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Vegetative propagules are the units of vegetative reproduction. These are the vegetative parts of the plants which give rise to new plants, when they come into contact with damp soil or water.

Examples:

(i) Eyes in potato.

(ii) Rhizome of banana and ginger.

(iii) Leaf bud , in Bryophyllum.

(iv) Bulbils in Agave.

The emasculated flowers are covered with a bag of butter paper to prevent contamination of stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging. When this stigma attains receptivity, mature pollen grains are dusted on the stigma and the flowers are rebagged to allow the fruits to develop.

Correct option   (b)  Gametes of parents have qualitatively different genetic composition

Explanation:

• Offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibit more variation than those formed by asexual reproduction because gametes of parents have qualitatively different genetic composition.

• In asexual reproduction due to involvement of only one parent, so there is no chance of variation.

The units of asexual vegetative structures of plants which are capable of giving rise to new individuals/plants are called vegetative propagules. 

Example: 

i. Rhizome of ginger, 

ii. bulbil of Agave, 

iii. leaf buds of Bryophyllum, 

iv. bulbs of onion.

(i) Agave—Bulbil

(ii) Bryophyllum—leaf buds/adventitous buds.

(c) Triticum duram

Correct option (c)  i, ii and iv

Explanation:

Elaborate sexual reproductive process appeared much later in the organic evolution because of

• Lower groups of organisms have simpler body design.

• Asexual reproduction is common in lower groups of organisms.

• High incidence of sexual reproduction in angiosperms and vertebrates.

This is because the nodes have meristematic cells.

Sexual reproduction is the mode of reproduction in which male and female gametes fuse together to form a diploid zygote that grows into new individual.

 (A) Heterogametes (B) Homogametes, Egg and Sperm.

Potato multiplies by buds (eyes) of the tuber (vegetative propagation).

The vegetative propagules of potato is runners and that of Pistia is offsets.

Teak wood is the ideal type of wood for making household furnitures because, it is highly durable and shows great resistance against the attack of termites and fungi. Moreover it doesnot split or crack and is a carpenter friendly wood.

Similar gametes — Homogametes/Isogametes Dissimilar gametes — Heterogametes/Anisogametes.

(c) Cannabis sativa

Spices are accessory foods mainly used for flavouring during food preparation to improve , their palatability. Spices are aromatic plant products and are characterized by sweet or bitter taste. Spices are added in minimal quantities during the cooking process. 

For example black pepper. Condiments, on the other hand, are flavouring substances having a sharp taste and are usually added to food after cooking. For example, curry leaves.

(a) Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is also correct

(b) Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is incorrect

Rice is the easily digestible calorie rich cereal food which is used as a staple food in Southern and North East India. Various rice products such as Flaked rice (Aval), Puffed rice / parched rice (Pori) are used as breakfast cereal or as snack food in different parts of India. Rice bran oil obtained from the rice bran is used in culinary and industrial purposes. Husks are used as fuel, and in the manufacture of packing material and fertilizer.

Ragi (Finger millet) is a kind of millet which has less glycemic index and rich in calcium. Hence consuming ragi food items enhances the bone strength.

Vatam, Pittam and Kapam.

Andrographis paniculata is called as King of Bitters. Andrographis is a potent hepatoprotective agent and is widely used to treat liver disorders. Concoction of Andrographis paniculata and eight other herbs (Nilavembu Kudineer) is effectively used to treat malaria and dengue.

TSM stands for Traditional Systems of Medicines India has a rich medicinal heritage. Anumber of Traditional Systems of Medicine (TSM) are practiced in India some of which come from outside India. TSM in India can be broadly classified into institutionalized or documented and non-institutionalized or oral traditions. Institutionalized Indian systems include Siddha and Ayurveda which are practiced for about two thousand years.

These systems have prescribed texts in which the symptoms, disease diagnosis, drugs to cure, preparation of drugs, dosage and diet regimes, daily and seasonal regimens. Non-institutional systems, whereas, do not have such records and or practiced by rural and tribal peoples across India. The knowledge is mostly held in oral form. The TSM focus on healthy lifestyle and healthy diet for maintaining good health and disease reversal.

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system in which plants/crops are cultivated – in natural ways by using biological inputs to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance thereby minimizing pollution and wastage.

Cashews are commonly used for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries or some sweets. Roasted and raw kernels are used as snacks.

(c) Both A and R are right. R is not correct explanation for A

Inflorescence of palmyra is tapped for its sap which is used as health drink. Sap is processed to get palm jaggery or fermented to give toddy.

1. Botanical name : Corchorus app. 

2. Family: Malvaceae 

3. Origin and Area of cultivation: Jute is derived from the two cultivated species Corchorus capsularis Colittorius is of African origin whereas C. Capsularis, is believed to Indo- Burmaese origin. It is an important cultivated commercial crop in Gangetic plains of India and Bangladesh.

4. Use : It is one of the largest exported fibre material of India. The jute industry occupies an important place in the national economy of India. Jute is used for ‘safe’ packaging in view of being natural, renewable, bio-degradable and eco-friendly product. It is used in bagging and wrapping textile. About 75% of the jute produced is used for manufacturing sacks and bags. It is also used in manufacture of blankets, rags, curtains etc. It is also being used as a textile fibre in recent years.

Pest like aphids, spider and mites can cause serious damage to flowers, fruits, and vegetables. These creatures attack the garden in swarms, and drain the life of the crop and often invite disease in the process. Many chemical pesticides prove unsafe for human and the environment. It turns fruits and vegetables unsafe for consumption. Thankfully, there are many homemade, organic options to turn to war against pests.

The heating of the rubber with sulphur under pressure at 150°C is called vulcanization. It was invented by Charles Goodyear.

1. Botanical name : Vigna mungo

2. Origin and Area of cultivation : Black gram is native to India. Earliest archeobotanical evidences record the presence of black gram about 3,500 years ago. It is cultivated as a rain fed crop in drier parts of India. India contributes to 80% of the global production of black gram. Important states growing black gram in India are Uttar Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Karnataka.

3. Uses : Black gram is eaten whole or split, boiled or roasted or ground into fl our. Black gram batter is a major ingredients for the preparation of popular Southern Indian breakfast dishes. Split pulse is used in seasoning Indian curries.

Sugar cane is the raw material for extracting white sugar. Sugarcane supports large number of industries like sugar mills producing refined sugars, distilleries producing liquor grade ethanol and millions of jaggery manufacturing units. Fresh sugarcane juice is a refreshing drink. Molasses is the raw material for the production of ethyl alcohol.

Processed wheat flour, that has little fibre, is called Maida which is used extensively in making parota, naan and bakery products.

Mango is the major table fruit of India, which is rich in beta carotenes. It is utilized in many ways, as dessert, canned, dried and preserves in Indian cuisine. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in chutneys, pickles, side dishes, or may be eaten raw with salt and chili. Mango pulp is made into jelly. Aerated and non-aerated fruit juice is a popular soft drink.

All are equal on the Earth. The nature means sunlight, air and water all are same to all people. The nature would not discriminate.

Cotton is one of the oldest cultivated crops of the world. It has been cultivated for about 8000 years both in new world and in old world. Commercial cotton comes from four cotton species: two from the new world and two from the old world.

1. Gossypium hirsutum 

2. G.barbadense are the New world species and 

3. G. arboretum 

4. G. herbaceum are the old world species. In India, cotton is cultivated in Gujarat,

The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) is the nodal drug law enforcement and intelligence agency of India and is responsible for fighting drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances.

Botanical name: Vigna radiata Uses It can be used as roasted, cooked and sprouted pulse. Green gram is one of the ingredients of pongal, a popular breakfast dish in Tamil Nadu. Fried dehulled and broken or whole green gram is used as popular snack. The flour is traditionally used as a cosmetic, especially for the skin.

If we fight or war against each other it affects earth and air. 

The two bad effects are 

1. The earth and air will become impure. 

2. Hatredness between brothers increases.

On the earth the life is common to all and all are equal. The strongest man gain his strength by love of all and we should not hate our fellow beings. This is the message that the poet want to convey to us.

1. Botanical name: Setaria italica This is one of the oldest millet used traditionally in India. Which is domesticated first in China about 6000 years. Rich in protein, carbohydrate, vitamin B and C, Potassium and Calcium.

2. Uses:It supports in strengthening of heart and improves eye sight. Thinai porridge is given to lactating mother.

War gives way for more hatred and more wars. Innocent people lose their lives and prop- i city. They also lose their near and dear ones and have to lead a sorrowful life. War leaves the soldiers injured and many soldiers not only I lose their live but many lose their limbs and other pads of the body.

 A -Seed B - Pericarp.

Meiosis takes place during the post-zygotic stage. Since the organism is haploid, meiosis cannot occur during gametogenesis. As zygote is diploid but the individual is haploid so number of chromosome has to be reduced to half.

 Vegetative , reproductive , senescent phases.

1. Autogamy 

2. Exogamy 

3. Hologamy 

4. Paedogamy 

5. Merogamy 

6. Isogamy 

7. Anisogamy

8. Conjugation