Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Make a list of the current women leaders in our country and compare them and their careers with that of the women leaders of the past. Once you have reached the conclusion, discuss your answer with your teacher.

To ensure that the muqtis performed their duties their office was made noninheritable, and they kept getting shifted from one iqta to another.

(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was Kabul.
(b) The five Deccan Sultanates were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda.
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sawar indicated his military responsibility.
(d) Abul Fazl, Akbar’s friend and counselor, helped him frame the idea of sulh-i kul so that he could govern a society composed of many religions, cultures and castes.

Ananga Pala of the Tomara dynasty first established his capital at Delhi.

(b) David Easton

Ibn Batuta travelled to India from Morocco.

The answer is (D) Central Highlands

(a) Political behaviour

Contribution / Importance / Utility of Behaviouralism in the field of Political Science: 

Behaviouralism has provided new study methods, new terminology, new approaches, new concepts, new methods and techniques to the study of Political Science. Dr. S.P. Verma has rightly said that, ‘Behaviouralists have found new areas for research in Political Science and have developed new study methods’.

Effect of Behaviouralism on Political Science and its usefulness and importance can be explained as under: 

1. Establishment of new political science: 

Political Science has been termed as new Political Science only because of the effect of Behaviouralism. It has brought into light the shortcomings of traditionalism. It has tried to make Political Science more value neutral, realistic and objective.

2. Providing scientific approach to Political Science:

Behaviouralism has laid. stress on the use of scientific methods to study Political Science. It has used research methods, questionnaire method, interview methods and statistical methods in Political Science.

3. Change in subject matter: 

Political institutions were the center of study in traditional Political Science, whereas Behaviouralism has made human behaviour the central point in study of Political Science instead of theoretical explanation of political organizations, and considered human behaviour to be the basic unit of study.

4. Establishment of inter – disciplinary approach: 

Behaviouralism has provided inter – disciplinary approach to Political Science and inspired the concept that study of Political Science should be done in context of other social sciences. This has broadened the outlook of political thinkers. 

5. Alternative concepts: 

Behaviouralism has provided many alternative concepts to Political Science which has a special importance in study of Political Science; for example, power groups, will power, voting behaviour and research method, etc. 

6. Making the study of Political Science more realistic: 

Behaviouralism has laid stress in the study of Political Science on ‘what is’ instead of ‘What should be’. In this way, Behaviouralism has made the study of Political Science more realistic.

On political behaviour.

Stress on value neutrality.

In context of Behaviouralism verification means that whatever rules are made about human behaviour, their truthfulness should be tested.

Behaviouralistic thinkers accept only behaviouralistic study methods to study Political Science. They do not gived any importance to other study methods. In this regard, the famous thinker Sibli thinks that, If study of Political Science is not to be done only on the basis that what could be the behaviour of a man in the given circumstances, but on the basis also that what is he today what was he yesterday, what he would be tomorrow and what should be, then only behaviouralism would be more useful and practical.

We need to take help from history of political thinking, policy making, philosophy, cultural history, imaginative political philosophy of traditionalism. Political development directs political experiences and political explanations”.

Behaviouralism.

According to Post – Behaviouralism the purpose of Political Science is to attain that knowledge which in helpful is re – construction of the society.

Differences in traditionalism and Post – Behaviouralism: 

1. Difference in phases of development: 

Traditionalism presents the development of Political Science in 19th century. This represents the traditional aspect of Political Science, where as, Post – Behaviouralism presents the development of Political Science in modern times. 

2. Difference in approach to study: 

Traditionalism studies Political Science through value – based approach, where as, Post – Behaviouralism accepts the realistic approach also along with the value – based approach to study political phenomenon.

Post – Behaviouralism is result of dissatisfaction with Behaviouralism Values are ignored in Behaviouralism research and importance is given only to facts. Behaviouralism asserts that study of values is weakness of scientific approach and science means facts – based study, whereas Post – Behaviouralism believes that both values and facts are relevant and useful for study. Thus, it is unnatural to differentiate between these two facets of Political Science, which in true sense, should be alive in both ways, scientific and political. Thus, importance of values in study of Political Science cannot be ignored.

Criticism of Post – Behaviouralism: 

1. Inter – contrast: 

Post – Behaviouralism asserts the importance of both values and facts in study. As a result, there are inter-contrasts in Post – Behaviouralism Post behaviouralists want the study of Political Science to be value – based, ideological, subjective but value – neutral, realistic and objective which is impossible. 

2. Unscientific Approach: 

Post – behaviouralistic thinkers give more importance to gist than procedure, which means they first determine the aim of research. Then they finalize the procedural technique. Thus, the study of Post – Behaviouralism suffers from prejudices. Such study is called unscientific.

Specified amount is paid regularly every year by the members of the institution to continue their membership, it is known as subscription. Subscription is also known as annual membership fees. For institutions, subscription is a main revenue income. It means subscription is the main source of income of the institution. Subscription is recorded on the income side of the Income and Expenditure Account as revenue income.

Meaning: The account which is prepared by non-trading concerns at the end of the year to know the result (Surplus or Deficit) of the institution, is known as Income-Expenditure Account.

Explanation:

On the debit side of this account, current year’s revenue expenses and on the credit side current year’s revenue incomes are recorded.
The non-cash transactions like bad debts, provision for doubtful debts, depreciation, etc. are also recorded in this account.
The main purpose to prepare this account is to know whether the expenses incurred during the relevant year or time period, are within the rules and regulations.

Points to be kept in mind while preparing the Income-Expenditure Account:

• Keep in mind the year for which the Income- Expenditure Account has to be prepared.
• On the debit side of the Income-Expenditure Account, the current year’s revenue expenses are recorded.
• On the credit side of the Income-Expenditure Account, the current year’s revenue incomes are recorded.
• If the total of the credit side of the Income- Expenditure Account is more, then the difference is recorded on the debit side as ‘Excess of income over expenses (profit).’
• If the total of the debit side of the Income- Expenditure Account is more then the difference is recorded on the credit side as ‘Excess of expenses over incomes (loss).’

Following particulars are not to be considered:

• The opening and closing balances of Receipts-Payments Account.
• All capital incomes and capital expenses.
• Last year’s revenue income received in current year.
• Revenue expenses of last year paid in current year.
• Revenue income received for the next year in the current year.
• Revenue expenses paid for the next year in the current year.

Following details to be considered (which are not shown in the receipts and payments accounts):

• Depreciation, bad-debts reserve, provision for taxation, etc.
• Current year’s outstanding income to be received and current year’s expenses to be paid.
• Current year’s revenue income which was received in the last year and current year’s revenue expenses which was paid in the last year.

Meaning: A summary prepared by non-trading concern, of cash receipts and cash payments effected during the year, is known as Receipts- Payments Account.

Explanation:

• Receipts-Payments Account is a type of Cash-book/Cash Account.
• Opening and closing cash balance and bank balance (or bank overdraft) are shown in this account.
• On its debit side cash receipts and on credit side cash payments are recorded.
• In addition to cash transactions, bank transactions are also recorded in the account.
• This account is a short summary of cash transactions during the year.

Points to be kept in mind while preparing the Receipts-Payments Account:

1. Show the opening cash or bank balance on debit side of Receipts-Payments Account. If there is an opening bank overdraft, then / show it on the credit side of this account.

2. On the debit side of the Receipts and Payments Account, all the cash and cheque received during the year are recorded.

3. On the credit side of the Receipts and Payments Account, all the payments made during the year in cash or cheque are recorded.

4. In the Receipts and Payment Account, amount received or paid for any year are recorded.

5. In the Receipts and Payments Account, the capital income and the revenue incomes, the capital expense and revenue expense both are recorded.

6. In the Receipts and Payments Account, the outstanding incomes and expenses are not recorded.

7. The non-cash transactions are not recorded in the Receipts and Payments Account. For e.g., Depreciation, Bad-debts reserve, Credit purchase of assets, Taxation provision, etc.

8. While closing the Receipts and Payments Account:

• If the total of the debit side is more, then the difference is recorded on the credit side and is the closing balance.
• If the total of credit side is more, the difference is recorded on the debit side and it is the closing bank overdraft.

Many times, huge amounts of revenue expenses are incurred and the benefit of which is received by the concern for a long period of time. This expense is treated as a revenue expense and is written off by allocating the same proportionately over a number of years in which, the benefit is likely to be received.

Such types of expenses are known as Deferred Revenue Expenses. The portion which is not written off is shown in the Balance Sheet on the Assets side, which is known as fictitious asset.

Illustrations: Preliminary expenses, Expenses on issue of shares or debentures, Repairing expenses on large scale, underwriting commission, etc. are included in the Deferred Revenue expense.

At high attitudes the availability of oxygen is low. Therefore, it is advised to take it easy and take rest during the initial period of high attitude trip because during this period of early rest the body compensates for the low O₂ availability by increasing RBC production and increasing the breathing rate.

The amount received for specific purpose is credited to the fund account for which it is received and not to the capital fund account. For e.g., Fund for building, President’s felicitation fund, Fund for prizes, etc. If funds are received for specific purpose then all the expenses relating to the fund are subtracted from the fund. For e.g., if fund is received for prizes, then all expenses relating to prizes are subtracted from the prize fund.

The expenses of prize fund are not shown in the Income and Expenditure Account. If thie amount of the fund is invested in specific securities then interest received on such investments are not credited to Income and Expenditure Account but the amount of interest received is added to the respective fund.

If expense incurred is more than the specifice fund amount, the amount of difference is treated as revenue expense and debited to the Income and Expenditure Account.

If the concern receives any assets or property by the will of the deceased person, then it is called legacy. This amount is a capital income and so it is added to capital fund.

The TV set has already been mended by him

The wall is being decorated by them

No. If foreign companies come for trade in India today, they cannot establish their power because today India is a democratic, sovereign, republic nation.

Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, pulled down the new building of Fort William of Kolkata which was built by the British. So there was a battle between Siraj-ud-Daulah and British army under the leadership of Robert Clive in Plassey in 1757 C.E. The British were victorious in that battle. Consequently, the British got estates of 24 native states. The British had not come in conflict with any king in India before this. For the first time, they came in conflict with the Nawab of Bengal and were victorious. Thus, the British established their rule first in Bengal.

The British needed to conquer the Sikh and Afghan territories in South India and Central India by Subsidiary Alliance and Annexation policy. After that, the British wished to establish their rule in North India. If they wanted to establish their rule in North India, they would have to establish their rule on the Sikh empire and Afghan states. Moreover, the Sikh empire and Afghan states were situated on the north-west border of India. If they could rule these states, they could stop any foreign attack from this border. So the British had to establish their rule over the Sikh empire and Afghan states.

Circumstance that Created Jallianwala Bagh Incident The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed by the British government despite the united opposition of the Indian members. This Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of any person without trial for two years.

Gandhi ji wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws. Rallies were organised in different cities. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, British administration imposed martial law in Amritsar. On 13th April, 1919, General Dyer fired at the innocent people who gathered in Jallianwalla Bagh killing hundreds.

Reaction of People As the news spread, crowds took to the streets and there were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

On 13 April, a crowd of villagers gathered in an enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh near Amritsar. These people came there to attend a fair and were unaware of the current political situation or about the martial law imposed by the military governor General Dyer. Dyer entered the ground, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the innocent crowd, killing hundreds. This incident is referred to as the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre. General Dyer declared that his main aim was to produce a moral effect and to create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind of the satyagrahis. This incident proved to be a turning point in the Indian national movement. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh massacre spread, crowds took to streets in many towns in North India. There were strikes and clashes with police and attacks on government buildings. The government responded with brutal repression. Innocent people were humiliated and terrorised. People were flogged and villages were burnt for no reason. The national leaders were shocked at this inhumane treatment with fellow Indians and pledged to protest. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements were started after a few months. The main aim of these movements was to protest against Jallianwalla Bagh incident and demand swaraj.

The things that we and other living organisms (plants and animals) required for living and provided as natural gifts are called natural resources.

Every natural region has a combination of a particular climate and physical elements different from other. On this basis, the classification of the natural regions is done for the facility to adopt it by human beings adjusting the natural impact of human occupations. 

Four natural regions : Equatorial Region, Tropical Grasslands (Savanah), Tropical Monsoon type and Tropical Deserts.

Gross National Product (GNP): 

1. GNP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens (including income of those located abroad), minus income of non – residents located in that country.

2. GNP is one measure of the economic condition of a country, under the assumption that a higher GNP leads to a higher quality of living, all other things being equal.

1. Economic development refers to the problems of underdeveloped countries and economic growth to those of developed countries. 

2. Economic development deals with the problems of UDCs. Change is discontinuous and spontaneous. 

3. Economic development is not determined by any single factor. Economic development depends on Economic, Social, Political and Religious factors.

Economic Growth:

1. Deals with the problems of Developed countries 

2. Change is gradual and steady 

3. Means more output 

4. Concerns Quantitative aspects i.e. increase in per capital income 

5. Narrow

Economic Development: 

1. Deals with the problems of UDCs 

2. Change is discontinuous and spontaneous 

3. Means not only more output but also its composition 

4. Quantitative as well as Qualitative 

5. Wider concept Development = Growth + Change

1. Economic development is regarded as a process whereby there is an increase in the consumption of goods and services by individuals. 

.2. From the welfare perspective, economic development is defined as a sustained improvement in health, literacy and standard of living.

Many large peninsular rivers drain their waters in the Bay of Bengal and on the contrary only small seasonal coastal rivers drain in the Arabian sea. Hence the salinity of Arabian sea is more than the Bay of Bengal.

Correct Answer is: (c) Rs 810 

Correct Answer is: (a) Rs 0.8

(a) Higher aggregate demand

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