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Marxist line of thought

Socialism prohibits the extremism of individualism.

Without agricultural development, the country cannot be industrialized.

It kills the sentiments of responsibility.

Without Collectivism, the value of the person is zero.

He has given the principle of integral humanism.

Self-reliance’ can only be achieved by giving priority to agriculture.

Pandit ji did his B.A. with first division from Birla College in Rajasthan.

Indian Culture

Family Institution

Sentiment of labour is a compelled sentiment.

1. Chandragupta Maurya 

2. Indivisible India 

3. Tax or Robbery 

4. Betrayal

His upbringing was done with his maternal uncle Radha Raman Shukla.

He was born in village Dhankiya on the rail route between Jaipur-Ajmer in Rajasthan.

Approx 70% of people earn their livelihood from agriculture.

Agricultural sector has the ability to give employment through little investment.

He gave his high school examination at Kalyan High School, Sikar.

Pandit Deendayal was against cooperative farming.

Work for Everyone.

Approx 60% of the national income comes from agriculture.

In Western philosophy of life and in Indian philosophy of life, there is a great contrast regarding the relationship between an individual and the entirety of existence. Western thoughts have largely been reactionary. Democracy was born as a reaction to the monopolistic religious seat of Rome, and the capitalism which followed democracy has its reaction in the birth of socialism and communism. The western scholars have thought separately about individual life, holistic life of a family, nation, world and mankind as separate major components.

Upadhyay considers the conflict of individual and society for property ownership to be wrong. He says that every person is a representative of society, so he is a trustee or guardian of a part of the property of the society. The person himself is a part of the society, so he himself is the heritage of society, therefore, the unfailing authority on the property is of the society itself. Upadhyay neither accepts the person’s unlimited ownership on the property, nor the unlimited state authority over it.

Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay was an epitome of simple living , high thinking, humble behaviour and dedication.

(c) Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Our Villages and Districts.

Big industries generate disparity in the society and create a situation of class struggle.

Upadhyay’s economic culture is- Moderate production, distribution and controlled consumption.

Integrated human philosophy implies- the philosophy of integrated relations of human life with the entire nature. This is a philosophy of life which does not only think of dealing with a single perspective of ‘economic man’ but also shows the direction of prosperous, happy life, keeping in mind the holistic aspects of life and the mutually complementary relationship of man with other men and supra-human nature.

Integrated human philosophy is the philosophy of life of Indian culture which is the focal point of the philosophy that practises methods to attain the manly efforts of the four objectives of religion instilled with intellect and spirit, wealth, physical conquest and salvation. The thought of the holistic without the individual is impossible and the value of the individual without the holistic is zero. Like an individual, the society also needs efforts to obtain wealth. If wealth is not available in sufficient quantity, society’s welfare will not exist in a proper way. When the lack or effect of wealth is holistic, then the holistic also faces many problems. In our society the entity of individual and society, their happiness, sorrow, benefits and harm are not only linked with each other but also dependent on each other. Here the ‘Ashrama’ system and the ‘Varna’ system have been built with the objective of harmonizing individual life with holistic life.

(a) Uncontrolled consumption

Following are the main characteristics of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay’s economic policy :

• Wealth in Indian Culture : Religion has always been considered the fundamental manly effort and wealth in Indian culture, and a structure is needed for economic re-construction on the basis of religion.
• Psychology of Wealth : Pt. Deen Dayal is of the view that lack of wealth makes man a thief. The lack of wealth in society or insufficiency of means in society or lack of ethics-oriented planning, turns the wrongs in society into right, and similarly, the influence of wealth also destroys religion. Thus, such standards be made in society that everything should not be bought with money.
• Questions of Ownership : The seminal conflict between individualism and socialism has produced a new dimension, whether the individual should have the right over property/ wealth or should the state have the right over it.
• Prohibition on Capitalism and Socialism : Upadhyay was a strong opponent of centralization of the power of unlimited production in the hands of some people. The tendency of capitalism is the centralized financial power in the hands of some people.
• Economic Democracy : Upadhyay does not consider democracy only to be a dimension of political life. He is of the view that as ‘vote for everyone’ is a conclusion of political democracy, so is ‘work for everyone’ a standard measure of economic democracy.
• Prohibition on Heavy Industries : Because of centralization of production of heavy industries and domination of mechanization on demand and supply, heavy industries assume dictatorial tendencies and become inhuman.
• Moderate Industrial Policy : Upadhyay, inspite of being opposed to heavy industries, supported the development of a healthy industrialization. Thus, he was in favour of a moderate (i.e. an industrial policy which produced a little more than needed for self-reliance) industrial policy.
• De-centralised Economy : According to Upadhyay, the basis of economy should be our villages and districts. Economic planning which depopulates villages will ultimately prove to be the one to depopulate India. Systems which get trapped in the vicious cycle of heavy industries and centralization are hard to be brought back on track.

Moderate means, an industrial policy which produced a little more than needed for self-reliance.

Following are the four principles on which capitalism stand : 

1. Struggle for existence 

2. Survival for existence 

3. Exploitation of nature 

4. Individual rights

The objective of every economic system is to provide the facility of prosperous and comfortable (joyful) life to its citizens. These economic systems are making all-out efforts to achieve economic prosperity. This compulsion has given rise to many inventions, found many sources of economic means and increased production many times over. In the race for economic prosperity, some countries surged ahead while some lagged behind. However the very prosperous ‘ economies and very backward economies have their own specific problems. To resolve these problems, capitalism and communist ideology flourished in the western countries. Capitalism does not exist in its original form anywhere in the world, and communism and socialism changed many forms and has now almost vanished from the world map. 

Capitalism stands on four principles :

1. Struggle for existence 

2. Survival of existence 

3. Exploitation of nature 

4. Individual rights

According to Upadhyay, capitalism developed on the basis of these four principles. Adam Smith writes at one place “Never do good for others, and if at all you want to do good to others, do it when by doing this you derive some benefit.” Keynes said, “ If in the coming hundred generations truth is not useful and if falsehood is suitable, then we should accept the truth to be false and falsehood to be the truth. The hunger for earning more and more wealth, the race for earning more and more profit and the skills needed for this are our gods for some time to come.”

The thoughts of Adam Smith and Keynes, due to the propounding of principles like ‘struggle for existence’ and ‘survival for existence’, have made life in capitalist countries very competitive. Every man, for the fear of lagging behind others, began working day and night like a machine, which resulted in ailments like high blood pressure, hypertension, heart problems, etc becoming increasingly common in life.

Adam Smith and Keynes

Struggle for existence

Correct Answer is: (b) 4

Because of centralization of production of heavy industries and domination of mechanization on demand and supply, heavy industries assume dictatorial tendencies and become inhuman Upadhyay was against heavy industries. 

He considered heavy industries to be of dictatorial tendency and inhuman because of the following reasons :

1. It destroys the harmony and uniformity of Indian society. 

2. It does not complement the independent producer- craftsman, but opposes entrepreneurship. 

3. It is against the target of ‘work for all’ and promotes technological unemployment. 

4. Heavy industries are capital intensive which is beyond the capacity of Indian producers. 

5. Their import dependence is much more which heavily burdens our balance of payments status. 

6. A very heavy social cost has to be borne for them. The acute problems of health, housing, water supply, etc. arise because of urbanization. 

7. Their production and management systems are very complex. 

8. Exploitative and middlemen systems are born between agriculture and industries. 

9. Since these are concentrated at one location, extensive and pan-national development is obstructed. 

10.The lobby of large industries becomes so powerful that it begins to control the politics of the country. 

11.Heavy industries create inequality in society and cause situations of classconflict to arise. Apart from all this, a dangerous aspect of heavy industries is that big industrialists strike a friendship with foreign capital investors. Upadhyay’s view is that our country should not be industrialized on the strength of foreign capital.

(b) Philosophy of integral humanism

He expressed his views on integrated Human Philosophy, Integrated Economic Policy, Socialism, Decentralization, Economy, Prohibition of Mechanisation, Prohibition of cooperative Farms., Foreign Capital, Wealth Culture, etc.

Following are the four principles of capitalism: 

1. Struggle for existence 

2. Survival for existence 

3. Exploitation of nature 

4. Individual rights

Pandit ji believed that cooperative farming would be against our need for maximum production. Today’s landowner will become landless, and dictatorship will be stronger than democracy.

Philosophy of integral humanism.

According to Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay, due to the centralization of large industries and production and due to overwhelming influence of mechanization over demand and fulfillment, large industries become of dictatorial tendency and inhuman. Upadhyay was against heavy industries. 

He considered heavy industries to be inhuman and dictatorial due to the following reasons:

1. This will reduce equality in-Indian society. 

2. These independent producers are not complementary to the craftsman but are unfavourable. 

3. They are unfavourable to the principle of work to each and increase technological unemployment. 

4. It is capital intensive, which is outside the capacity of the Indian producer. 

5. They have a lot of import dependency which puts a heavy burden on our balance of payments. 

6. A lot of social price has to be paid for them. Due to urbanization, a huge problem of health, housing, water supply, etc arises. 

7. Its production and the management system is complex.

8. It gives birth to exploitation and brokerage units between agriculture and industries. 

9. Being concentrated in one place, it obstructs the path of universal and comprehensive development. 

10.The lobby of large industries becomes so powerful that they take control of the country’s politics. 

11.Big industries generate disparities, and create class-conflict situations in society. Apart from all this, a dangerous side of the big industries is that the big industrialists forge friendship with their foreign capital investors. He is of the view that our country should not be industrialized on the basis of foreign capital. In addition to the political influence of foreign capital, economic effects are also inauspicious. The use of foreign capital exploits indigenous labour.

Following are the main creations : 

1. Chandragupta Maurya 

2. Jagatguru Shankracharya 

3. Jana Sangha : Principles and Policies 

4. Indivisible India 

5. American Foodgrain P.L. 480 

6. Indian Economic Policy 

7. The Problem of unemployment and its solution 

8. Unitary Humanism 

9. Tax or Loot 

10.Problems of National Life 

11.Breach of Trust (Vishwasghaat)

According to Upadhyay ji, three activities of production, distribution and consumption control man’s economic life. Uncontrolled and incontinent consumption encourages disparity and loot in distribution. Production has no dignity and this results in an uncultured life. The formula for Upadhyay’s economic culture is – moderate production, equitable distribution and controlled/ balanced consumption.

(d) All of these

Upadhyay does not consider democracy as a dimension of political life. He believes that as each vote is a connotation of political democracy, so is the principle of work for everyone a proof of economic democracy. Work firstly is to earn a living and every person has the freedom to choose his line of work. If the justified part of the national income is not received in return for work, then the work will be counted as useless. Economic democracy is necessary to develop the self-employment sector. For this, the decentralization of economy is essential.

According to Upadhyay, production, distribution and consumption, these three human activities regulate its economic life. The formula of Upadhyay’s culture is moderate production, distribution and controlled consumption. Sufficient production is required as a moderate production for the requirement of consumption and expected savings. Distribution should be such that bread, clothes, housing, education and medical care; these requirements could be fulfilled by each person.

Upadhyay ji was strongly opposed to the centralization of the power of unlimited production in the hands of some individuals. The trend of landowning is to give financial power in the hands of a few people. Consumption and capitalist fantasies of economic human has divided economic life and human beings. Socialism prohibits the extremism of individualism.

Upadhyay ji considered the small dams more suitable instead of the big dam projects. According to him, 95% of the water can be used for irrigation purposes by small projects, whereas only 55% of the water from a big dam project can be used for agriculture. In addition, the big dam project is mainly capital intensive, which relies on imported material technology and foreign resources.