Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

This statement is False. 

• Equality means the absence of discrimination or special privileges to some as well as the presence of adequate opportunities for every individual.
•  Consideration of the special needs of some disadvantaged sections of society like women, the disabled, senior citizens, Dalits, tribals, etc. is a democratic necessity and in fact, helps to promote social equality

Mahatma Phule, Mahatma Gandhi focused on gender inequality.

Section of society that owns means of production : ‘Haves’

Political Equality (available only to citizens)

Dr. Amartya Sen (differing view of equality)

This statement is True. 

• Equality implies a society where any person is not denied opportunities or facilities merely on criteria such as gender, race, etc. It means the absence of discrimination or special privileges. 
• Equality does not mean uniformity Natural inequality is a fact. Absolute equality is not desirable as it will destroy individuality.

Karl Marx propounded the idea of a ‘classless society.

(a) it will ensure an equitable distribution of resources.

In ancient Indian society, justice was associated with Dharma

Tocqueville’s idea of equality developed in the process of abolition of the feudal system and the establishment of democracy.

Article 17 deals with the abolition of Untouchability.

John Rawls’s view of justice relates to Distributive Justice and the principle of fairness.

(b) it refers to the absence of special privileges to or discrimination against any person or group.

(i) Natural Equality considers that all human beings are equal though they differ in inabilities. Every person should get an equal opportunity to develop his/her potential. Early Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle did not believe in natural equality. However, thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau explained natural equality in the ‘State of Nature’.

(ii) Social Equality refers to the absence of unreasonable social barriers or discrimination such as those based on race, religion, caste, gender, status, etc. No person must be viewed as superior or inferior merely on the basis of birth, ethnicity, or social position. However, social inequality is prevalent all over the world even today. Legislations, education, and economic progress can help to reduce social inequality for e.g., in India Article 17 of the constitution deals with the abolition of untouchability. 

(iii) Civil Equality means that civil rights are equally available to all individuals. There is equality before the law and equal protection of the law. However, special laws made for the protection or upliftment of weaker sections of society such as tribals, backward classes, women, etc., do not violate the principle of equality.

(iv) Political Equality is possible only in a democracy. It refers to the right of citizens to participate in the affairs of the state. It is based on the principle of political participation and Universal Adult Franchise.

(v) Economic Equality – When wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few (economic inequality), then political power and social ranking are also monopolized by them, resulting in exploitation of the underprivileged sections of society. Economic equality does not imply equal distribution of wealth or equal income irrespective of the nature of work.

 Economic equality implies the following:

•  Reduction in wide disparities of wealth. 
• Prevention of concentration of wealth and income in the hands of a few persons. 
• Absence of any kind of economic exploitation, denial, or subjugation. 
• Availability of essential goods and services i.e. minimum needs must be satisfied first. 
• Reasonable economic opportunities for individuals to develop themselves and to progress. 
• Adequate scope for work and for decent wages.

The concept of equality is a central idea of political philosophy. There are three indicators of this concept-

• Welfare equality: Fulfillment of needs of an individual is more important than what is readily available for him.
•  Equality of resources: It means equitable distribution of the available resources.
• Equality of capabilities: The usage of resources by people is more important than merely the availability of those resources.

(i) Meaning: Equality is an important ideal in society. Equality does not mean uniformity. It signifies that all human beings have equal worth, irrespective of their ethnicity, religion, caste, etc. Today, equality is looked at as a political goal as well as the basis of Liberty and Justice. It has a moral and collective dimension as it includes empathy and tolerance.

Natural inequalities are a reality since humans are not equal in physical or intellectual aspects. The struggle for equality is to do away with the restrictions and burdens of man-made inequalities that are created on the basis of religion, caste, race, status, wealth, etc. Equality is the attempt to create conditions where every individual is given equal opportunity to develop and progress.

(ii) The facets of equality are:

•  Absence of special privileges to or of discriminations against anyone in the matter of socio-economic and political rights. No person/group should have special conditions that are denied to a large majority. For e.g., In the caste hierarchy, the lower castes were discriminated against while upper castes flourished.
• Equality before the law and equal protection of the law – The law is equally applicable to everyone irrespective of economic or social status, race, creed, etc. 
• Equality of opportunity – To enhance one’s potential and to develop one’s personality irrespective of considerations like ethnicity, gender, community, etc. Deprived sections must have provisions for education, employment, and social wellbeing to enable fair competition with others. 
• Absolute equality is neither possible nor desirable as equality in no way implies uniformity.

(iii) Importance of Equality: 

• Equality is necessary to uphold the dignity of the individual.
•  It is necessary to create a just society.
• It is necessary to promote mutual respect among members of society. 
• It helps to bring about the fraternity. 
• Liberty and equality are the cornerstones of a democracy.

According to Karl Marx, the state is an instrument of oppression of workers.

(d) Karl Marx – Communist Manifesto or John Rawls – A Theory of Justice

(d) Toxic materials

(b) UV radiation

(d) Plato – Justice as truth and morality

Water can be purified by filtration, boiling and chlorination.

Correct option is B) Hydrogen

Metals are good conductors of heat. So they gain heat easily. So in order to avoid the burning of our palms, the handles of cooking pans made of heat resist material such as plastic.

Correct option is B) acidic oxide

Correct option is  B) acidicoxide

Correct option is A) red colour

When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water Sulphurous acid is formed.

Correct Answer is  C) Au

D) both A and C

Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca 

(11 12 13 19 20)

Arranging metals in descending order of their reactivity is called activity series, e.g.: 

i) Low reactivity : Ag (Silver), Au (Gold) 

ii) Moderate reactivity : Zn (Zinc), Fe (Iron) 

iii) High reactivity : K (Potassium), Na (sodium)

D) All of these

Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb.

The number of hydroxyl ions that one molecule of a base gives on dissociation is known as acidity of a base.

e.g. The acidity o f sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is one, it is a monoacid, the acidity of Ca(OH)₂ is two, if is a diacid base, Al(OH)₃ is a triacid base.

Data : L = 1 m, mass of the wire = 10 g = 0.01 kg, n = 50 Hz 

∴ m = mass per unit length of the wire = \(\frac{0.01}1\) = 0.01 kg/m

n = \(\frac 1{2L}\)\(\sqrt{\frac Tm}\)

∴ Tension = T = 4n²L² m

= 40(50)² (1)² (0.01) 

= 4 × 2500 × 0.01 = 100 N

1. The British government realised that there was growing dissatisfaction among the Indians due to Company’s rule. 

2. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1858 and took over the responsibility of ruling over people of India thus bringing an end to Company’s rule. 

3. The Queen issued a Declaration addressing the people of India. 

4. The Governor General was designated as the Viceroy of India. 

5. A new post of Secretary of State was created to look after the affairs of India. 

6. The British changed the composition of army and its internal policies.

wave speed, v = \(\sqrt{\frac Tm}\) = \(\sqrt{\frac {25}{1\times10^{-4}}}\) = 500 m/s

After the struggle of 1857, the British Parliament made the following changes in the administration of India :

1. The rule of the East India Company came to an end. 

2. The Governor General was designated as Viceroy of India. He was entrusted with powers to rule over people of India. 

3. He carried administration under the control of British Parliament. 

4. A new post called Secretary of State was created in the British Government to look after the affairs of India.

There was rising discontent among the Indians which led to many struggles before 1857 :

1. The peasants in Bengal fought against the British from 1763 to 1857 first under the leadership of the Sanyasis and later the Fakirs.

2. Umaji Naik in Maharashtra organised | Ramoshis and the local youths who fought against the British. The Kolis, the Bhills also fought against the British. 

3. They inspired people in Pune, Satara, Ahmednagar, Solapur, Nasik, Bhor, etc. 

4. Santhals in Bihar, Kolams in Chhota Nagpur and Gonds as well as Paikas in Odisha rebelled against the British. 

5. The Gadkaris in Kolhapur and Fond- ‘i Sawant in Konkan fought against the British. 

6. Zamindars, Princes and other classes in Gujarat, Rajasthan and South India gave a strong fight to the British.

(i) War of Independence

(ii) Umaji Naik

(iii) Secretary of State

(iv) Lord Dalhousie.

B) \(\cfrac{u}v\) 

The minimum frequency with which a stretched string of length L, linear density m can vibrate under tension T is the fundamental frequency given by n = \(\frac 1{2L}\)\(\sqrt{\frac Tm}\).

Increase in intensity of incident radiation corresponds to an increase in the number of incident photons, resulting an increase in the number of photo electrons emitted.

1. We already know that the apparent position of sun is higher than actual position in the horizon. 

2. Moreover, due to refraction, the apparent image of sun is closer to eye than the actual position. Since during sunset or sunrise, the rays of light travel through maximum length of atmosphere therefore the refraction is also maximum.

3. Hence apparent image of sun is very much closer to eye. Thus it appears bigger.

(i) A total reflecting prism can deviate the path of a ray of light by 90°. 

(ii) A total reflecting prism can turn a ray of light through 180°. 

(iii) A total reflecting prism can invert the rays of light.

(i) Endoscopy is based on the total internal reflection principle. It has tubes which are made up of optical fibers which are used for transmitting and receiving electrical signals which are converted to light by a suitable transducer. 

(ii) Humanity and charity.

(iii) Doctor gave monetary help to Chetan by understanding his poor financial condition.

A total reflecting prism is a right-angled prism made of glass with other two angles each equal to 45°. It is used in (i) periscope and (ii) binoculars. 

 (i) Quartz prism (ii) Heat radiation.