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(c) capillary water

(a) Calotropis

(d) i and ii only

(a) Parasitism: It is an interaction between two different species in which the smaller partner (parasite) obtains food from the larger partner (host or plant). So the parasitic species is benefitted while the host species is harmed. Based on the host-parasite relationship, parasitism is classified into two types they are holoparasite and hemiparasite.

(b) Holoparasites: The organisms which are dependent upon the host plants for their entire nutrition are called Holoparasites. They are also called total parasites. 

Examples:

• Cuscuta is a total stem parasite of the host plant Acacia, Duranta and many other pQlants. Cuscuta even gets flower inducing hormone from its host plant. 
• Balanophora, orobanche and Refflesia are the total root parasites found on higher plants.

(c) Hemiparasites: The organisms which derive only water and minerals from their host plant while synthesizing their own food by photosynthesis are called Hemiparasites. They are also called partial parasites.

Examples:

• Viscum and Loranthus are partial stem parasites.
• Santalum (Sandal Wood) is a partial root parasite. The parasitic plants produce the haustorial roots inside the host plant to absorb nutrients from the vascular tissues of host plants.

Hydrophytes The plants which are living in water or wet places are called hydrophytes. According to their relation to water and air, they are subdivided into following categories:

1. Free floating hydrophytes 

2. Rooted-floating hydrophytes 

3. Submerged floating hydrophytes 

4. Rooted- submerged hydrophytes 

5. Amphibious hydrophytes.

1. Free floating hydrophytes: These plants float freely on the surface of water. They remain in contact with water and air, but not with soil. 

Examples: Eichhornia, Pistia and Wolffia (smallest flowering plant).

2. Rooted floating hydrophytes: In these plants, the roots are fixed in mud, but their leaves and flowers are floating on the surface of water. These plants are in contact with soil, water and air. 

Examples: Nelumbo, Nymphaea, Potomogeton and Marsilea.

3. Submerged floating hydrophytes: These plants are completely submerged in water and not in contact with soil and air. 

Examples: Ceratophyllum and Utricularia.

4. Rooted-submerged hydrophytes: These plants are completely submerged in water and rooted in soil and not in contact with air.

Examples: Hydrilla, Vallisneria and Isoetes.

5. Amphibious hydrophytes (Rooted emergent hydrophytes): These plants are adapted to both aquatic and terrestrial modes of life. They grow in shallow water. 

Examples: Ranunculus, Typha and Sagittaria.

1. Ground fire – Which is flameless and subterranean. 

2. Surface fire – Which consumes the herbs and shrubs. 

3. Crown fire – Which bums the forest canopy.

Amensalism is an interspecific interaction in which one species is inhibited while the other species is neither benefitted nor harmed. The inhibition is achieved by the secretion of certain chemicals called allelopathic substances. Amensalism is also called antibiosis.

The plants which can grow in moist damp and shady places are called hygrophytes. 

Examples: Habenaria (Orchid) and Mosses (Bryophytes), etc.

1. Roots are totally absent in Wolffia and Salvinia or poorly developed in Hydrilla or well developed in Ranunculus. 

2. The root caps are replaced by root pockets. 

Example: Eichhomia.

1. Physical dryness: In these habitats, soil has a little amount of water due to the inability of the soil to hold water because of low rainfall.

2. Physiological dryness: In these habitats, water is sufficiently present but plants are unable to absorb it because of the absence of capillary spaces. 

Example: Plants in salty and acidic soil.

(i) Polygon made by five sides, will be pentagon

Sometimes, ants take their shelter on some trees such as Mango, Litchi, Jamun and Acacia, etc. These ants act as body guards of the plants against any disturbing agent and the plants in turn provide food and shelter to these ants. This phenomenon is known as Myrmecophily. 

Example: Acacia and its ants.

Rhytidome is the structural defense by plants against fire. The outer bark of trees which extends to the last formed periderm is called Rhytidome. It is composed of multiple layers of suberized periderm, cortical and phloem tissues. It protects the stem against fire, water oss, invasion of insects and prevents infections by microorganisms.

1. Halophytes: Plants living in saline soils. 

2. Chasmophytes: Plants living in rocky crevices. 

3. Cryophytes: Plants living in ice surface. 

4. Psammophytes: Plants living in sandy soils.

In xerophytic plants, with the leaves and stem are covered with hairs are called trichophyllous plants

Example: Cucurbits (Melothria and Mukia)

Effects of fire:

1. Fire has a direct lethal effect on plants. 

2. Burning scars are the suitable places for the entry of parasitic fungi and insects. 

3. It brings out the alteration of light, rainfall, nutrient cycle, fertility of soil, pH, soil flora and fauna

4. Some fungi which grow in soil of burnt areas are called pyrophilous. 

5. Example: Pyronema confluens.

(b) Mesophytes

(d) Protecting the plant from infection

(d) Calotropis

(a) (+) Parasitism (-) Amensalism

Heliophytes – Light loving plants. Example: Angiosperms.

Sciophytes – Shade loving plants. Example: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

Raunkiaer classified the world’s vegetation into the following four types. They are megatherms, mesotherms, microtherms and hekistotherms.

Amensalism is called as Antibiosis

(a) April 22nd

Correct Answer is: (c) Pedology

Mimicry is a phenomenon in which living organism modifies its form, appearance, structure or behavior and looks like another living organism as a self defence and increases the chance of their survival. Floral mimicry is for usually inviting pollinators but animal mimicry is often protective. Mimicry is a result of evolutionary significance due to shape and sudden heritable mutation and preservation of natural selection.

Amensalism is called as Antibiosis.

Based on soil formation (pedogenesis), the soils are divided into:

1. Residual soils -These are soils formed by weathering and pedogenesis of the rock. 

2. Transported soils – These are transported by various agencies.

Soil is commonly stratified into horizons at different depth. These layers differ in their physical, chemical and biological properties. This succession of super-imposed horizons is called soil profile.

Predation: It is an interaction between two species, one of which captures, kills and eats up the other. The species which kills is called a predator and the species which is killed is called a prey. The predator is benefitted while the prey is harmed. Many herbivores are predators Cattles, Camels and Goats etc., frequently browse on the tender shoots of herbs, shrubs and trees.

Anemochory:

1. Anemochory refers to the seed dispersal by wind. 

2. Anemochory seeds are very minute and may have wings or feathery appendages for dispersal.

3. E.g: Orchids

Proto Co-operation is an interaction between organisms of different species in which both organisms benefit but neither is dependent on the relationship. 

Example: Soil bacteria / fungi and plants growing in the soil.

The interaction between organisms, when continues for generations, involves reciprocal changes in genetic and morphological characters of both organisms. This type of evolution is called Co-evolution. It is a kind of co-adaptation and mutual change among interactive species. 

Examples:

• Corolla length and proboscis length of butterflies and moths (Habenaria and Moth). 
• Bird’s beak shape and flower shape and size.

Commensalism is an interaction between two organisms in which one is benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed. The species that derives benefit is called the commensal, while the other species is called the host.

1. Mutualism is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both are benefitted from the obligate 

2. association. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria associated with Azolla (a fern) and Rhizobium found in the root nodules of leguminous plant are used in the field of agriculture to increase the soil fertility.

Lichen is a mutual association of an alga and a fungus, where the algal partner nourishes and provides shelter to fungi, intum fungi confers protection from bacterial infections and also maintains moisture for algal growth.

1. Commensalism 

2. Parasitism 

3. Predation 

4. Mutualism

Correct Answer is:

The ascending order of 3.3, 3.5, 3.1, 3.7, 3.2, 3.8 is 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8

∴ n = 6 (is an even)

Median = Mean of n/2, (n/2 + 1) terms

= 6/ 2, (6/2 + 1) 

= Mean of 3, 4 terms

= (3.3 + 3.5) / 2

= 6.8 / 2 = 3.4

\(\overline {X} = \cfrac{\sum(X_i\,-\,A)}{N} \) = \(\cfrac{\sum X_i}{N}\,-\,\cfrac AN\)

Mean of deviations = Sum of deviations / No. of observations

 = \(\cfrac AN\) =  100/20 = 5

(a) Defence Minister: Mr. Nirmala Sitharaman

(b) External Affairs: Sushma Swaraj

(c) Finance Minister: Arun Jaitley

(d) Health Minister: Jagat Prakash Nadda

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Work done oc surface area.

∴ W₁/W₂ = (r₁/r₂)² = (\(\frac12\))² = \(\frac14\)

∴ W₁ : W₁ = 1 : 4.

Correct option is D) black

Correct option is C) Fresh

(B) 15 × 10^-12 N∙m