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We can appreciate the father of Yaswanth Kumar for his humanity where no one can accept to take or think such a delicate decision of donating the organs of his brain dead son.

Excretion is a biological process involved in separation and removal of wastes from body.

(a).

(i) Organ P is kidney and 

(ii) Waste substance Q is urea.

(b).

(i) Artery R is Renal artery and 

(ii) Vein T is Renal vein.

(c). The tiny filters S are Nephrons.

(d).

(i) Liquid U is urine. 

(ii) Structure V is urinary bladder. 

(iii) Tube W is ureters. 

(iv) Tube X is urethra.

Glomerulonephritis/ Bright’s disease

The stenohaline animals can tolerate only narrow fluctuations in the salt concentration.

Osmoregulators maintain their internal osmotic concentration irrespective of their external osmotic environment.

Ionic regulation is the control of the ionic composition of body fluids.

Osmotic regulation is the control of tissue osmotic pressure which acts as a driving force for movement of water across biological membranes.

Ionic regulation is the control of the ionic composition of body fluids.

The other name of nephron is uriniferous tubule.

The two basic parts of nephron are malphigian body and renal tubule.

If any material is above the normal limits, it causes health problem which leads to a disease and damage of the organs.

Urination is micturition.

b. increases

Hypotonic filtrate is formed in PCT

b. proximal tubule

1. In summer, a large quantity of water is lost in the form of sweat. 

2. To save the body from sun’s heat and to maintain water balance sweat glands secrete more sweat. 

3. The remaining waste materials get concentrated. 

4. Due to the high concentration of the remaining waste materials urine is slightly thicker in summer than in winter.

1. Tadpole (larval stage of life cycle of amphibian) is aquatic. They are ammonotelic as they excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia. 

2. Ammonia is very toxic and requires large amount of water for its elimination. 

3. It is readily soluble in water and diffuses across the body surface and into the surrounding water. 

4. Also, the water lost during excretion can be made up through the surrounding water in ammonotelic organisms.

Hence, amphibian tadpole can afford to be ammonotelic.

Quinine is the alkaloid used as antimalarial drug.

The nitrogenous wastes are formed as a result of catabolism of proteins.

Braindead: It is the irreversible end of brain activity. Patients classified as brain dead can have their organs surgically removed for organ donation.

Immune system: It is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attack by foreign invaders.

Transplantation: An operation moving an organ from one organism to another.

From a close relative kidney can be used for successful transplantation.

Gums are valuable being used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of the medicines, food, etc.

Urea is produced in liver by the deamination of proteins.

Pancreas is not an excretory organ.

Correct Answer is: a. Aquaporins

Active transport

b. Inner wall of Bowman’s capsule

The filtration of blood that takes place in the Glomerulus.

Glomerular filtrate

Uremia is characterised by increase in urea and other non-protein nitrogenous substances like uric acid and creatinine.

Yam: The edible starchy tuber of a climbing plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries. (Pendulum in Telugu)

Chicle: It Is a natural gum traditionally used in making chewing gum and other products. It is collected from several species of MesoAmerican trees

Alkaloid: These are nitrogenous byproducts and poisonous. These are stored in different parts of the plants.

(C) Reserpine

Nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigments, excess salts are toxic to the body. So they should be removed.

Carbon dioxide is eliminated through lungs while small amounts of water is eliminated through body surface (sweating) and through lungs during respiration. An excretory organ system is present for excreting the nitrogenous wastes along with salts, excess water.

Flame cells in flat worms, Nephridia in Annelids, Malphigian tubules in Arthropods, kidneys in all vertebrates are the excretory organs that separate excretory materials and eliminate them.

Yes, the cells need excretion to keep all the body organs healthy.

1. The plants grow or available in our village are Sapota, Coconut, Cassia, Mango, Guava, Borassus plantain, Tobacco, Rauwolfia, Coffee, Neem, Datura, Chrysanthe-mum, Acacia, Pinus, Vallisneria, Teak, etc., 

2. Out of these plants alkaloids are available from the plants like Tobacco, Rauwolfia, Coffee, Neem, Datura and Chrysanthemum. The by-products from these plants are utilised in my real life. 

Plant – Use 

Tobacco – Insecticide 

Rauwolfia serpentina – Medicine for snake bite 

Coffee – Central nervous system stimulant 

Neem – Antiseptic 

Datura – Sedative 

Chrysanthemum – Insecticides 

3. Tannins are the by-products of cassia, acacia. These are used in tanning of leather and in medicines. 

4. Resin the by-product of Pinus is used in varnishes. 

5. Gums are extracted from neem and acacia. They are used as adhesives and binding agents in the preparation of food, medicines.

1. Some peculiar secretions are secreted and sent out from roots into soil. 

2. When we shift the potted plant we get peculiar smell due to the chemical reaction of the secretion in the soil to make it fertile.

For the smooth functioning of the body the body should be healthy. Waste materials are the toxic substances, which are harmful to the body. So they should be eliminated. If they remain in the body, it leads to the unhealthy conditions to the organisms.

1. Yes, there is a relation between reduction in yielding and root secretions. 

2. For example plants like apple where a single apple crop is yielded for 4 or 5 years continuously in the same soil, it fails to produce fruits. 

3. It will not give proper yield even if you use lot of fertilizers.

Yes, roots also can secrete a portion of their peculiar secretions back into the soil.