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The sun, moon, and earth come in a straight line on full moon and new moon days. The tidal force will be intense due to the combined influence of sun and moon. As a result, the tides formed on these days will be stronger. These are known as spring tides. The moon and the sun will be at an angular distance of 90° from the earth after seven days from the full moon and new moon days. As the sun and the moon attract the earth from an angular distance of 90° the tides casued are weak. Such weak tides are known as neap tides. Note the positions of the earth, moon, and sun in the given diagram

Gupta dynasty was established in the fourth century.

1. economics, political science 

2. 272 BC 

3. Prakrit 

4. Kanishka 

5. Kumar Devi

Moryan Emperor Bindusar was the father of Ashoka, the Great.

Answer is: (b) Selucus

In his last days, Chandragupta Morya adopted Bhadrabahu as his guru at Shravanbelagola.

Chandragupta-I was the first ruler of Gupta dynasty. He ruled Magadh from 319 to 320 AD. He united the whole of India and brought it under his vast regime. He was a capable administrator, a protector of art and literature and a liberal ruler.

Chandragupta-II was the son and the heir of Samudragupta. He was capable and influential just like Samudragupta. He was a protector of art and education and was a capable warrior. He himself was a scholar and was the protector of scholars. There was a group of nine scholars in his court, who were known as the ‘Navratanas’. Chandragupta II defeated the Shaks and the RushAnswer: His Empire extended on a very large land part of India. After conducting various victorious campaigns, he gained the title of ‘Vikramaditya’ and founded the Vikram Samvat.

Ashoka’s religious policy was based on tolerance. He had adopted a liberal policy towards all the religions. Ashoka emphasized on good behaviour in the life and declared animal sacrifice as a punishable crime. In order to maintain brotherhood and unity among the people of various religions, Ashoka provided moralistic education to them and inspired the people to behave decently with others. In his religious policy, Ashoka included daily routine policies like not to fight with neighbours, and have amicable relations with the followers of other religions.

Samudragupta’s minister and writer Harishen composed the ‘Prayag Prashasti.

Answer is: (b) Taxila

Ghananand – Ghananand was the last powerful ruler of the Nand dynasty. He was the ruler of Magadh in the fourth century BC. The people were suffering from his tyranny. 

He had insulted Acharya Chanakya in his court.

Acharya Chanakya – Due to his being a skilled politician, Acharya Chanakya is also known by the name of Kautilya. Vishnugupta is another name of Chanakya. He was a teacher in Taxila University. Acharya Chanakya trained an ordinary student named Chandragupta Morya under his own supervision and removed Ghananand from the throne of Magadh. He made Chandragupta the ruler of Magadh and became his principal adviser (Pradhan Mantri). Chanakya had written a book named ‘Arthshastra’, from which we obtain information about the system of governance and the political system during the Morya dynasty. Acahrya Chanakya wished to unite India in one bond. He extended significant contribution in the establishment of the Morya Empire.

Chandragupta Morya – With the help of Chanakya, Chandragupta Mory t defeated Nand dynasty ruler Ghananand Magadh, and became the ruler in 22 BC. Chandragupta had leadership qualities right from his childhood, and Chanakya also was quite influenced by this. Later, Chandragupta Morya defeated small kingdoms and established a large empire. He defeated Selucus in a war and married his daughter. Magasthanese, the emissary of Selucus, visited the court of Chandragupta Morya and he composed a book entitled ‘Indica’. In his last days of life, Chandragupta adopted Bhadrabahu as his guru at a place named Shravanbelagola, and adopted the path of meditation.

Magasthanese – Magasthanese visited the court of Chandragupta Morya in the form of the emissary of Selucus and he wrote a book named ‘Indica’, which provides information about the system of governance during the Moryan period. ‘Indica’ is not available in its original form, but the Greeks have included some of the instances described in it into their literature.

Bindusar – Bindusar was the son of Chandragupta Morya. He is also known by the name of Amitraghat. Acharya Chanakya also served him as his principal advisor. He ruled up to 272 BC. Bindusar had retained the glory of the Morya Empire.

Acharya Chankya took the vow in the court of Ghananand (fourth century BC), because Ghananand had insulted Acharya Chanakya in his court.

Uneven semi – daily tides occurring in a place is called the Mixed Tide. In this, the height of both the tides is unequal.

Waves and ripples are produced in the water by the friction of oceanic water and air.

The waves always rise and fall on the surface of the ocean water. According to Richard, “Waves are the turbulence of the liquid surface of the ocean.” This is the most extensive and ubiquitous motion of the ocean water. 

There are two main causes of the origin of ocean waves:

1. By the blowing of winds. 

2. When water surface becomes wavy by the motion in the earth’s crust.

Waves are the rocky motion on the ocean surface. In this, the water level of ocean rises up and falls down, but water does not move from its place to another place. If a floating object (like : a piece of wood) is thrown at the water level, then it will sway back and forth, up and down at its own place, while the waves will appear flowing further.

Correct Answer is : (c) Wave

On the basis of temperature, there are two types of currents: 

1. Warm Currents. 

2. Cold Currents.

Alaska Current flows along the western coast of North America from the south towards the north.

Correct Answer is :(b) 28 days

(c) when the sun, the earth and the moon are in a straight line

Correct Answer is : (b) Perigee

(a) in the eastern part of Asia

When the distance between the moon and the earth is the maximum, such a situation is called Apogee. In this situation, the distance between the moon and the earth is 407000 km.

When the distance between the earth and the sun is the minimum, it is called Perihelion. In this situation, the distance between the earth and the sun is 14.7 million km.

(d) both (a) and (b)

Correct Answer is: (c) 3

The continuous flow of ocean water in a particular direction from one place of the ocean to another place is called Ocean Current. Water is stable on both the edges and below the current. In other words, ocean currents are similar to the rivers flowing on the land, but ocean currents are more dynamic than terrestrial rivers. According to Monkhouse, “The movement of current is in a certain direction.”

When the moon is at the minimum distance (356000 km.) from the earth, such a situation is called Perigee.

When the tides occur twice everyday at a place, such tides are called Semi – Daily Tides. In this, every tide occurs after an interval of 12 hours 26 minutes.

Tide and Ebb occurring everyday at a place is called Daily Tide. This tide occurs everyday after an interval of 24 hours 52 minutes.

When the distance between- the earth and the sun is the maximum, it is called Aphelion. In this situation, the distance between the earth and the sun is 15.2 million km.

The tides originate by the gravitational force of the earth, the moon and the sun.

There are three major types of motions in the oceans: 

1. Waves 

2. Tides 

3. Currents

Tide is an important process of the motions of the sea water because the tidal waves produced by the gravitational force of the sun and the moon rise up and fall down regularly. The water level of the sea does not remain the same. This sea water rises up and falls down twice a day at a fixed interval. Rising up of the sea level is called Tide and its falling down is called Ebb. The nature and height of the tides vary at different places.

For the origin of currents occurring in the oceanic regions, the following factors are held responsible:

1. Nature of the Earth: Gravitational Force, Rotation 

2. External Ocean Causes: Atmospheric Pressure and Winds, Evaporation and Rainfall 

3. Internal Ocean Causes: Pressure, Temperature, Salinity, Density, Snow – melting. 

4. Factors That Transform the Currents: Shape of Coastline, Climatic Change, Structure of oceanic bottom, etc.

The high and destructive waves occurring in the oceanic regions due to the tectonic processes are called Tsunami.

According to the expected position of the earth, the moon and the sun, the height of tides increases or decreases. 

On this basis, there are two types of tides:

1. Spring Tide

2. Neap Tide

There are two main causes of origin of the oceanic waves:

1. By blowing of winds 

2. when the water surface becomes wavy by the motion in the earth’s crust.

This is a cold water current. One branch of the West Winds Drift flows through the south of Australia and the other branch turns north from the west coast of Australia. This second branch is called the West Australian Current.

The currents which flow from cold regions towards hot regions are called cold currents. These currents flow from the poles towards the equator. The temperature of their water is low, due to which they reduce the temperature of the regions in which they flow.

The currents which flow from the hot regions towards the cold regions are called Warm Currents. Due to higher temperature of their water, they increase the temperature of the regions in which they flow. They usually flow from the equator towards the poles.

There are three types of waves originated by the winds: 

1. See 

2. Swale 

3. Surf

1. See: When waves with different wave lengths or directions originate in the sea simultaneously, an irregular wave format is formed, which is called See.

2. Swale: When the waves move away from the influence of those winds that have created them, the waves sustain a uniform height and periodicity. This is called Swale. 

3. Surf: When the waves reach near the seashore, their slopes become steep and their the height increases. After reaching the shore, they proceed back to the sea. In these coastal areas, these breaking waves are called Surf.

Other Waves: In addition to these waves, there are also Tsunami, Stormy Waves and Internal Waves.

Correct Answer is : (a) Richard

In the structure of the waves, the following parts of wave are found:

1. Wave Crest: The crest of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of positive or upward displacement from the rest position. 

2. Wave Trough: The trough of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of negative or downward displacement from the rest position.

3. Wave Length: The distance between two successive crests of a wave is called its wave length.

See: When waves with different wave lengths or directions originate in the sea simultaneously, an irregular wave format is formed, which is called See.

Waves refer to the rocky motion of the water found on the ocean surface. In it, the level of water of the ocean rises up and falls down, but water does not move from its place to some other place.

1. Wave Crest: The crest of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of positive or upward displacement from the rest position. 

2. Wave Trough: The trough of a wave is the point on the medium that exhibits the maximum amount of negative or downward displacement from the rest position.

The distance between two successive crests of a wave is called its Wave Length.

Correct Answer is : (d) Tide