Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

At higher altitudes the atmospheric pressure decreases. So the boiling point of water decreases. So, the heat energy supplied is not sufficient to cook food. Therefore we require a pressure cooker to increase the pressure. Thus the boiling point of water inside the cooker increases to 120°C and heat energy is sufficient to cook food.

a) If ‘A’ is HCl, then ‘B’ should be Ammonium solution. Because it formed Ammonium chloride. 

b) Rate of diffusion is high to ‘B’ than ‘A’. Because the product Ammonium chloride formed nearer to ‘A’ chemical.

Correct answer is (B) Oxygen 

The Correct option is B. Oxygen

• Many plants produce a modified stem, especially for presentation and multiplication. 
• The modified stems such as tuber, rhizome, corm, bulb, runner and offset have nodes and internodes and the buds at the nodes sprout under favourable conditions so as to form new plants. 
• Common examples are – Rhizome-ginger, Tuberpotato, Bulb-onion, Corm-Colocasia, Runner-grass and Offsetwater hyacinth

i. Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. 

ii. Indo-Burma and Himalaya.

1. It is a cheaper, and convenient method of multiplication of plants. 

2. Several plants: Such as banana, grapes, roses, gladioli, Chrysanthemums do not form viable seeds. Thus vegetative propagation is the only method of multiplication and continuation of species in such plants. 

3. The greatest advantage is that all plants produced by vegetative propagation are genetically similar to the parent plant. A uniform population raised from a single parent is known as a clone.

A wave associated with moving particle is called de-Broglie wave. 

The branch of biology which deals with the study of heredity and variation is called genetics.

• Normally leaves do not help in vegetative propagation. 
• However, in Bryophyllum pinnatum, adventitious buds develop along the leaf margins. 
• These develop into small plantlets and on detachment develop into independent plants.

In rose, vegetative propagation is carried out by stem cutting and in jasmine vegetative propagation is done by mound layering method.

Davisson and Germer provided experimental proof for the wave nature of matter particle and verified the de-Broglie’s expression for wavelength of matter wave.  

A hot spot is an area having endangered endemic species with very high levels of species richness.

Amazon rainforest

The flower is a modified shoot of limited growth. The stalk of the flower is called pedicel. At the free end of the pedicel, the flat broad platform forms the thalamus. Four types of modified floral leaves are arranged in four definite whorls on the thalamus. These whorls are Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium. The calyx consists of sepals, corolla of petals, androecium of stamens and gynoecium of carpels. 

The calyx and corolla only help in the act of reproduction and do not take part directly in the process hence these are called nonessential or accessory whorls. The androecium is the male whorl whereas gynoecium constitutes the female whorl. These are called essential whorls as they take part in the process of reproduction

Cutting: 

• In this method, stem cuttings are used to obtain new plants. 
• In order to promote rooting these are treated with IAA. 

Grafting: 

• In this method, a branch of the plant having desired features are inserted in a rooted plant called stock. 
• The branch which is inserted is called scion. 
• This is practised to produce a new variety. 

Layering: 

• In this method, roots are induced on the stem while it is still attached to the parent plant. 
• This part is then separated from the parent plant and grown as an independent plant.

The answer is (d) All the above

The answer is (a) Diploid sporophyte

• A sporophyte is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga. 
• It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm and each sporophyte cell therefore has a double set of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

Correct Answer is: (b) √(2GM/a (1 - 1/√2))

V_P = - GM / (√r² + a²),  V_C = - GM/a, 1/2 mv² = m [V_P - V_C].

Some organizations and multinational companies exploit or patent bioresources of other nations without proper authorization. Indian patent bill is there to prevent such unauthorized exploitation.

Animals with manipulated genes or a foreign gene to be expressed are called as transgenic animals. 

They are useful :

1. To know how genes contribute to development of disease. 

2. To use proteins for treatment of disease. 

3. To verify vaccine and chemical safety.

Early & accurate detection of diseases substituting conventional diagnostic techniques may be done by following methods:

• PCR (Polymerase chain reaction): Short stretches of pathogenic genome is amplified for detection of suspected AIDS, Cancer or genetic disorder.
• ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) used to detect AIDS based on detection of antibodies produced against antigen of pathogen.

• Gene therapy involves correction of the gene defects in child or embryo.
• Adenosine deaminase deficiency is a kind of immuno-disorder caused by deletion of gene coding for ADA. 
• It can be cured by bone marrow transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy. 
• A functional ADA-cDNA(through Retrovirus) is introduced in lymphocyte culture for genetic infusion and transfered to the patient body for normal functioning.

rDNA technology was applied in therapeutic application by generating genetically engineered insulin for man. In 1983, Eli Lilly, an American company prepared 2 DNA sequences coding for chains A & B.

Human insulin consists of two short Polypeptide chains A & B being linked by disulphide bridges.In man, Insulin secreted as Prohormone containing C peptides that is removed during maturation.

In rDNA technique, insulin could be generated by preparing two separate DNA sequences of A & B chain which are incorporated into plasmids of E. coli to produce insulin chains.

It is the angle of incidence of a light ray in a denser medium for which the angle of refraction in a rarer medium is 90°. 

Genetically modified organisms (GMO)-Plants, bacteria, fungi, animals.whose genes are altered by manipulation.  

BT stands for Bacillus thuringiensis (Soil Bacteria). Bacterium produces proteins (Crystal Protein-cry I AC, cry II AB). A crystalliane insecticidal protein that kills the insects.Hence cry-Genes have been introduced in plants to produce crystal proteins as Protoxin (inactive toxin), which is converted to toxins in alkaline medium (i.e. in the gut of insects) and cause death of the insect larva. 

As the wavelength decreases (or increases) refractive index becomes more (or less) and critical angle becomes less (or more).

(i) For red light the critical angle will be more than 45° and

(ii) For blue light the critical angle will be less than 45°.

Crops contain or express one or more useful foreign genes. 

Advantages:

(i) More tolerant to stresses (heat, cold, draught). 

(ii) Pest resistants GM crops, reduce the use of Chemical pesticides. Eg- BT-Cotton 

(iii) Reduced post harvest losses. Eg- Flavr savr tomato. 

(iv) Enhance nutritional value of food. eg.- Golden Rice (Vitamin A enriched). 

(v) Increased efficiency of mineral use. 

(c) more than 45°, but not 90°

Chloro Fluro carbons are used in refrigerators, Air conditioners and aerosol sprays.

Chloro Fluro Carbons (CFCs): CFCs are used in refrigerators. Air conditioners and aerosol sprays. The use of CFCs pollutes the air by depleting the ozone layer as a result of which harmful ultraviolet rays reach the earth.

Ozone layer is being destroyed by Chlorine

(D) All the above

Answer is (B) July

Answer is (D) CNG

When the blood pressure values Eire more than 140 mm Hg systolic pressure and more than 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure, then the person is described as having hypertension.

Monsoon:

• India is an agricultural country and so monsoon is a very important season for it.
• India experiences monsoon from June to September.
• India receives 80% of its rainfall in these months.
• Monsoon winds blow from Arabian Sea and enter India through Malabar Coast of Kerala. This region receives about 300 cm rainfall.
• On the other hand, winds blowing from Bay of Bengal bring rainfall to north-eastern regions of India such as Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, etc.

Retreating monsoon:

• In the months of October and November, the monsoon winds retreat and so India experiences retreating monsoon.
• The retreating winds bring rainfall to Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

c) (A) is true but, (R) is false.

If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his number of cavalrymen.

The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda.

Delhi Sultans were interested in cutting down forests because they wanted to encourage agriculture on the land. They also wanted to cut down forests for creating protected territories against enemies and promoting trade routes.
Today, deforestation occurs due to creation of roads and railways and promotion of industries. Hence, some of the reasons are the same for deforestation, then and now.

Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate based on her ability as an effective leader of the Delhi Sultanate. Being a woman, she was not accepted as a ruler at the time. Women leaders are accepted more readily today as we live in a world of equality for both men and women. 

Women are provided with adequate opportunities to excel. For example, Indira Gandhi and Margaret Thatcher are examples of political leaders who have been accepted for their effective leadership. Moreover, there is scope for positive growth for women leaders in future.

The authors of tawarikh were learned men: secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers. They recounted events and advised rulers on governance, emphasising the importance of just rule. The authors of tawarikh did not provide information about ordinary men and women because: 

1. The authors of tawarikh lived in cities (mainly Delhi) and hardly ever in villages. 

2. They often wrote their histories for Sultans in the hope of rich rewards. 

3. These authors advised rulers on the basis of birthright and gender distinctions. Their ideas were not shared by everybody.

The Mongol invasions affected the Delhi Sultanate in the following ways: 

1. Both Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq raised large standing armies against the Mongols. 

2. Alauddin constructed a new garrison town named Siri for his soldiers while Muhammad Tughluq emptied Dehli-i-Kunha of its residents and the soldiers garrisoned there. 

3. In order to feed the soldiers, large taxes were imposed on farmers. 

4. Alauddin chose to pay his soldiers salaries in cash rather than iqtas. His administrative measures were effective due to cheap prices and efficient supplies of goods in the market. Muhammad Tughluq created a token currency to pay his soldiers. His administrative  reign was a disaster and he disbanded his army. 

Alauddin was able to withstand the threat of Mongol invasions. Muhammad Tughluq's administrative measures failed, however, he atleast planned to attack the Mongols which was a first in the history of the Delhi Sultanate.

According to the "Circle of Justice", it was important for the military commanders to keep the interests of the peasants in mind because the salaries of the soldiers came from the revenue collected from the peasants, and peasants could pay the revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Hence, the military commanders promoted justice and honest governance.