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There are four processes involves in a carnot engine: 

1. source 

2. sink 

3. insulating stand 

4. working substance

1. Brahma created in the universe majestic mountain ranges, thundering waterfalls, giant forest trees and many other things.

2. After creating the universe, Brahma felt that His creation was purposeless because human souls did not seem to be sensitive to the beauty of the creation.

3. Saraswati is the consort of Brahma. Saraswati asked Brahma the reason of His sadness.

4. Brahma answered, “I have created all this wonder and charm. But human souls do not seem to be sensible to this beauty. So this creation seems to be purposeless.”

5. The history of Indian music is full of stories anci anecdotes.

6. Brahma made this universe. He filled His creation with wonderfully beautiful and enchanting things.

7. All the wonder, charm and beauty created by Brahma seem to have been wasted on the human souls because they do not seem to be sensitive to the beauty around.

1. This passage has been taken from the lesson Our Indian Music : Stories and Anecdotes. The author of this lesson is R. Srinivsan. 

2. Tansen was a great musician of Akbar’s court. To the music of Tansen, Akbar said, “I have not heard anyone else who can cast such a spell of magic and make a slave of our hearts.”

Akbar was very fond of music. Tansen was a bard in his court. One day Akbar asked him the secret of his sweet music. At this Tansen told Akbar that his Guru Swami Hari Das was much superior to him. He was nothing before his Guru. Akbar wished to hear his Guru. But Tansen told him that his Guru would not come to the court. Akbar became ready to go to his ashrama. After waiting for a long time Akbar could hear Swamiji. Hearing the song of Swamiji, Akbar and Tansen forgot themselves in the melody of the song. Then Tansen said to Akbar, “There is only one difference. I sing on your bidding to please you but Swamiji sings when he is prompted from within”.

A work of art thrills and awes us because there is a great spiritual urge of the artist behind it. The artist pours all his devotion to perform his art.

A work of art thrills and awes us because there is a great spiritual urge of the artist behind it. The artist pours all his devotion to perform his art.

Lord Brahma created this universe. He filled it with numerous things of beauty, charm and splendour. But the man ignored them. So He was sad. Saraswati understood His feelings. She conceived an idea to remove His sadness. She created music and fine arts. She created the.power to respond to this beauty through music. She filled man with this power. Thus the human beings began to take interest in the creation of Brahma. Then Brahma became happy.

Brahma is the Creator of this universe. He created the mountains, waterfalls, trees and animals like deer, peacocks and flowers. He was sad because human souls did not seem to be sensitive to the beauty of the creation.

One of the basic truths on which all Indian art is developed is that true art is never made to order but it comes as an irresistible inner urge.

One of the basic truths on which all Indian art is developed is that true art is never made to order but it comes as an irresistible inner urge.

A work of art thrills and awes us because there is a great spiritual urge of the artist behind it. The artist pours all his devotion to perform his art.

1. The greatness of Indian art lies in its essence. 

2. God is the creator of this universe. 

3. You have deliberately made the carpet dirty. 

4. Hearing Tansen, Akbar went into ecstasy. 

5. Akbar was greatly intrigued to hear Hari Das.

1. Some musicians play sitar very well. 

2. He is a clever man. He can find out the technique to do this work. 

3. Brahma has created all the beauty and splendour of the world. 

4. My master sings when prompting comes from his innermost self.

No, Swami Hari Das did not sing for Akbar. He never sang for anybody. Akbar wished to hear Hari Das sing. So he himself went to the ashrama of Swamiji with Tansen. Tansen sang a false note knowingly. Swami Hari Das could not bear it. He rebuked Tansen and sang that song himself correctly. Thus Akbar’s wish was fulfilled. It shows that a truly great musician sings only when he is urged by his inner soul to pour out his music.

1. Many songs of Lata are very enchanting.

2.Mr. Clinton was also charmed to see the splendour of the Taj.

3. The angels work at the bidding of God.

4. Saraswati is Brahma’s consort.

1. Homeostasis is maintenance of constant internal environment of the body. 

2. When certain hormones from any endocrine glands are secreted in excess quantity, the : inhibiting factors from hypothalamus, automatically exert negative feedback and stop the production of stimulating hormones from pituitary. 

3. Similarly, if any hormone is in deficit, then j the concerned gland is given message through releasing factor. This way the hormone production remains in a balanced state or homeostasis. 

4. E.g. If thyroxine from thyroid gland is secreted in excess, the secretion of TSH from pituitary is stopped by stopping the production of TRF from hypothalamus. 

5. Though most of the endocrine glands are under the influence of pituitary gland, it is in turn controlled by hypothalamus. 

6. Hypothalamus secretes releasing factors and inhibiting factors and hence regulate the secretions of pituitary (hypophysis). 

7. There is negative feedback mechanism in controlling the secretions of the endocrine glands.

8. Hypothalamus forms the hypo thalamohypophyseal axis through which transportation of neurohormones take place.

Following are the releasing and inhibiting factors produced by hypothalamus:

1. Somatotropin/GHRF : It stimulates release of growth hormone. 

2. Somatostatin/GHRIF : It inhibits the release of growth hormone. 

3. Adrenocorticotropin Releasing Hormone / CRF : It stimulates the release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. 

4. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone /TRF : It stimulates the release of TSH by anterior pituitary gland. 

5. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) : It stimulates pituitary to secrete gonadotropins.

6. Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Prolactostatin) : It inhibits prolactin released by anterior pituitary gland. 

7. Gastrin Releasing Peptide (GRP). 

8. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP).

Salt concentration (Salinity) of the sea measured in parts per thousand is 30-35

(c) fungus and algae

(c) One species is benefitted and other is unaffected 

Urine is temporarily stored in the Urinary bladder

Blood carries excretory products to excretory compounds.

When glomerular filtrate flows through renal tubules to the collecting duct, essential components are reabsorbed to the peritubular capillaries. So glucose and amino acids are absent in urine.

Liver converts harmful substances entering the body and those produced inside the body into harmless substances. Synthesis of urea from ammonia is an example for this.

• Ultrafiltration 
• Reabsorption and secretion 
• Absorption of water

Glomerulus helps the ultrafiltration.

Amino acids are formed by the breakdown of protein.

Plant hormones are organic substances produced naturally in higher plants, which control the growth and other physiological functions at a site far away from the place of secretion and required in very small amount.

Sweating helps in regulating our body temperature.

Amino acids are used for the synthesis of various substances like proteins, enzymes etc. which are used for bodybuilding.

The metabolism of amino acid is Ammonia

Henry tells her that instead of coming back here from the theatre, she will go with him to his home. In course of time when she is divorced, they would go through the legal process as she desires. He offers her the flowers. He intends to borrow the carriage from her husband to show that there is no malice, no grudge in his heart for him.

हैनरी उसे बताता है कि थैटर से यहाँ वापस आने की बजाये वह उसके साथ उसके घर जायेगी। समय के साथ-साथ जब उसके श्रीमान बोम्पास से सम्बन्ध विच्छेद हो जायेंगे तो जैसे उसकी इच्छा है उसी के अनुसार समस्त कानूनी प्रक्रिया हो जायेगी। वह उसे फूल पेश करता है। वह उसके पति से गाड़ी मांगना चाहता है। यह दिखाने के लिए कि उसके दिल में श्रीमान् बोम्पास के प्रति न तो द्वेषभाव है और न कोई शिकायत है।

(A) Functions of cerebrum:

1. The cerebrum controls the voluntary activities. 

2. The cerebrum perceives various sensory stimuli received through vision, taste, smell, sound, touch, speech, etc. 

3. It is the centre of memory, will-power, intelligence, reasoning and learning. 

4. The cerebrum is the centre for emotions, thoughts and feelings, pain, pleasure, fear, fatigue, pressure, temperature, etc. 

5. It is also the centre for micturition, defecation, weeping, laughing, etc

(B) Function of olfactory lobes: Sensation of smell.

(C) Functions of diencephalon:

1. Diencephalon acts as a relay centre for motor and sensory impulses between spinal cord, brainstem and various areas of cerebral cortex. 

2. Diencephalon consists of epithalamus, thalami and hypothalamus. Therefore it acts as a centre for homeostasis and higher centre of autonomous nervous system. 

3. Hypothalamic nuclei secrete neurohormones which influence the pituitary gland. 

4. Diencephalon regulates heartbeats, blood pressure and water balance. 

5. Anterior choroid plexus which is located in the diencephalon secretes cerebrospinal fluid. 

6. Hypothalmic regions control many involuntary functions such as hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, fear, anger, sleep, sexual desire, etc.

Functions of meninges:

1. Meninges give protection to the brain and the spinal cord. 

2. They are also nutritive in function. 

3. Cerebrospinal fluid acts as a shock absorber. It protects the brain from mechanical injuries and from desiccation.

4. It also maintains constant pressure inside and outside the CNS and regulates the temperature.

Functions of CSF:

1. CSF helps in exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the brain tissue. 

2. CSF supplies oxygen to the brain.

1. Cerebellum is the primary centre for controlling equilibrium and balance of the body. 

2. Alcohol has an adverse effect on the neurons of cerebellum. 

3. Consciousness of brain is also controlled by cerebellum. 

4. When a person is drunk, the alcohol in his or her blood affects the activities of cerebellum and hence the person cannot maintain the balance of the body.

If we try again, we will succeed.

To reach the top one should first climb the hill.

Once you fail to do the work, you should try again and again.

The given poem ‘The way to succeed’ is written by Reverned Norman Macleod (3 June 1812 – 16 June 1872). He was a Scottish clergyman and author. He was a religious man and was largely instrumental in the work of strengthening the Scottish church.

In the poem the poet Norman Mcleod advices young children how to succed in life. He asks the boys to drive the nail straight by hitting the nail right on its head. The poet means to say that at the very young age one should have a clear goal and aim to achieve it in a correct way.

i.e., one should be determined to achieve his goal.

A piece of iron can be shaped into any shape when it red hot. Similarly, the poet advices that one should cultivate good habits and start going towards our goal without any hesitation. One should make a good beginning since a work that is well began is half-finished. One should never lose a good opportunity and use it to reach his goal.

The poet advises the young children to do their work with a strong will. Those who want to reach the top of a hill, i.e to achieve anything), one should climb up the hill. If we do not try to climb up a hill and stand at the bottom and gaze at sky we can’t reach the top.

We must first try to climb up the hill. Often we may fail to succeed but we should never lose our hope. We should try and try again. Failure is the stepping stone to success. So if we keep on trying we will succeed at the end.

1. The poet says that we must wait for the opportunity before doing anything (False) 

2. According to the poet, failure is a stepping stone to success (True)

Though you loose balance often, you must not feel disgraced, instead if you try and try again you will succeed at last.

• head – red 
• sky – try 
• will – hill 
• downcast – last

I want to become a teacher and will study well, to reach the goal and serve the society.

True

State whether true or false Washing out of germs inside the urinary tract also takes place during the process of micturition True

If one never tries, one will never be able to achieve their goal.

Avoiding urination for a long time prevents the expulsion of bacteria that may be present in the urinary tract and urinary bladder. This causes infection in the inner membrane of the urinary bladder. Females are more susceptible to urinary tract infections when compared to males. 

1) Frequent urination 

2) Drink plenty of water 

3) Keep the personal hygiene

Hit the nails with all strength so that it will be firm enough to hold and climb up.

The largest organ in our body is Skin