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The art of architecture and sculpture is about 5000 years old.

The remains of Indus Valley civilization include figures of Gods and Goddesses, humans, animals, several toys, status of a dancer and sculpture of a beared man.

ग्राहक मण्डलों और संस्थाओं द्वारा ‘ग्राहक सुरक्षा’, ‘दी कन्ज्यूमर’, ‘ग्राहक मंच’ जैसी मासिक, द्विमासिक मेगेजिने और सामयिक प्रकाशित करके ग्राहक जागृति लायी जाती है ।

Ajanta-Ellora caves at Aurangabad and Elephanta caves near Mumbai are located in Maharashtra.

Our currency bears the symbol called the National Emblem. National Emblem consists horse on the left and the bull on the right of the Ashoka Chakra in the circular base on which the four Indian lions are standing back to back.

(C) Northern Dance Festival – Modhera

Khajuraho was the capital of Chandela rulers of Bundelkhand during medieval period.

Meenakshi temple is in Mumbai. It has four Gopurams.

Thanjavur was the capital of Chola dynasty.

Chola Kings developed Dravidian style of architecture upto the great height.

Where there is faith without understanding, it is known as ‘blind faith’. For e.g., while leaving home for some good work if one sneezes one feels that it is a bad omen; this is superstition or blind faith. When someone breaks a glass object, it is a good omen-this is also superstition.

Social pollution or evil practices are known as orthodox customs. For e.g., the dowry system-at the time of a girl’s marriage, the girl’s father has to give a lot of money etc. to the boy according to his status and the boy’s demands. But this custom is actually against good social customs. Even if the girl’s father is incapable of giving such a lot of things he is forced to do so and give a hefty amount in cash and costly gifts to the boy’s family. Such an evil practice proves very troublesome for the girl and her parents.

(b) the similarity between seals and artifacts

Natural Heritage of India:

• Natural heritage refers to the sum total of the elements of biodiversity, including flora and fauna, ecosystems and geological structures.
• India’s natural heritage is unique and varied. It includes features like mountains, forests deserts, rivers, streams, oceans, trees, plants, creepers, flowers, leaves, insects and varied landscapes, wise range of minerals, vegetation, plants and animals.
• India’s natural heritage provides food, water, fresh air and dwelling to carer our all needs.
• Since ancient times we treat nature with respect and faith and also worship it.
• Stories of ‘Panchatantra and Jataka Tales’ of Buddhist religion are live examples of our close relation with nature.
• Our ancestors have bestowed us with classical and folk music and several ragas based on ‘Prahar’ (period of a day).
• Similarly, Ayurveda, Unani and Naturopathy are three very ancient medical treatments based purely on nature.
• Thus, India shares a very close and strong relation with nature and has a rich natural heritage. 

Constitutional duties for preservation and conservation of Heritage.

• Indian heritage is the result of thousands of years of cultural amalgamation, richness of artists and their works, trade and commerce.
• Together these have made our heritage extremely beautiful, varied, rich and attractive.
• Our heritage and culture has brought us tremendous glory, prosperity and worldwide appreciation.
• Hence, it becomes our moral and primary duty to preserve and conserve our heritage.
• Every citizen of India should observe that nobody harms the ancient memorials and also to preserve places having historical importance and values.
• Article 51 (A) of our Constitution contains fundamental duties for Indian citizens.
• In that, (6), (7) and (9) especially describes the following duties for preserving our cultural heritage. 

The duties are:

1. To understand the importance of our harmonious culture and prosperity and understand how to preserve it.
2. To maintain the natural environment such as forests, tanks, rivers, ponds and wild animals and birds. They should be compassionate towards living creatures.
3. To protect public property and giving up violence. 

Every country or region is gifted with various aspects of nature such as hills, rivers, landscapes, flora and fauna, mountains, etc. which form the natural treasure of that country. This is known as the ‘heritage’ of a country or that region. In other words, heritage means a valuable gift from our ancestors. In our school pledge, we say “I love my country and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage”. In this context, heritage is a precious gift from our motherland to the whole world. To study heritage, we divide it into two parts.

They’are:

1. Natural heritage of India, and
2. Cultural heritage of India.

The values of peace and non-violence have been adopted and admired all over the world.

India was also known as Bharatbhumi, Bharatkhand and Bharatvarsha.

India was named ‘Bharat’ after the name of the Aryan king Bharat or Bharat tribe.

It means a valuable gift from our forefathers to us.

It is a total of habits, values customs, traditions and ideals leading humans to the highest level.

The five-storeyed large wooden mansion owned by the Sarpanch, situated on a large space in the middle of the village, is the oldest building of my village. There are many big buildings in the village, but they are not bigger in comparison to this mansion.

The architecture and construction of this mansion is matchless. There are pillars decorated with flowers and creepers inside the mansion at different places. The minute carving on it attracts special attention. There are beautiful geometrical patterns, artistic pillars, balconies and grills on every floor of the mansion. Thus, the beautiful architecture and grandeur of this mansion are proof of its oldness.

The Dravidian languages are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.

The Dravidians had matriarchal system of family.

(i) The interior adjacent angle is ∠ABC

(ii) The interior opposite angles to exterior ∠CBX is ∠BAC and ∠ACB

Also the interior angles opposite to exterior are ∠ABC and ∠ACB.

The Australoids came to Indian from South East Asia. They are also known as ‘Nishads’.

Negritoit came to India from Africa via Baluchistan.

Indian culture has been trade-oriented and peace-loving.

India is gifted with the Himalayas in the north, seas in the east, and west, and in south Indian ocean.

Negritoit were black, having height of 4 to 5 feet and curly hair.

Some historians believe that Negritoit or Negrose are the most ancient inhabitants of India. They came to India from Africa via Baluchistan. They were black, had curly hair and were 4-5 feet high.

The Aryans first settled in the area known as ‘Sapta Sindhu’.

The Mongoloids are known as ‘Kirat’ due to their yellow skin.

‘Sat’, ‘Chit’ and ‘Anand’ are realized from Indian culture.

The places of Indian freedom movement are Sabarmati Ashram, Dandi, Bardoli, Vardha, Shantiniketan (near Kolkata), Delhi, etc.

The word ‘Bharatvarsha’ is used for India in ‘Vishupuran’.

The words Bharatvarsha, Bharatkhand, Jambudweep and Arayavart are used in the beginning of auspicious ceremony.

Correct option is  (d) 1 and 4

Culture: It is a sum of habits, values, customs, traditions and conduct of lifestyle of humans. In other words, it is a way people live their lives. Culture comprises of the behavioral patterns and interactions between members of societies. Culture is a kind of knowledge that is passed down the generations. It comprises of all the traditions, habits, customs, beliefs, and capabilities that are acquired by the people by virtue of being a member of the society. For example, Hindu culture, culture of Gujarat, American culture, etc.

The Dravidians: They originally belonged to India. They were the direct descendants of Stone Age civilization. They created the Mohenjodaro culture. It is said that the tribe that came to India from the north was later called as Dravidian. They had their own language and culture.

They gave India the concept of mother as a goddess and father as a ‘God’. As a result, the thought of Parvati and Shiva as mother and father developed in India. They gave the tradition of worshipping nature and animals. They also gave the tradition of worshipping using ‘dhup’ (incense stick, ‘deep’ (lamp) and ‘aarti’. The Dravidians also believed in deities. The Aryans accepted these deities of Dravidians as their God and developed their own culture.

Going forward, the Dravidians got highly influenced with the Aryan culture. This resulted in inter-caste marriage between the two tribes. They had matriarchal (i.e. woman as the head) system of family. They made tremendous progress in a variety of crafts and arts like making boats and rafts, weaving, spinning dyeing, etc.

When the dominance of Aryans increased the Dravidians shifted to South India and settled there. The people of South India are considered the Dravidians shifted to south India and settled there. The people of South India are considered Dravidians and they speak Dravidian languages such as Tamil, Telugu Kannada and Malayalam, etc.

The Aryans: The Nordic-Aryans created the Aryan civilization in India. The Hindus were called Aryans in the ancient time. The northwest area where they were densely populated and first found called ‘Aiyavarta’. Seven rivers used to flow in the Aryavarta region and so that region was also known as ‘Sapta Sindhu’. During post-vedic period, the ‘Aryavarta’ reign extended up to Mithila (Bihar) in the east, and up to Vindhyachal in the south.

The Aryans were the most developed of all the tribes. The vast region where the Aryans were spread was known with several names such as Bharatbhumi, Bharatkhand, Bharat Varsha, etc. owing to the name of the king Arya Bharat or Bharat tribe. Aryans were nature lovers. They loved and worshipped trees, rivers, mountains, sun, wind and rain.

They also composed hymns for praying to various natural elements. Due to Aryans, India learnt the practices of performing some specific religious ceremonies like recitation of Vedas, performing yagyas, etc.

C) Conjectures

Correct option is  C) Axioms

Correct option is  C) Euclid

A) Boudhayan

Correct option is  A) Greek

The correct answer is (A) Greek

Correct option is  A) Point

The correct answer is (A) point

The correct answer is B) Vitamin C.

The correct answer is C) Glucose.

The correct answer is B) Maize.

Calotropis produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides. Therefore, cattle and goats do not browse on them.

(d) ii and iii only