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Rivers, lakes, seas, oceans.

The environment is the surroundings of an organism. It is not the same everywhere. It changes according to the physical factors of some area, i.e. temperature and rainfall which are not the same everywhere.

Fuller or excessive utilisation of the resources may lead to their depletion so fast that it will reduce the production capacity of the future generation as it reduces production capacity for them.

1. Overuse of environmental resources:

• Land,
• Forest

2. Misuse of environmental resources:

• Electricity,
• Water

Development that ignores its repercussions on the environment will has to face the bumps of nature and other factors like global warming, ozone depletion, pollution, water contamination, poverty, etc.

Hence the development process should take care of its adversities i. e it must of emphasis on sustainable development, development that allows not only the development of present generation in a safe and comfortable manner but also the growth of future generation in the best way.

Thus, sustainable development emphasises inter generational equity that shows the development of present generations without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their requirements sustainable development aims at redistributing resource such a manner that the benefits of growth can reach to the poor at the grass root level and also these can be carried forward to next generation safely.

Sustainable development aims at decreasing the absolute poverty of the poor by providing lasting and secure livelihoods that minimize resource depletion, environmental, degradation, cultural disruption and social instability. It enable the poor to get equal chances of meeting the basic needs like employment, food, energy, water, housing, etc.

Decomposers or Micro consumers or osmotrophy or Saprotrophs: 

These are the micro-organisms which feed on dead bodies of plants and animals and break down complex organic substances into simpler inorganic substances. Putrefying bacteria and fungi decompose the dead plants and animal bodies into ammonia and other simpler substances. Through the decomposers, the elements enter the earth again, which are again taken up by plants. Thus, the cycle of matter continues.

The biosphere is the sum of all physical and biological conditions, which influence the processes of organisms things in an environment. It is the single largest self-sustaining biological system. It is subdivided into:

Lithosphere: It includes all solid components of the earth.

Hydrosphere: It includes all liquid components of the earth.

Atmosphere: It includes the gaseous part of e earth.

Undesirable changes held in environmental components is called environmental pollution. In general meaning of pollution is contaminated environment.

Some types of natural pollution are as follows:

1. Water pollution 

2. Air pollution 

3. Soil pollution

4. Noise pollution 

5. Heat pollution 

6. Radio active or nuclear pollution 

7. Social pollution

These are man-made ecosystem. Its natural balance is regularly disturbed by the addition of energy and planned manipulations. Its example is cropland, such as wheat, rice and maize fields. In this ecosystem, man controls the biotic community as well as physicochemical components.

Contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances is called water pollution.

Passage of hot water from industries and thermal plants into water bodies changes the temperature latter and leads to pollution called thermal pollution.

Removal of useful components from the soil and the addition of other substance, i.e. fertilisers, pesticides, which adversely affect the fertility of the soil and kill the various organisms in it, is called soil pollution. Causes of Soil Pollution: Soil pollution is caused by solid wastes and chemicals. The slag heaps from mines spoil the beauty of mining sites The major sources of soil pollution are the industries, such as pulp and paper mills, sugar mills, oil refineries, power plants, chemicals and fertiliser manufacturing units, iron and steel plants, plastic and rubber industries and many more. Most industrial furnaces and thermal power stations produce fly ash, which is a grey, powdery residue of unburnt material, and causes pollution. Our domestic waste includes a large amount of solid waste. They include food scraps, vegetable remains, packing materials, cans, rags, papers, cinders, ash, broken gadgets, wood, metals, plastics, polythene bags, ceramics, glass, aluminium, rubber, leather, construction rubbish, bricks, sand and other junk materials.

(a) Disposal of industrial waste, which contains poisonous substances into nearby water bodies.

(b) Excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides.

(c) Hot water released from industrial units.

(d) Synthetic soap and detergents, used for washing in household units.

(e) Sewage discharged into sewers from household/domestic units.

(d) Unlimited use

Sound pollution (Noise): Sound which is not pleasant for the ears and is not necessary or desired at the place at that time is unwanted noise that causes sound pollution or noise pollution, e.g., the sound of loudspeaker in day time seems to be normal, but the sound of a loudspeaker at midnight is felt as troublesome and is considered as sound pollution.

1. environment 

2. earth, water, air, fire and sky 

3. wind, water and soil 

4. decreased

The flow of nutrients between living and non-living environment is a biogeochemical cycle.

The answer is (A) Phosphorus cycle

(a) Increase in C.O.D 

(b) Increase in B.O.D 

(c) Increase in Toxicity

The living components of the iosphere are producers, consumers and decomposers.

5 June is the World Environment Day

Removal of useful components from the soil and addition of other substance, i.e. fertilisers, pesticides, which adversely affect the fertility of soil and kill the various organisms in it, is called soil pollution. Causes of soil pollution: Soil pollution is caused by solid wastes and chemicals. The slag heaps from mines spoil the beauty of mining sites. The major sources of soil pollution are the industries such as earth and paper mills, sugar mills, oil refineries, power plants, chemicals and fertilizer manufacturing units, iron and steel plants, plastic and rubber Industries and many more.

Most Industrial furnaces and thermal power station produce fly ash, which is grey powdery residue of unburnt material, and causes pollution. Our domestic waste included large amount of solid waste. They include food scraps, vegetable remains, packing materials, cans, rags, papers, cinders, ash, broken gadgets, wood, metals, plastics, polythene bags, ceramics, glass, aluminium, rubber leather, construction rubbish bricks, sand and other junk materials.

Answer is (c) Crust

Abiotic components are as follows:

(a) Climatic or physical factors:

These are of two types:

(i) Atmospheric, such as temperature, sunlight, moisture and precipitation.

(ii) Edaphic, such as soil texture.
These factors determine the distribution of the type of organism living in the area.

(b) Inorganic substances: These are various nutrient elements and compounds, such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S), phosphorus (P), carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxygen (O₂), minerals such as calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg), etc. These are involved in the cycling of the materials in the ecosystem.

(c) Organic substances (Compounds): These are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, amino- acids, etc. These are involved in the cycling of the materials, in the form of lipids and humic substances. These enter in living factors through soil and after death and decomposing, mix back in soil and environment.

Role of Rajasthan in environment conservation: 

Environment plays an important role not in human’s life but also for lives of Plants, animals, birds also. The following are the main examples of environmental conservation in Rajasthan

1. Sacrifice of Amrita Devi in Khejarligram District of Jodhpur.

2. Activities of Kiran Nidhi Institution of Gram Piplalantri District of Rajsamand.

Khejarli Balidan: 

That time Maharaja of Jodhpur needed wood for states work, for this king’s soldiers selected Khejarli Gram near Jodhpur. The soldiers started hammering the trees of Khejarli Gram forest. When this information reached to Mrs. Amrita Devi and other villagers, they ran to save trees. Amrita devi requested to king’s soldiers.

“Don’t cut gram trees, cutting green trees is wrong”.

Soldiers didn’t agreed, then Amrita Devi, her daughters and villagers huged the trees and said- 

“Sar Sathe Runkh Rahe, To bhi Sasto Jaan” . 

OR

It is a cheap deal if tree is saved and head is cut. To save trees 363 villagers including Amrita Devi and her daughter martyred. Every year in their remembrance a fair is celebrated in village Khejarli on Bhadrapad Sudi Dashmi.

Rajsamand Jila Gram Piplantri:

Kiran Nidhi institution of Gram Piplantri run a movement, where birth of a girl child is celebrated and on this day villagers plant 1100 trees. On the day of Raksha Bandhan villagers tie a thread and take pledge to conserve these trees. This method is unique and successful example for environment conservation.

The physical and biological world, we live in is called our environment.

(b) Biosphere.

(d) All of the above

(c) Aquarium.

1. Relief

2. Temperature

3. Rainfall

4. Degradation Processes

5. Human factors.

The sphere made up by the combination of three spheres is called biosphere. It is made up of atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. Biosphere is the most important sphere on the earth because here the effect of natural factors is quite visible.

The earth was a gaseous formation. The gases melt, become cold and solidified. The gaseous elements became atmosphere, watery elements became hydrosphere and solid particles became lithosphere.

1. Four

2. Silicon and Aluminium

3. Nickel and Ferrous

4. Biodiversity

5. Three fourth.

Tamarind trees are commonly looked after for birds in Morachi Chincholi.

Correct option is (c) trees

Correct option is (a) sanctuary

Correct option is (a) threat

Correct option is (c) nature

Correct option is (b) studied

Some areas reserved for the protection and conservation of wildlife are called national parks.

An area which is reserved for the purpose of protecting and conserving the biodiversity of a region is called a biodiversity park.

(1) Flamingo.

(2) Nannaj in Solapur district

The space occupied by the plants and animals will decrease because forest that is cleared will be used for other purpose.

(1) State known for Devrais.

(2) Morachi Chincholi

Correct option is (b) Sharanvan

Correct option is (c) animals

Correct option is (a) Waste

Correct option is (a) shelter

Correct option is (b) intervention

Correct option is (a) poisonous