Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

G.H Hardy and his colleague J.E. Littlewood discovered a rare mathematical genius in Ramanujan.

History, English, Physiology were the subjects neglected by Ramanujan in college.

Ramanujan did his mathematical problems on loose sheets of paper or on a slate.

The concepts related to population growth are birth rate, death rate, and survival rate. 

• Birth rate: The number of births occurring per 1000 of the living population during a year is called as Birth rate. It is also called as “fertility rate”. 
• Death rate: The number of deaths occurring per 1000 of the living population during a year is called the Death rate. It is also called as “mortality rate”. 
• Survival rate: Survival rate shows the actual rate of population growth. It is calculated by deducting the Death rate from the Birth rate i.e. Survival rate = Birth rate – Death rate.

(3) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c

Population explosion is one of the big obstacles to development, thus attempts have to be made to control it. Measures to control population explosion can be classified into the following three groups: 

• Economic Measures 
• Social Measures 
• Population Policy of India. 

(i) Economic Measures: 

• Expansion of industrial sector to shift the disguisedly unemployed people in rural areas to industries. 
• Creation of employment opportunities in rural areas by starting labor-intensive industries.
• Equitable distribution of national income and removal of poverty, as the size of family, is linked with poverty. 

(ii) Social Measures: Population problem is also a social problem and related to illiteracy, superstitions, orthodoxy, pitiable condition of women, etc. 

The following social measures must be undertaken. 

• (a) Education: Improvement in education changes the attitude of people towards family, marriage, and the number of children. Mostly educated people delay their marriage and prefer to have small families. 
• (b) Improvement in the conditions of women: Discrimination against women in social and economic life should be removed by the government. 
• (c) Raising the age of marriage: The marriage age of boys and girls should be raised and offenders should be punished by law. 

(iii) Population Policy of India: 

• Family Planning Programme: Family planning refers to planned parenthood. It means limiting the size of the family by choice and not by chance. The family planning programme was introduced by the Government of India in 1952. 
• Family Welfare Programme: This programme tries to integrate various families. This programme deals with maternal, child health, and nutrition issues of the society. 
• National Population Policy, 2000: It was introduced to control population and to improve the quality of population, through various measures like free education, reducing infant mortality and maternal mortality rate, etc.

No, I do not agree with the statement. 

• According to the 2011 census birth rate in India is 20.9 which is very high as compared to other developed countries, 
• Main factors responsible for such a high birth rate are : 
• Because of poverty, children at a very young age start helping their parents in earning. Hence, more children are welcomed. 
• Religious and social attitudes in India are such that large families are preferred. 
• Illiteracy, ignorance, and the nonavailability of birth control devices are also responsible for the high birth rate in India. 
• There is a lack of awareness of the need for family planning. 
• Thus, the birth rate in India is not controlled but is very high.

No, I do not agree with the statement.

• India is going through a population explosion because, in the post independence period, the death rate has been falling rapidly while the birth rate is falling slowly. So survival rate is high. 
• India’s population is growing at an alarming rate. 
• India is the second most populated country in the world.
•  In 1951, India’s population was 36.1 crores which have increased more than 3 times in 2011 to 121.02 crores. That is why the post-1951 period is described as a period of population explosion.

Yes, I do agree with the statement. 

• In the second stage of demographic transition, the country experiences a high birth rate and a declining death rate. 
• India is experiencing the same where the birth rate is as high as 20.97 and the death rate as 7.48 in 2011 is declining so India is still in the developing stage. 
• So, India is in the second stage of demographic transition.

The teacher complimented Ramanuj for asking a question that took centuries for mathematicians to answer.

(4) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b

When we take a dish and melt rhombic sulphur in that dish we obtain monoclinic sulphur after cooling it.

In this process we make two holes in the crust and pour out the remaining liquid. After this we get colourless needle-shaped crystals of β-sulphur when the crust is removed

(i) N-N single bond is very weak due to its small size

(ii) F is highly electronegative and N-F bond energy is higher than N-Cl bond energy.

The social, economic and political conditions in Russia were very deplorable before 1905 which brought about a big revolution there known as ‘1905 Revolution’.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 85% of the Russia’s population was agriculturists. Russia was a major exporter of grains. Industry was found in pockets only. Most industries were run by the private industrialists. Because of widespread corruption and exploitations, sometimes workers did not get even the minimum wages and also there was no limit of working hours. Russia was an autocracy and was ruled by the Tsar. The Tsar, especially Tsar Nicholas II was a self-willed, corrupt, oppressive ruler. He ignored public welfare as a result of which the conditions of the peasants and workers had also become very deplorable. The workers and peasants both were divided. Peasants frequently refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords. Being influenced by the democratic experiments by the Western European countries, the Russians also demanded a responsible government but all their demands were turned down. Consequently, even the moderate reformers began to talk of revolutions.
During the rule of Tsar Nicholas II the privileged had got special rights while the general public including the workers and farmers had no say in the government. The situation had become so explosive that even the liberals campaigned to end this state of affairs. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s ideas. In 1903, this party was divided into two groups - Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, who were in majority, were led by Lenin who is regarded as the greatest thinker on socialism after Marx.

Dispersed settlements are found in areas of extreme climate, hilly tracts, thick forests etc., In these settlements, houses are spaced far apart and after interspersed with fields.

So Himalayas have dispersed settlements.

1. In 1690, the English merchants founded a settlement at Sutanati.

2. In 1698, they secured Zamindari rights over Sutanati, Calcutta and Gobindpur.

3. The company established Fort William at Calcutta.

4. Calcutta became Presidency with a Governor and Council to manage its affairs.

1. The evolution of towns has occurred in different ways and in different stages in India.

2. They can be classified into ancient towns, medieval towns and modem towns.

3. Most of the ancient towns like Harlappa. Mohenjodaro, Varanasi, Allahabad and Madurai developed as administrative, religious and cultural centres.

4. The medieval towns like Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdom.

5. The Europeans first developed some coastal towns such as Surat, Daman, Goa and Pondicherry in modem India.

6. Then the British developed Madras, Bombay and Calcutta as the administrative headquarters and trading centres.

7. The newly developed towns are known differently as hill towns, industrial towns, court towns, railway station towns, cantonments and administrative towns.

(b) Jaipur, Lucknow and Agra

1. False 

2. False 

3. True 

4. True 

5. True

6. False

1. By the beginning of 20th century, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras had become the leading administration, commercial and industrial cities of India.

2. These cities became the central commercial area with buildings of European style.

3. Sub urban railways, tram car and city buses gave the colonial cities a new look and status.

1. The Governor General to appoint justices of peace in the Presidency towns.

2. After various trials, a system of government was evolved with essential features like a large corporation with elected members, a strong independent executive authority to check accounts and perform essential duties such as sanitation water supply and collection of revenue etc.

The main fishing grounds are near North-West Europe. They extend from northern part of Arctic circle to Mediteranian sea. The most intensively fishing region is the North Sea and the countries include Norway, Britain, Denmark, Sweden and Germany. The two most famous fishing grounds of the North sea are the Dogger Bank and the Great Fisher Bank.

• Mesopotamia is known for its grand temples. 
• The administrative system of Mesopotamian cities revolved around the administration of these temples. 
• Mesopotamian temples are known as ‘ziggurats’. 
• The high priest of the temple used to be the ruler of the city. 
• The social life, cultural events, power and hierarchy of officials, etc were organized in accordance with the ritual and festival of the presiding deity of the temple. 
• The notion of a ‘priest king’ of the Harappan civilisation was formulated by presuming its close similarity with the Mesopotamian culture.

• The Harappan people depended on natural resources and villages in the vicinity in order to meet the needs of the urban way of life and urban administration. 
• The raw material needed for industrial production included clay, various siliceous and semi¬precious stones, metals, etc. 
• The interrelationship between Harappan cities and villages was dependent on the mechanism of making available things like food grains and raw materials. 
• There was a network of small towns, small and big villages and campsites of semi-nomadic people which functioned to cater to the needs of major urban centers of the Harappan civilization. 
• The best example of it is the Harappan Settlement of Shortugai.

(b) Charles Masson

(b) Early Harappan period – Early (beginning) Harappan phase

• Sir Mortimer Wheeler in his study has concluded that the Harappan civilisation was destroyed by Indra, who destroyed the fortified cities.
• Vedic Aryans destroyed the Harappan cities under the leadership of Indra. 
• The civilisation also declined due to the cumulative effects of factors such as the decline in trade, climatic changes, and the weakening of the economy.

(c) Vedic Period

1. Some of the Harappan sites in India are Kalibangan, Dholavira, Surkotda, Lothal, Rangpur.

2. Harappan sites in modern day Pakistan are Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Chahnudaro, Balakot.

3. The only Harappan site in Afghanistan is Shortugai.

4. The modern city of India – Delhi.

5. Daimabad is located near Godavari River.

Correct option is (b) peacock

(a) Town planning:

• The town planning of Harappan cities was very systematic. 
• Houses were of baked bricks, which included bathrooms, toilets, wells. 
• Granaries existed, with impressive public monuments. 
• The excellent drainage systems, public baths, and independent fortification walls are highlights.
• The grid pattern was used, where streets crossed each other in right angles, and the resulted blocks were used for building houses. 
• The English bond masonry method was used with two headers and two stretchers to build a wall, which was especially useful for earthquake-prone areas.

(b) Social organisation:

• Social hierarchy was based on the position of power. 
• Classes of skilled artisans and individuals were based on craft specialisation.
• Belief systems existed, with evidence of burials indicating rituals after death.
• Artifacts and architecture also indicate belief systems.

(c) Administration:

• Administrative control existed over the distribution of water and other resources.
• The size of bricks indicates the use of standardisation and ratio.
• Weights, set style of shapes and painted designs of pottery, majestic and non-residential buildings for public administrative offices are also seen.

(d) Economy:

• Harappan civilisation practiced mass production of goods for trade purposes.
• The concentration of factories and residences of artisans in a particular area of the city indicates the purpose of convenience of production, flourishing internal and distant trade, and administrative control over trade transactions.
• Well-shaped, beautiful earthen pots, statues, metal objects of gold, silver, copper, and bronze were made. 
• Various types of beads were prepared, indicating a sound economy.

Agriculture is an art of tilling the soil for the purpose of raising the crops to provide food for the man and fodder for the animal.

Methods of Agriculture:

• Subsistence farming: Through people needed a regular supply of food they started growing of crops only to fulfill their family not for the sale. 
• Shifting cultivation: The tribal people move from one place to another clearing the forests for growing crops. When soil fertility’ is exhausted new patches of forest land is cleared again for the Cultivation. It is called shifting cultivation or jhumming. 
• Sedentary farming: Growing of crops in same region again and again by using domestic animals for Ploughing, Manures, Chemical fertilizers etc. there was no need to migrate. 
• Commercial farming: Growing of crops with Scientific technology. Plantation agriculture was introduced with huge investments.

Percentage of people involved in agriculture is declining. It is only 4% in UK. It is 60% in India, 80% Kenya. Agriculture is mechanized in the developed countries.

It is the practice of killing the wild animal for food, skin, recreation and trade.

Advantages of the Hunting:

• For food: Animals like deer, duck, squirrels etc were hunted for the sake of food. 
• Hunting also provides clothing and shelter to the tribal people. ‘ 
• Fur and hide were used to make clothes.

Disadvantages:

• We are hunting the entire animal community for ex: Wolves whales, Tigers Lions are decreasing in its number because we are killing them to the maximum extent. 
• Hunting of marine life (aquatic animals and plants) is leading to the imbalance of oxygen in seas, oceans etc. 
• This creates ecological imbalance it results of environmental pollutions etc.

Industries are concerned with processing and conversion of raw metrials into finished goods these are called as Secondary occupations.

• The manufacturing industries play an important role in the Economic Development of a country. 
• Advancement of modem technology, huge capital, skilled labour etc these are created employment opportunities and improved the standard of the people. 
• They helps in earning good foreign exchange in the developed countries like Western, Europe, Russia, USA and Japan more people engaged in secondary than the primary occupations.

Importance of Secondary occupation: 

• They provide employment to the people. 
• They help to modernize the agriculture sector by providing tractor, tillers, fertilizers, manures and scientific technology.
• They reduces the pressure on agriculture sector by employing more labour in Industries. 
• The industrial hubs can develop trade, education, transport and communication, banking etc.

Mining refers to the extraction of the minerals from the earth such as Iron ore, Manganese, Gold, Coal, Diamond and Petroleum.

Types of the Mining:

1. Open cast mining: Extracting the mineral ore is by removing the soil for example: Coal &„ Iron ore. 

2. Under ground mining: The method of extracting mineral ore’s from the greater depth through drilling and pumping for example: Petroleum & Natural gas. 

3. Shaft mining: It is a method obtain minerals that are located at greater depth for example: Coal, lead, Iron ore etc.

Advantages: 

• It’s the source of employment. 
• Which supplies valuable minerals ore’s to the mankind. 
• It provides raw materials to the mineral based industries. 
• It develops secondary and tertiary activities of the human beings.

Disadvantages:

• Depletion of the environment for ex: iron ore mining in Bellary has creates environmental degradation in Karnataka. 
• Minerals are exhaustible in its nature. 
• Water resource are affected and polluted. 
• Both flora and fauna are affected by mining.

The industrial sector has been classified into following groups based on the source of raw materials.

1. Agro based Industries. 

2. Forest based Industries. 

3. Mineral based Industries.

1. Agro based Industries: The group of industries which are depending on agriculture for the raw materials for ex: Cotton for cotten textile Industries, Jute for Jute industries, Sugarcane for Sugar industry & Sericulture for silk Industry.

2. Forest based Industries: The group of industries which are depending on forest for the raw materials for ex: Bamboo for Paper industry, Rubber for Rubber industry etc.

3. Mineral based Industries: The group of Industries which are depending on minerals for ores for ex: Iron ore for Iron and steel industry, Bauxite for Aluminium Industry.

Thus secondary occupation are concerned with manufacturing and constructions therefore primary and secondary economic activities are interdependant & co-related.

Tertiary activities: 

• Tertiary services occur at different stages some are confined to industry, some to people & few to both industry and people. 
• Transport services are also provided to the individual consumers. 
• Different services rendered by the teachers, musicians, physicians and lawyers.

In developed countries of world about 75% of people are engaged in services compared to the developing countries. The trend of employment in the tertiary sector is increasing.

Quaternary activities:

• It refers to the economic activities that deals with the handling and processing of knowledge and information like software, sports, recrations etc. 
• The quaternary occupation along with the tertiary occupations have replaced most of the Primary and Secondary employment for the economic growth of a nation. 
• They are not tied to resources, but localized by market.

The term fishing refers to the catching of fishes, crabs, sharks and collection of sea-shells from, the seas and freshwater.

Types of Ashing: Based on fishing grounds, fishing has been divided into 3 categories:

1. Fresh water Ashing: Carried out in ponds, tanks, rivers and lakes (mainly Inland) 

2. Coastal fishing: Carried out along the sea coast. 

3. Open sea Ashing: Carried out in open the sea coast on a large scale.

The developing countries are following primitive methods like Bows, Arrows, Bare-Hands, Small nets or Small Boats. Whereas in the developed countries of the world modem techniques of catching fish are used modem fishing vessels, open sea fishing day and night. The large ships as floating factories that completes the process of catching and packing into tins. Fishing has developed in Japan, USA, Baltic states, UK and Norway on a commercial scale.

Domestication of animals for the purpose of animal products like milk, meat, bones, hair & wool is known as animal rearing.

Regions of animal rearing in the world : Animal rearing is carried on two methods

1. Traditional methods 

2. Modem method.

1. Traditional methods:

(a) Under this method the Fulani of Nigeria and the Masai of East Africa are the cattle herders in the tropical grasslands. Where the grass is short sheep and goats are reared. The animals provides milk, meat & wool to the Masai people.

(b) The Bedouins of Sahara migrate with their cattle and goat in search of pasture. The Kirghiz of Central Asia in the past, had large flocks of sheep. Now it reduced because they are leading a settled life.

2. Modern method: 

• Commercial grazing use scientific methods rearing animals which does not depend entirely on natural Grasslands. Fodder crops like com & grasses like alfalfa are cultivated over extensive areas and the animals are fed. 
• It is practiced in temperate grass lands namely, Praires of North America, Pampas of South America, steppers of Asia, downs of Australia. In USA and Argentina beef cattle are reared on large scale.

(a) Source of employment for the formers. 

(b) Source of income for the former & revenue to the Government. 

(c) For animal products like milk, meat, bones, skins, hair and wool etc. 

(d) Source of natural manure for the agriculture.

(a) Single variety of trees are distributed in a large area. 

(b) Wood is utilized for the manufacturing of Wood pulp, Paper and building materials. 

(c) Modem scientific technology has help in cutting the trees easily. 

(d) Adequate transport facilities are available.

The different technique of Mining are: 

• Open Cast mining 
• Underground mining 
• Shaft mining.

(a) Geographical factors. 

(b) Economic factors. 

(c) Socio-cultural factors etc.

(a) food 

(b) clothing 

(c) shelter and 

(d) others.

Gathering of products from nature to fulfill their basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. In some parts of the world, the people lead a simple life depanding upon the nature for thier livelihood like collect the wild fruits roots, nuts, leaves for the food, bark of trees, leaves and grass for clothing, branches of trees, bamboo, leaves for making their homes for example few nomadic tribes in the world.

Coniferous forest region is ideal for the gathering forest products for livelihood by man. Which is found in cold temperate region. So it encrages largely on this part of the World.

The importance of Secondary occupation are: 

• (a) They provide employment to the people. 
• (b) They help to modernize the Agricultural sector by providing Tractors, Fertilises, Manures 
• and Scientific Technology.

A) Suvamabhoomi International Airport

Correct option is A) Mumbai

It includes all kinds of services, retail, entertainment, banking, education, healthcare, transportation & communication.