Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(i) F_x = \(\frac{dp_x}{dt}\) = ma_x,

(ii) F_y = \(\frac{dp_y}{dt}\) = ma_y, and

(iii) F_z = \(\frac{dp_x}{dt}\) = ma_z,

When a system is kept free from the effect of external force, the internal forces due to mutual interaction between pairs of particles in the system can cause change in the momentum of individual particles. But for each and every pairs the interacting forces are equal and opposite .so the total momentum remains same due to cancellation of changes in momentum in pairs.

Actinomycetes are also called ‘Ray Fungi’ due to their mycelia like growth. Eg : Streptomyces. 

• Pili or Fimbriae are hair like appendages found on surface of cell wall of gram-negative bacteria Eg: Enterobacterium.
• The pili are 0.2 to 20 µm long with a diameter of about 250Å.
• In addition to normal pili there are special type of pili which help in conjugation called sex pili are also found. 

• Yes a complete virus particle refers to virus with capsid and nucleic acid. 
• Viruses cannot infect a host. If nucleic acid is not present.

• Actinomycetes or ‘Ray fungi’ are anaerobic or facultative anaerobic microorganisms.
• They show mycelia like growth. 
• Eg : Streptomyces. 

The sourness of curd is due to lactic acid. 

Shiv Ram Kashyap has done a lot of work on Bryophytes. 

Ruggerio et al., in 2015 proposed 7 kingdom classification.

• Once the contact is established between tail fibres of phase and bacterial cell, tall fibres bend to anchor the pins and base plate to the cell surface.
• This step is called pinning.

Kingdom Monera,

• kingdom: Protista,
• Kingdom: Mycota,
• Kingdom: Metaphyta,
• Kingdom: Metazoa. 

Institute of palaeobotany is located in Lucknow. 

Flagella and gliding

Aplanospores are formed endogeously so, within the sporangia whereas conidia is formed exogenously, outside sporangia.

• All monerans are Prokaryotes, so that they do not contain true nucleus.
• They do not contain mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgibody etc. But ribosomes are present they are 70 S type.

• Moneras are Prokaryotes i.e.., they do not contain a true nucleus.
• Nuclear membranes is absent.
• Cell wall of minerals is made up of Murein.
• Cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi body, Endoplasmic reticulum are absent.
• Ribosomes are 70S type.
• The Genetic material is double-stranded DNA which is in the form of circular loop. It is called Nucleoid. It is free from histone proteins.
• Photosynthetic monerans contain pigments and pigments are present inside lamellae but not in chloroplasts.
• Mode of Nutrition is Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Cell division does not involve mitosis and meiosis

Aristotle is the father of Biology.

A plant secretion that is a efficient preservative Amber. 

c. Mycoplasma 

• The Bacterial Chromosome is a single circular DNA molecule, tightly coiled and is not enclosed in a membrane as in Eukaryotes. 
• This genetic material is called Nucleoid or Genophore. 
• The DNA is not bound to histone proteins. 

Plant diseases caused by fungi:

Pine is a Iiana.

Vessels are seen in Selaginella. 

Human diseases caused by fungi: 

A plant growth promoter got from fungi is Gibberellin. 

Penicillin, cephalosporins and griseofulvin. 

b. Tobacco mosaic virus

The answer is  A, D and E 

Pycnidium, acervulus, sporodochium and synnemata. 

The answer is  b. Volvox 

Xylem vessels are seen in Gnetum. 

(d) Cyanobacteria

Fucus is used as fodder.

(a) Brown algae 

Correct Answer is: (c) species

The extinction of the dinosaurs is an enigma that has captivated scientists for well over a century. We find the fossilized remains of giant reptiles all over the earth. Yet we do not see any of the creatures alive today. If sparrows are not there the population of birds of prey may also be affected. Apart from this, every constitute of an ecosystem is important from an ant to an elephant. We are eliminating species by species which are important links which make the web of life. Today it’s these species which are getting extinct.

The recent molecular taxonomical tools can be used to identify and classify the organism. 

The following molecular techniques and approaches are used in molecular tools.

(a) DNA bar coding – Short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify whether it belongs to a particular species.

(b) DNA hybridization – Measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences.

(c) DNA finger printing – to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA.

(d) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis- difference in homologous DNA sequences can be detected by the presence of fragments of different lengths after digestion of DNA samples.

(e) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing- to amplify a specific gene, or portion of gene.

(b) They are reproductively isolated

• Identifying, describing, naming, arranging, preserving and documenting the organisms.
• Investigating evolutionary history of the species, their adaptations to the environment and the interrelationship among species.

Correct Answer is : (d) Order

Correct Answer is : (c) Liger

7.7 x 10^-4 (decimal is shifted by four positions).

It states that a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by weight.

Family: 

Family is a group of related genera. 

It is the lower taxon e.g. felidae

Order: 

Order is a group of related families. 

It is the higher taxon e.g. Carnivora

Context : The wounded King Arthur is going on his mysterious journey. He bids goodbye to his favourite knight Bedivere. He requests him to pray for the peace of his soul. He tells him the power of prayer that even the impossible works become possible by prayer. 

Explanation : In this stanza the poet tells us the power of prayer and distinction between men and animals. The animals do not have brain. They can’t use their reasoning power. They have no knowledge of God. But man knows what God is. So he should pray to God for himself and for his friends. So the people who do not pray to God are just like animals. Prayer is what we say due to affection. It is affection that binds us with God. So prayer is very necessary and effective.

Reference : This stanza has been taken from the poem The Passing of Arthur composed by Alfred Lord Tennyson.

Context : The wounded King Arthur is going on his mysterious journey. He bids goodbye to his favourite knight Bedivere. He is very weak, so he speaks in a very low voice. He consoles him saying that he should not be sad on the ending of the age of chivalry. 

Explanation : In this opening stanza the king Arthur speaks to Bedivere in a low voice, “Change is the law of nature. One thing does not remain the same at all times. The old systems change and new systems take their place. God also changes His ways in fulfilling His purposes. Even a good system may be harmful in the long run if a change is not brought in it in due course. One good system if it continues for a long time, may spoil the whole world.” 

Context : King Arthur was fatally wounded in a battle. He asked his knight, Sir Bedivere to put him in the boat. When the boat began to sail, Sir Bedivere was sad. King Arthur is consoling the knight. 

Explanation : King Arthur asks the knight to feel comfortable from his side as his life is almost over. He has performed duties of his life. He hopes and prays that God may accept his work by purifying it of all its unworthiness. Then he asks the knight to pray for the peace if his soul does not find him alive in the world. King Arthur points out that more things are done by prayer than people think of. Sometimes prayers do wonders and unimaginable things. Therefore, King Arthur asks his knight to pray for him day and night. But the prayer should be spontaneous like a fountain that flows on continuously.

(a) Tuberculosis

1. For the newspaper

2. It was nine o’clock in the morning.

3. On foot

4. Mrs. Rupa

5. The street was full of litter and garbage.