Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

C) weary from life

Correct answer is

(D) all of the above.

Correct answer is B.

Morgan gave the function of chromosomes in transmitting heredity. Johannsen coined the term ‘gene’. Karl Correns explained incomplete dominance.

(i) A voluntary muscle is a bundle of numerous striated muscle fibre.. 

(ii) Each fibre is long, unbranched and enclosed in a membrane called sarcolemma and its cytoplasm called sarcoplasm. Just beneath the sarcolemma in each fibre many nuclei occur, thus these fibres are multi-nucleated. 

(iii) The sarcoplasm contains many myofibrils that are long, thin and unbranched. 

(iv) Each myofibril consist of alternating thick 'A' and thin ‘I' band. 

(v) The thick filaments lie parallel to each other while thin filaments extend between them. 

(vi) At the centre of the I-band is a fine, dense dark band called Z-line. It forms a contractile unit called sarcomere.

Glandular epithelium is the membranous tissue made up of cells that covers all the glands in the body. The main function of glandular epithelium is the secretion of fluids into ducts or fluids of the body. Glandular epithelium secretes enzymes, hormones, milk, mucus, sweat, wax and saliva.

Stratified squamous epithelium.

The functions of blood plasma are: 

(i) Transport. 

(ii) Retention of fluid in blood. 

(iii) Maintenance of blood pH. 

(iv) Body immunity. 

(v) Prevention of blood loss. 

(vi) Conducting heat to skin for dissipation. 

(vii) Uniform distribution of heat all over the body.

Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found in heart. Cardiac muscle exhibits striations which is characteristics of striated muscles, while it does not work with the will of animal so it is involuntary characters like smooth muscles.

Three major classes of plasma proteins are : 

1. Serum albumin, 
2. Serum globulin, 
3. Fibrinogen. 

Functions of plasma proteins: 

(i) Body immunity : Globulin is associated with the immune response and act as antibodies. 

(ii) Prevention of blood loss : Fibrinogen which is formed in the liver is necessary for the clotting (coagulation of blood). 

(iii) Retention of fluid in the blood : Albumin and globulin retains water in blood plasma. Deficiency of protein leads to loss of water from blood to tissue. That's why hands and feet gets swollen (edema).

Blood plasma is pale yellow in colour due to the presence of bilirubirn.

Hepatic or gastric caecae are 6-8 narrow and hollow blind tubules that are present at the junction of foregut and mid gut. The hepatic caecae, secretes digestive juices and help in the digestion.

Nephridia are of three types : 

(i) Septal Nephridia : These are present on both the sides of intersegmental septa and open into intestine 

(ii) Integumental Nephridia : These are found attached to the lining of the body wall and open on the body surface. 

(iii) Pharyngeal Nephridia : These are found on the 4th, 5th, and 6th segment in the form of three paired tufts.

(i) Actin, (ii) Myosin.

(i) The nervous tissue is meant for reception, interpretation and transmission of information. 

(ii) The nervous tissue co-ordinates and integrates the activities of various body parts.

Gaseous exchange in cockroach: 

(i) Cockroach is an insect which possess tracheal system. 

(ii) It has a complicated system of air tubes which divides continuously and form tracheoles for the exchange of gases.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands which pour their secretions directly into the blood or lymph. Their secretion is known as hormones. e.g., pituitary gland, thyroid gland etc.

Transitional epithelium: 

(i) It consists of many layers of cells, which are thin and stretchable. 

(ii) It is made up of a single layer of cuboidal cells at the base, two or three middle layers of polygonal or pear-shaped cells and an outer most layer of rectangular and oval cells. 

Use : It is present over urinary bladder and helps in its expansion during urine storage.

Ciliated epithelium lines the bronchioles 

Advantage : The ciliary movement maintains the flow of mucus or liquid or suspended bodies constantly in one direction.

i. Subscription

ii. Specific donation

iii. General donation

iv. Legacies

v. Revenue Expenditure

i. ‘Not for Profit’ concern

ii. Deficit

iii. Balance Sheet

iv. Deficit

v. Life membership fees

Brush-bordered columnar epithelium lines the intestinal mucosa. 

Advantage : The presence of microvilli on the columnar cells increases the surface area for absorption, thus helping in efficient absorption.

(i) It protects the underlying tissues from mechanical and chemical injuries, dehydration and infection. 

(ii) It act as a selection barriers. 

(iii) It also forms glands that secrete secretions such as mucus, gastric juice and intestinal juice. 

(iv) Epithelium of uriniferous tubules, stomach and intestine is absorptive.

Mast cells secrete heparin, histamine and serotonin.

Setae are made up of chitin and help in locomotion of earthworm.

Areolar tissues occurs beneath the epithelia of many hollow visceral organs, skin and on the walls of arteries and veins.

Gap junctions are a type of cell junctions that facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells for rapid transfer of ions, small or big molecules.

Intestinal mucosa has microvilli to increase the absorptive surface.

Mast cell release heparin which swells the fingers.

Here the crop is improved by introducing a gene that would provide desired characteristics.

Yes, lymph maintains the volume of the blood. As soon as the volume of the blood reduces in the blood vascular system, the lymph rushes from the lymphatic system to the blood vascular system.

Femur, red bone marrow.

Chloragogen cells.

Tendon is the tissue which connects muscles to a bone.

Differences between cartilage and bone :

‘Not for Profit’ concern

Explanation: Certain organisations are formed not to earn profits but to render services to their members or to the society at large. For example, aided schools, clubs, hospitals, societies etc. The primary motive of such organisations is to provide a service. In such organisations, Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet are prepared at year end to know the surplus/deficit and the financial position.

In genetics, hybridisation is the process of combining different varieties or species of organisms which are genetically dissimilar to create a hybrid. It can be inter varietal, inter specific, intergeneric.

Following are the reasons due to which fertilizers need to be used in agriculture regularly: 

•According to nature of soil, different type of soil lacks in different type of nutrients due to which plant do not get the nutrients in appropriate amounts. Regular use of fertilizer supplies these nutrients to the plants and since they come in appropriate ratio, specified dosage provides plants provide nutrients to plant as they require. 

•Since fertilizers provide nutrients to the plants which they are not supposed to get through soil, they ensure healthy growth of the plants due to which the yield of the crop also improves. 

Therefore, it is advised to use fertilizers regularly in agriculture.

Hybridisation in plants refers to the process when two plants which are not genetically similar and have difference in their traits due to different genetic patterns are crossed or allowed to reproduce. 

Hybridisation crosses can be between two different species i.e. interspecific, between two different varieties i.e. intervarietal and it can be between two different genera i.e. intergeneric according to the requirement of the desired traits. 

Following are the two desired characters for which it is done: 

•Resistance to different diseases is the most desirable trait as it provides ability to the plant to be disease free. 

•High yield is another desirable trait as the main purpose is fulfilled here. If some variety or species have high yields it will provide benefit to us and therefore is one of the desired traits.

Chemical method of pest control is not considered good because it can cause various harms which are as follows: 

•These chemical can also those microorganisms which are useful to the plants. 

•These chemicals being so hazardous can also affect plant in an adverse manner. It can cause damage to plant also. 

•Also, as these chemicals get mixed with air, soil and water they cause changes in their unique properties and affecting them cause their pollution. 

•In some manner or the other these chemicals start becoming a part of particular crop and start entering the food chain. Their entrance in the food chain and consumption by the others is harmful for the other organisms. 

Due to above mentioned reasons chemical method of pests control needs to be avoided.

Fertilizers are chemical substances supplied to the crops to increase their productivity. The fertilizers contain the essential nutrients required by the plants including nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. They enhance the water retention capacity of the soil and also increase its fertility. 

Fertilizers are divided into the following four groups:

(i) Nitrogenous fertilizers – These fertilizers supply the macronutrient nitrogen. Example – Urea, CO(NH₂)₂

(ii) Potassic fertilizers – These fertilizers supply potassium which is one of the essential macronutrients of the plants.Example – Potassium sulphate, K₂SO₄. 

(iii) Complex fertilizers – These fertilizers contain two or more nutrients. Example – Nitrophosphate

Fertilizers are grouped in different groups according to different basis which are as follows:

•According to way of action: 

a. Straight fertilizers- These fertilizers contain mostly one or the other nutrient and supply directly to the plant. 

b. Auxillary fertilizers-These fertilizers by affecting the environment metabolism of the plant provide them nutrients. They do not provide direct nutrients. 

•According their phase-

a. Liquid fertilizers- Some fertilizers come in liquid phase. These are considered as liquid fertilizers. 

b. Solid fertilizers- These fertilizers come in powdered granular form and are considered as solid ones.

Fertilizers are chemicals commercially produced in factories and used as plant nutrients. They supply Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, etc., They are used to ensure good vegetative growth giving rise to healthy plants.

Advantage: 

They help in good vegetative growth and produce healthy plants.

Disadvantage :

• Excessive use of fertilizer leads to pollution of water.
• Continuous use of fertilizer lead to decrease in soil fertility because organic matter of the soil cannot be replenished as microorganisms present in soil get harmed due to fertilizer.

Application of fertilizers results in higher yield of crops. At the same time, it increases the cost of farming. As the fertilizers are water soluble chemicals, large part of the fertilizers applied is washed away due to excessive irrigation. They are not fully absorbed by the plants.

This excess fertilizer is washed away into the ponds, lakes, canals and rivers, resulting in the growth of unwanted plants like Water Hyacinth, algae, etc. These plants disturb the water bodies and the flow of water. As a result, fishes and other living organisms do not get sufficient sunlight and oxygen and die.

Biofertilizers are the substance that contains microbes, which helps in promoting the growth of plants, trees by increasing the supply of essential nutrients to the plants. It comprises living organisms which include mycorrhizal fungi, blue-green algae, and bacteria. Mycorrhizal fungi preferentially withdraw minerals from organic matter for the plant whereas cyanobacteria are characterized by the property of nitrogen fixation.

Fertilizers need to be use in appropriate dose always because there excess use causes certain disadvantages which are as follows: 

•Excess use of fertilizers affects the fertility of soil. They don’t allow any organic replenishment and also kills microorganisms present in soil which plays important role in improving fertility of soil. Due to this the fertility of soil gets reduced due to excessive use of fertilizers. 

•Excess use of fertilizers is also responsible for water pollution. When excess fertilizers are supplied to the soils and excess irrigation is performed, the fertilizers get washed away and get accumulated in different water sources. By affecting the natural properties of water, fertilizers cause water pollution. 

•Also, use of fertilizer is a kind of small term benefit as by affecting the fertility of soil it causes long term harm. 

So, due to above mentioned reasons fertilizers always need to be use in specified amounts.

Fertilizers improve the crop production by following ways: 

•There are certain nutrients required by plants in certain fixed amounts. Fertilizers play important role in improvement of crop production by providing these nutrients to the crops. They supply nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus to the plants. 

•Fertilizers by providing appropriate nutrients ensure healthy growth of plants. 

•They also increases yield of the plants by ensuring healthy growth.

Leguminous plants like Sunn-hemp or Cluster Bean are grown and then mulched by ploughing them back into the soil. This helps in enriching the soil with Nitrogen and Phosphorous.

Areolar tissue is present under the skin as subcutaneous tissue in between and around muscles, nerves and blood vessels in submucosa of gastro - intestinal tract and respiratory tract. The areolar tissue consists of ground substances, the matrix, white, yellow and reticular fibres and cells like fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, mesenchyme cells and chromatophores.