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• Water resources should be properly used.
• Harvesting of rainwater must be popularised among the people.
• Small dams for collecting water should be built.
• Trees should be grown.
• Farmers should be encouraged to join crops and insurance schemes.
• Such crops should be grown which need small amount of water.
• Water from other areas be supplied.
• Water should be collected in tanks.

1. During rescue operations, persons who are not associated with the work should not gather around.

2. Do not enter the affected area till the area under gas leakage is declared totally safe by the authorities.

3. Do not join the rescue operation without proper training in rescue operations and necessary equipment.

(1) Rift due to religions – Social 

(2) Citizens getting confused – Political.

Railway transportation appeared at earlier times to be safe due to slower speeds, shorter trips, and lower density traffic.

(1) Contamination of water – Environmental 

(2) Collapsing of transport system – Administrative.

B) Zebra crossing

Once there was an earthquake in Hyderabad. It was a summer night. All of our family members were sleeping outside in open place. My granny thought that some dog was striking her cot. In seconds we heard shouting ‘earthquake, earthquake’. All of us ran out immediately. One building at the end of the road collapsed. There were some breaches in the walls of the houses. It occurred nearly five to six times. Our colony people sat on the roads with great fear. The next day morning they entered their houses with frozen hearts.

(1) Spread of epidemics – Medical 

(2) Shortage of funds – Economical.

• The best way to save one self from epidemics is to save oneself from disasters; pure water and clear environment helps one in it.
• Proper medical help be provided. There should be treatment facilities in Hospitals.
• Slums should not develop near towns.
• Regular medical check up be done in schools, villages and towns.

1. Take the anti-disease vaccines.

2. People should be acquainted with the reasons, results and safety about diseases through propaganda and transformations.

3. Arrange for a special separate ward for patients treatment.

4. An important step to be safe from viral diseases is to be vigilant about infection.

5. Take steps as per the guidelines and instructions issued by Word Health Organisation an international institution to curb the viral disease.

When a large number of people over much wider area become victims of an infectious disease it is called epidemic. Certain types of vims can cause epidemics.

Viral diseases affect mankind:

1. People loss their lives due to viral diseases.
2. Compared to general diseases, viral diseases spread faster and in a wider area.
3. Till date thousands have been victim of diseases like dengue, Ebola, Swine flu, Influenza, etc.
4. People get highly terrified on the spread of these diseases owing to innumerable deaths associates with such diseases.
5. For example, in earlier times, lakhs of people had become victims of plague.
6. With advanced cure methods, newly invented anti-viral serums and other medicines the world is now able to control such deadly diseases at a large extent.
7. For example, during the plague epidemic of Surat in September, 1994 and recent epidemic of swine flu and dengue many agencies took preventive steps and saved lives and several people.
8. However, the sad fact is that new vimses keep on affecting mankind and many a times they cannot be controlled with the existing medicines. This leads to mass deaths.

The pictures shown above are showing earthquake, fire and snake bite respectively.

In the above disasters, the initial precautions to be taken are as follows:

(1) Earthquake: In case of earthquake, one should immediately come out of house and stand in the open ground. If this is not possible, one has to go below table or any other cover. During collapse of the building, there should not be a head injury. This precaution is basically for prevention of dangerous injuries and saving our life. Switch off the power supply. If in journey, stay inside the vehicle

(2) Fire: First and foremost is to save ourselves from fire. Then one can help others in rescue operations. Help others to extinguish fire. Call the fire department for immediate action.

(3) Snake bite: Many a times the biting snake can be non-venomous too. But the victim is psychologically affected too. The tourniquet should be tied in the region above the snake bite. The rope, piece of cloth or even handkerchief can be used for this purpose, so that the venom, if any should not rise and reach vital organs. The wound should be made near the bite-wound so that the blood will ooze out and some venom can automatically flow out. Though these are first-aid measures, the victim should be rushed to a qualified doctor for an injection of antivenin.

i. (a) Reconstruction

ii. (c) landslide

iii. (a) electricity

iv. (c) commodities

v. (b) Mock drill

i. (b) economy

ii. (a) leadership

iii. (c) Administrative

iv. (a) environmental

v. (b) transitional

Terrorism has become common in certain areas of the world

Answer is (D) Terrorism

B) technical problem

1. Remote sensing is a very effective tool in mapping disaster prone areas particularly flood- affected areas. 

2. Micro-wave data can provide information on flood-inundated areas. 

3. Remote sensing satellites monitor the path of cyclone and it can provide ample time with warning for evacuation and preparedness in advance. 

4. The data obtained from meteorological satellites is used for cyclone-tracking, intensity and land-fall predictions and forecasting of extreme weather events. 

5. The data obtained from earth observation satellites is used for monitoring disaster events and assessing the damages. 

6. The communication satellites help to establish communication in remote and inaccessible areas. 

7. The Navigation satellites are used for providing location-based services.

1. ‘Disaster Response’ is the way the community responds to the disaster. 

2. It is a post-disaster process but it reflects the preparedness of the community. 

3. It includes the immediate period after the disaster strikes. 

4. It is concerned with providing food and shelter to the disaster victims, restoring normal conditions and providing financial support. 

5. Under this stage, initiatives are taken to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met and suffering is minimised. 

6. The main focus in this phase is making people safe till further measures are taken.

(a) Preparedness of hospitals

Disaster Management is a multi-disciplinary task which includes the following tasks:

1. Preparedness. 

2. Monitoring, early warning and mitigation.

3. Evacuation, search and rescue.

4. Providing relief in terms of medical help, basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter. 

5. Reconstruction and Rehabilitation.

Emergency planning and implementation of disaster management work are the main components of disaster management. 

Community participation is close, related to disaster management.

Occasions where the water is wasted:

1. Marriage functions 

2. Meetings 

3. Children at home (while playing) 

4. While carrying water in tanks 

5. Roadside taps 

6. While filling water tanks etc.

Preventive measures:

1. People should be educated regarding water scarcity. 

2. Taps should be in good condition. 

3. There should be alarms to the water tanks.

4. Children should be kept away from water while they are playing. 

5. The outlets of water tanks should be checked in Municipalities and Corporations etc.

(d) Public awareness

Taking steps to prevent disasters, making plans to face disasters and developing the capacity for that is called disaster management.

There is a sequential impact of drought:

1. Scarcity of drinking water; fall in water-table 

2. Decline in crop acreage 

3. Fall in employment in the agricultural sector due to slowing down of agricultural activity 

4. Fall in purchasing power of those engaged in agriculture 

5. Scarcity of food grains 

6. Scarcity of fodder 

7. Loss of cattle life 

8. Malnutrition, especially among children 

9. III health and spread of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery or cholera and opthalmia caused by starvation 

10. Distress sale and mortgage of land, jewellery and personal property 

11. Migration of people in search of employment.

(d) Providing housing

(a) tertiary effects of a disaster

1. 1. Disaster preparedness involves measures taken to prepare for and reduce effect of disasters. 

2. This includes carrying out awareness campaigns, strengthening the weak structures, preparing plans for households and community level, etc. 

3. Example, if a building catches fire, its residents should know how to escape. For this to occur, they should be trained beforehand. 

4. People living in the flood-prone areas should be prepared with items such as medicine, food, water, etc. 

5. It is the action taken to reduce or avoid disasters and their effects. 

6. It should be included in development policy and planning at regional, national and international levels. 

7. It is a continuous process.

2. 1. Mitigation means any measure taken to minimize the impact of a disaster before it occurs. In other words, it is an action taken against the potential disasters.

2. It is carried out for those disasters which cannot be prevented. 

3. Mitigation is helpful to the people because it creates safer communities and reduces loss of life and property of people. 

4. Remote sensing satellites can forecast floods or cyclones so people know about their timings. People can be evacuated from vulnerable areas. Example, when cyclone Fani occurred in India, mitigation efforts helped to reduce loss of life and property. 

5. Thus, mitigation helps to reduce the financial impact of disaster on

(a) Cleaning of debris

tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure as waves come forth and recede. A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions or asteroids. Tsunamis can travel 700 – 800 km per hour, with waves 10 – 30 meter high. It causes flooding and disrupts transportation, power, communications, and water supply.

1. You should continue using a weather radio or staying tuned to a Coast Guard emergency frequency station or a local radio or television station for updated emergency information.

2. Check yourself for injuries and get first aid if necessary, before helping injured or trapped persons.

3. If someone needs to be rescued, call professionals with the right equipment to help.

4. Help people who require special assistance, like Infants, elderly people, those without transportation, large families who may need additional help in an emergency situation, people with disabilities, and the people who care for them. 

5. Stay out of a building if water remains around it. Tsunami water, like floodwater, can undermine foundations, causing buildings to sink, floors to crack, or walls to collapse.

6. Check for gas leaks. If you smell gas or hear a blowing or hissing noise, open a window and get everyone outside quickly.

(1) Symbol ‘A’ indicates Irritant. When skin or any delicate part of the body comes in contact with the irritant substance, it can cause harmful reaction. Especially, eyes, nasal mucosa and skin are affected by contact with corrosive substances.

(2) Symbol ‘B’ indicates toxic substance. To taste a toxic substance or even to smell it, can lead to death. The packing of these substances are therefore marked as dangerous. They should be avoided as far as possible.

The disasters can bring a lot of immediate and long-term effects on various sectors of a society: 

1. Primary effects : They occur as a result of the disaster itself like damage during a flood or collapse of buildings during earthquake. Example, the great Tsunami and earthquake of Indonesia that occurred on 26th December, 2004 or the Malin mudslide of 2014 in Maharashtra. 

2. Secondary effects : They occur because a primary effect has caused them. Example, fires ignited, disruption of electrical power and water service as result of earthquakes.

3. Tertiary effects : They are long-term effects that are a result of a primary and secondary Effect. Example, like loss of homes, permanent changes in the position of river channel and adverse effect on tourism in an affected area due to an earthquake, etc.

Japan is in a very active seismic area and it has the densest seismic network in the world. Indonesia is in a very active seismic zone, but because it is larger than Japan, it has more earthquakes.

(c) Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall.

On a daily basis, police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians are our community’s first responders, whether during fire, flood or acts of terrorism

One should do the following during riots:

1. Prevent talks that can spread rumors and violence.
2. Form a peace committee in your residential area and be actively involved.
3. Perform your civil duties by helping those affected by the riot.

One should not do the following during riots:

1. Do not spread rumors.
2. Do not violet the instruction or curfew declared by the authority for maintaining law and order.
3. Do not believe and spread baseless talks appearing in social media.

If trapped in a car;

1. Keep abreast of the current news if you are in a volatile area.

2. If you come across a demonstration, don’t become inquisitive, just leave the area and find another route to your intended destination.

3. Avoid any place where police or security forces action is in progress.

Those disasters that make the impact for long duration and those disasters, whose after-elfbcts are either severe are long term disasters. Their severity increases with thme. Such disasters are famine, various problems of growth of crop, strikes of workers, rising levels of oceans, desertification, etc.

1. When the peace of a region or an area is disturbed by violent activities of the crowd it is called riot. Riot is quite common across the world.

2. If we closely examine the general characteristics of any riot, we can find that most of the persons involved in riot are unaware of the actual purpose or root cause of the riot.

3. Such people are present just to make a large crowd to spread havoc.

4. Such crowd gathers without any common purpose or interest and just to disturb the peace of society.

5. Such riots upset the administrative set-up and law and order.

6. At times such riots take a political turn and turn into a revolt, or gets transformed into a communal riot. It then risks the social well-being and harmony.

7. Innocent citizens suffer due to such riots, daily wage earners face huge problems as they cannot go to work.

8. Riots damage property and also at times causes deaths and injury.

9. National integrity and unity comes at risk due to riots.

If indoors

1. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there is no table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside comer of the building.

2. Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door, in the comer of a room, under a table or even under a bed. 

3. Stay away from glass windows, outside doors and walls and anything that could fall (such as lighting fixtures or furniture).

4. Stay inside until the shaking stops and afterwards it is safe to go outside.

1. You should find out if your home, school, workplace or other frequently visited locations are in tsunami hazard areas along the sea-shore.

2. Plan evacuation routes from your home, school, workplace, or any other place you could be, where tsunamis poses a risk.

3. Use a weather radio or stay tuned to a local radio or television station to keep informed of local watches and warnings.

4. Discuss tsunamis with your family. Everyone should be aware of what to do when tsunami strikes. Discussing tsunamis ahead of time will help reduce fear and save precious time in an emergency. Review flood safety and precautionary measures with your family.

1. You should continue using a weather radio or staying tuned to a Coast Guard emergency frequency station or a local radio or television station for updated emergency information. 

2. Check yourself for injuries and get first aid if necessary, before helping injured or trapped persons. 

3. If someone needs to be rescued, call professionals with the right equipment to help. 

4. Help people who require special assistance, like Infants, elderly people, those without transportation, large families who may need additional help in an emergency situation, people with disabilities, and the people who care for them. 

5. Stay out of a building if water remains around it. Tsunami water, like floodwater, can undermine foundations, causing buildings to sink, floors to crack, or walls to collapse. 

6. Check for gas leaks. If you smell gas or hear a blowing or hissing noise, open a window and get everyone outside quickly.

Preparedness involves measures taken to prepare and reduce the effect of disaster. You can prepare for flooding in a number of ways:

1. Carry out awareness campaign like warn the people not to come out of the house during flooding. 

2. Ask authorities about relocation centres. 

3. Hospitals should be ready for the treatment of victims. 

4. Prepare an emergency kit. 

5. Prepare a household flood plan. 

6. Keep a list of emergency telephone numbers on display. 

7. Check your insurance policy to see if you are covered for flood damage. 

8. Tell people to be ready with medicines, food, water, etc. 

9. Strengthen the weak structures so that loss of property and life of people will be less.

A tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure as waves come forth and recede. A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions or asteroids. Tsunamis can travel 700-800 km per hour, with waves 10-30 meter high. It causes flooding and disrupts transportation, power, communications, and water supply.

1. Stop as quickly as safety permits. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses and utility wires.

2. Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake.

Following international organizations work for disaster management.

• United Nations Disaster Relief Organization
• United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
• Asian Disaster Reduction Centre.
• Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre.
• World Health Organization.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.