ii) Stirrup pump is the best device to put off small fires.

(iii) Displacement of waterfalls occurs due to landslides.

It is essential to plan in advance to prevent floods and contain the losses resulting from them.

True.

(A) East, South – East places

In the two decades between 1999 and 2019, the capacity to cope with disasters, manage them, the ability of the people and organisations has undergone a huge improvement.

Breaching of ghat road, damage to coastal road in the Konkan, many standing crops were destroyed.

1 – c, 

2 – b, 

3 – a

1. Traffic light, traffic signal or stop light.

2. It indicates when it is safe to drive through.

3. At the junctions.

Disaster management is the overall preparedness to handle the possibility of a disaster and efficient management of affected regions as well as people if such an incident were to occur. It involves plans and steps taken before, during and after a disaster to reduce the extent of suffering and damage.

A disaster – (natural or man-made) can strike anytime without warning. The disaster management is important because the geographical location and landscape of India exposes it to earthquakes and many kinds of weather- related disasters. In a developing country like India, usually the poor suffer the most. Therefore, it is extremely important for the government, the people and social organizations to be prepared with proper plans and arrangements to face any kind of disaster. Proper and prior planning can help in limiting and minimizing damages and losses resulting from any disaster – natural or man-made.

Floods can be prevented in vulnerable areas by properly maintaining dykes and embankments along rivers. The government and relief organisation must also have provisions of flood shelters in vulnerable places (along flood prone regions) so that people and livestock can be quickly evacuated and provided relief too. The government must also plan stationing rescue equipment near flood-prone areas. It should be possible to immediately deploy rescue boats and have communication lines open and functioning in order to rescue people caught functioning in order to rescue people caught in rising levels of water. There should be enough dry food, clean water and medicines made available to these people, affected by floods, so that spread of diseases can be stopped.

A School Disaster Management system is the process of assessment and planning, 

physical protection and response capacity development designed to 

1. Protect students and the staff from physical harm; 

2. Minimize disruption and ensure the continuity of education for all children; 

3. Develop and maintain a culture of safety.

1. Fire extinguisher 

2. Awareness

3. Instructions 

4. Traffic management 

5. Safety 

6. Communication committee.

In an extremely crowded place there can be panic in the classroom, stampede while going out of the classroom, breathless among fellow students.

1. Disasters that can occur in school : 

Fire in the school building, experience tremors of earthquake, school building collapses, slab in one of the classroom collapses, getting injured while playing, getting an electric shock.

2. Disasters that can occur on way to school : 

You meet with an accident while crossing the road or school bus meets with an accident. Area near school gets flooded.

Natural disasters, technological disasters and manmade disasters are three broad areas of disasters.

Natural disasters cannot be controlled as they are due to natural phenomena beyond the human power to stop them.

Cloud bursting and floods were very common in Western Maharashtra caused due to climate change.

Bhopal gas tragedy that occurred in 1984 was a worst disaster that shook the entire India.

Types of volcanoes:

1. Active volcanoes: The volcanoes that erupt frequently and are always emitting lava are called active volcanoes. Mauna Loa in Hawaii is islands the largest active volcano in the world. There are about 150 active volcanoes in the world.

2. Dormant volcanoes: Dormant volcanoes are also called sleeping volcanoes. These volcanoes have been active in the past; stopped ejecting lava now, but can erupt any time. The Vesuvius of Italy is such a dormant volcano.

3. Extinct volcanoes: The volcanoes which have never erupted in human history are called extinct or dead volcanoes, such as Kilimanjaro in Africa.

Focus is the origin of Earthquake waves, Epicentre is the place on the surface of the earth directly above focus.

The disaster preparedness, mitigation, disaster response, recovery and rehabilitation are the five stages of disaster management which are followed by one after another so it is called disaster management cycle.

If you see smoke or flames, you raise the Alarm

Road, rail and air accidents are some of the disasters that one faces every day.

C) Driving licence

Answer is (D) 80, 000

Armenia is densely populated whereas California has a lesser population. Hence, the damage and death caused in Armenia is much higher than that in California.

1) C 

2) A 

3) D 

4) B 

5) E

Answer is (B) Harbour

In case of a biological disaster, we can take the following safety measures : 

1. People should inform the police and get away from any suspicious material that they see around them. 

2. The government should educate people through the mass media in case of a threat of a biological attack. 

3. People should not inhale such organisms and protect themselves by covering their faces.

Correct option is D. Tornedo

1. The geographical conditions and circumstances of people or region that make them susceptible to a disaster is known as vulnerability. 

2. People living in certain areas are exposed to particular disasters. Example, in case of a cyclone, people in the coastal areas of India are more likely to be affected than those in the interior. 

3. People living in seismically active areas are prone to earthquakes. 

4. At times, the social, economic and political conditions may make people more likely to be affected by disasters. Example, poor people are more likely to be affected by disaster. 

5. Old people and children can easily become victims of disasters. Densely populated areas are more likely to be affected than sparsely populated areas. 

6. If people are more vulnerable, they have to be better prepared, so that the risk of getting affected by the disaster is less.

1. A hazard becomes disaster when it affects human population, settlement and their activities. 

2. When natural events like volcanic eruptions occur in areas inhabited by humans and cause damage, they are termed as disasters. 

3. Disaster causes widespread loss of life and property.

Generally man-made disasters can be prevented as they happen due to mistakes or carelessness by humans. Disasters can be classified into various types depending on their origin as per following: 

1. Tectonic Disasters : Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis. 

2. Geological Disasters : Landslides, Mudslides, Avalanches, etc. 

3. Meteorological Disasters : Floods, Cyclones, Storms, Heat Waves, etc. 

4. Biological Disasters : Locust attacks, Pest attacks, Epidemics, etc. 

5. Anthropogenic or Man-made Disasters: Industrial accidents, Transportation accidents, Nuclear accidents, etc.

1. Hazards are phenomena that pose a threat to people, structural or economic assets and which may cause a disaster. 

2. They could be either naturally occurring in the environment or man-made. Example, high rainfall is a hazard as it may cause floods. 

3. A hazard becomes a disaster when it affects human population, settlements and their activities. An earthquake or storm occurring in any area in the world is a hazard but when it occurs in inhabited areas it is called disaster.

Correct Answer is  (a) Storm

(b) Avalanches

1. Disasters can be natural or man-made. 

2. Man-made disasters are also called Anthropogenic disasters. Example, industrial accidents, transportation accidents, nuclear accidents. 

3. The natural disasters cannot be prevented but manmade disasters can be prevented as they happen due to mistakes or carelessness by humans.

(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

(A) Bhagalpur

India has a largest network of Railways

Disasters can be classified into various types depending on their origin: They can be of the following types: 

1. Tectonic Disasters : Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis, etc. Example, in 2004, there was one of the deadliest tsunamis in the Indian Ocean. It affected many surrounding countries like India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, Indonesia. Nearly 2,30,210 people were killed. 

2. Geological Disasters : Landslides, mudslides, avalanches. Example, Malin landslide of 2014 in Maharashtra, on 7th May 2018, landslides occurred due to heavy rainfall along NH-6 connecting Shillong with Assam, Tripura And Mizoram.

3. Meteorological Disasters : Flood, cyclone, storm, heatwave, etc. Example, in 2008, due to heavy rain, Kosi river was flooded and abruptly changed her course,

4. Biological Disasters : Locust attacks, pest attacks, epidemics, such as flu, dengue, cholera, etc. Example, the 2009 swine flu pandemic.

5. Anthropogenic or Man-made: Industrial accidents, transportation accidents, nuclear accidents, etc. There have been 30 industrial accidents in India, killing 75 workers and injuring over hundred others within two months from May 2020 to July 2020.

Precautions:

1. We should plan easy escape earlier. 

2. Our daily necessaries should be maintained in a bag. 

3. If the disaster is related to water, we should reach the highest and safest place in time.

4. Dry food should be stored.

5. Common and emergency medicines should be packed. 

6. We should help the needy people.