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Meena Tribe: Meena tribe ranks first among the tribes of Rajasthan. Meena community considers that its origin is from the Matsya – Avatar, who was the incarnation of Lord Vishnu.

Inhabitance: Meena tribe is found in almost every district of Rajasthan. Most of its population is found in Jaipur, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Karoli, Alwar, Tonk, Bharatpur and Udaipur districts. Alwar , Bharatpur and Jaipur districts are considered the historical inhabitation of Meena tribe. This region was also known as the Matsya Pradesh. Most of population of Meena tribe is in Jaipur. It is the most educated tribe among all tribes in Rajasthan.

Social Life:

Some characteristics of social life of Meena tribe are given below:

1. In Meena tribe, matrimonial relations, Kinsmanship and blood relations are considered very important.

 2. The girls are made to enter into matrimony at a very young age in Meenas, but the ceremonial bringing of a wife from her father’s to her husband’s home takes place on reaching puberty i.e., when they become mature. 

3. They have patriarchal joint families. 

4. The panchayats play important role in social life of Meeans. All the disputes related to Meena society – marriage, divorce, profligacy, etc. are decided through Panchayats. 

5. Meenas have firm faith in their religious fairs and festivals. 

6. Males of Meena tribe put on Dhoti and shirts, while women wear Ghaghara, Kanchli and Odhani. 

7. Literacy has spread widely among this tribe, and so they have taken full advantage of reservation in government jobs.

Economy: Generally, Meena tribe is engaged in Agriculture. Besides, herding of animals is also their chief occupation. The fashion of sharecropping agriculture system is seen in this tribe. Among all tribes, Meena tribe in Rajasthan is the most educated. A large number of Meenas are posted in government services as well as other honorable services today.

Bhil Tribe: Bhil is the second most important tribe after Meenas in Rajasthan. It is considered to be the most ancient tribe in India. It is considered as a struggling tribe and the best archers. They live in houses made of bamboo and wood. The roofs of their house are made of single – lap tiling.

Inhabitance: Bhil tribe mainly belongs to Banswara, Dungarpur and Udaipur districts. Their inhabitance is random and forested. They live On the hills in scattered form.

Social Life: Bhil tribal people have patriarchal social system. Their economic system is based on agriculture and they are perfect in archery.

Some of the characteristics of their social life are given below:

1. Their social system is patriarchal. They have several patriarchal Gotras, called Atak. 

2. Morbandiya marriage, Kidnapping marriage, Exchange marriage, service marriage, etc are customary. 

3. Mainly, nuclear families are found in Bhils. 

4. In Bhils, Bhopa (occultist), Gameti (headman) and Bhagat (the religious man) play important roles in their social life. 

5. The famous and an important fair for Bhils is “Beneshwar Mela” which is held at the confluence of rivers Mahi, Som and Jakham on Magh Shukla Purnima every year. 

6. Dancing on the carnivals, fiesta and performing worship is their important social custom. 

7. Both males and females in Bhils put on metal ornaments and prick tattoo on their bodies. 

8. Besides Hindu gods and goddesses, they also have several penates and they worship them regularly.

Economy: Economically, the people of Bhil tribe are poor and wanderers. Mainly, they are farmers. Fishing is also their economic activity. Hunting and gathering forest produce like herbs, stems, fruits, gum, mahua, annona squamosa, plums and wood are also Bhils occupations. Along with agriculture, herding of animals is also their occupation. At present, most of the Bhils are engaged as labourers in nearby towns and cities.

D) Ken Saro Wiwa : Leader of opposition in Nigeria

The French cherished the ambition of French Empire in India. But this ambition was challenged by the English. This led to Anglo-French rivalry and the three Carnatic Wars.The French were defeated and the English became Supreme in the South. From this base the English conquered the rest of India.

C) Dioxin – causing female deaths

It was formed by a group of English merchants. The company received a charter from queen Elizabeth I of England on December 31, 1600. Sir Thomas Roe got a farman from Jahangir in 1615 to establish a factory at Surat. The English traders from the very beginning tried to combine trade with diplomacy. The English set up factories at Surat, Agra Ahmedabad, Broach, Hooghly, Mqsulipatnam and Madras.

A) Unity among local tribes

1. Calcutta (now Kolkata) was the centre of the English East India Company’s power in India for many years. True. 

2. A Charter is a formal deed by the ruler of a country guaranteeing certain rights to the subjects or a company. True. 

3. The English prestige rose after the First Carnatic War. Ans.Mir Qasim from the very beginning had very cordial relations with the English. False. 

4. Mir Jafar hatched a conspiracy with the English against Siraj-ud-daulah. True. 

5. Clive rose to fame after his success in the Second Carnatic War. True. 

6. The Battle of Buxar led to the foundation of British empire in India. True.

A) South Eastern Nigeria – Yoruba tribe

1. Elizabeth 1 was the Queen of England.

2. The French company set up its headquarters at Pondicherry.

3. A group of English merchants formed the English East India Company.

4. The first Englishman to meet Emperor Jahangir was Sir Thomas Roe.

5. In 1668 the English East India Company acquired Bombay due to a marriage.|

6. The wars between the English and the French companies in India are known as Carnatic Wars.

Correct option is B) Igbos

D) England & China

A) 1839-42, 57-58

(a) Politics in the Mughal court 

(b) Weak Military organization and Administration 

(c) Aurangzeb’s Bankruptcy (d) Foreign Invasions 

• Politics in the Mughal court: There were four groups of nobles in the Mughal court Iranis, Turanis, Afghans and Hindustanis. The Iranis hailed from Persia, the Turanis hailed from Transoxiana, and Afghans came from the mountainous border regions across the Indus. The Mughal court was a house sharply divided from within. This resulted in a constant struggle for power among these groups. Their mutual jealousies and rivalries caused great harm to the Mughal administration and undermined the prestige and authority of the Mughal Emperor. 

• Economic Bankruptcy: A major cause of the disintegration of the Mughal Empire was its economic bankruptcy. The enormous sums of money spent by Shah Jahan on magnificent monuments like the Taj Mahal had drained the royal treasury. Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaign was a financial disaster that ruined the empire and made its collapse inevitable.

Mansabdars had to maintain a fixed number of troops. They were given jagirs as the payment for doing so. Later, an increase in the number of mansabs and a shortage of jagirs led to corruption and inefficiency in the system.

Aurangzeb’s policy of religious intolerance shook the foundations of the empire and resulted in the following: 

• The costly, long-drawn and ruinous Deccan campaign. 

• Numerous wars with the Sikhs, the Marathas, the Jats and the Rajputs. 

• Loss of support of the loyal Rajputs who had earlier contributed greatly to the stability of the Mughal empire but now became its bitter foes.

Role of Bahadur Shah Zafar in the Revolt of 1857: As the Indian rebellion of 1857 spread, sepoy regiments seized Delhi. Seeking a figure that could unite all Indians, Hindu and Muslim alike, Most rebelling Indian kings and the Indian regiments accepted Zafar as the Emperorof India. Under whom the smaller Indian kingdom would unite until the British were defeated. Zafar was the least threatening and least ambitious of monarchs, and the legacy of the Mughal Empire was more acceptable a uniting force to most allied kings than the domination of any other Indian kingdom.

After the death of a Mughal ruler, generally there were wars of succession among rival claimants to the throne. These wars proved very costly and destructive. They drained the resources of the empire and made it instable and weak.

(a) Under this system, mansabdars had to maintain a fixed number of troops. They were given jagirs as the payment for doing so. Later, an increase in the number of mansabs and a shortage of jagirs led to corruption and inefficiency in the system. 

(b) The Mughal army also failed to keep pace with the time. The Mughal rulers did not have a navy and made no efforts to establish one. Their equipment and techniques of warfare were obsolete and ineffective. Nothing was done to reform, modernize and strengthen the army. 

(C) His policy of religious intolerance shook the foundations of the empire and resulted in the following: 

1. The costly, long-drawn and ruinous Deccan campaign. 

2. Numerous wars with the Sikhs, the Marathas, the Jats and the Rajputs.

3. Loss of support of the loyal Rajputs who had earlier contributed greatly to the stability of the Mughal empire but now became its bitter foes.

(a) Economic bankruptcy: A major cause of the disintegration of the Mughal empire was its economic bankruptcy. The enormous sums of money spent by Shah jahan on magnificent monuments like the Taj Mahal had drained the royal treasury. Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaign was a financial disaster that ruined the empire and made its collapse inevitable. 

(b)Foreign invasions: The invasions of Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia (Iran), and Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, shattered the power and prestige of the Mughals. Nadir Shah looted and plundered Delhi and carried away valuable treasures, including the priceless Kohinoor Diamond and the Peacock Throne. Ahmad Shad Abdali plundered northern India repeatedly. 

(c) Weak successors: Aurangzeb ruled over a vast empire which he controlled with an iron hand. His successors were pleasure-loving, weak and inefficient. They were puppets in the hands of powerful, ambitious nobles who controlled the administration. The provincial governors took advantage of the weak government at the centre and set up independent kingdoms in the Mughal provinces. This led to the break-up and collapse of the empire.

(a). There were four groups of nobles in the Mughal court- Iranis, Turanis, Afghans and Hindustanis. The Iranis hailed from Persia, the Turanis hailed from Transoxiana, and the Afghans came from the mountainous border regions across the river Indus. The Mughal court was a house sharply divided from within. This resulted in a constant struggle for power among these groups. Their mutual jealousies and rivalries caused great harm to the Mughal administration and undermined the prestige and authority of the Mughal emperor. 

(b) The Mughal officers were given jagirs as payment for their services. Towards the end of the 17th century, there were very few jagirs left. To satisfy the demands of the newly recruited officers, crown lands were converted to jagir lands and given to the nobles. This led to a loss of revenue for the royal treasury and a further decline in the power of the emperor. 

(c) After the death of a Mughal ruler, generally there were wars of succession among rival claimants to the throne. These wars proved very costly and destructive. They drained the resources of the empire and made it instable and weak.

The enormous sums of money spent by Shah Jahan on magnificent monuments like the Taj Mahal had drained the royal treasury.

Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last of the Mughals, assumed leadership of the rebels in the Revolt of 1857 against the British. He was defeated and exiled to Rangoon where he died. The Mughal empire came to an inglorious end.

The first person to withdraw cash from the ATM was Reg Varney, a celebrity resident of Enfield known for his part in the number of popular television series.

My favorite personality: There are many people all around the world who are very famous and celebrities. But my favourite personality is my father. My father is my hero. He is kind, polite and really friendly to everyone. He is a teacher by profession and is very good in teaching. He is always ready to help and support the needy and helpless. He is a God fearing person and always teaches us to remember the God’s gifts and God’s love for the world.

I am so proud to have a father like him. He is a simple man with kind rules. He is handsome, my favourite and my ideal man. He is my friend and always ready to encourage, appreciate me for success and always ready to help me wherever I need a friend or a support of my father. I am proud of my father and wish him good health forever.

1. Bahadur Shah ascended the throne after the death of Aurangzeb. True.

2. The Mughal court was united and stable. False

Correct:- The Mughal court was divided and unstable.

3. The Mughal officers were given jagirs as payments for their services. True.

4. The Mughal rulers did not have a navy. True.

5. The successors of Aurangzeb were very strong and efficient. False.

Correct: The successors of Aurangzeb were very weak and unefficient.

The transition from the Medieval to the Modem Priod began with the decline of the Mughal empire in the first half of the 18th century.

Bahadur Shah first in the line of emperors referred to as the Later Mughals. Bahadur Shah Zafar last emperor in the line of the Later Mughals.

The invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan shattered the power and prestige of the Mughal empire.

Narration of “Two Geniuses

There’s a story about how Dr. Albert Einstein was travelling to Universities in his car, delivering lectures on his theory of relativity. During one tired journey, his driver Hans remarked “Dr. Einstein, I have heard you deliver that lecture about 30 times. ,t I know it by heart and bet I could give it myself.”

“Well, I’ll give you the chance” , said the Dr. “They don’t know me at the next University, so when we get there, I’ll put on your cap, and you introduce yourself as Dr. Einstein and give the lecture.”

The driver delivered Einstein’s lecture without any mistakes. When he finished, he started to leave, but one of the professor stopped him and asked a complex question filled with mathematical equations and formulae. The driver thought fast. “The answer to that problem is so simple, ” he said, ” I’m surprised you have to ask me. In fact, to show you just how simple it is, I’m going to ask my driver Hans to come up here and answer your question”

The students laughed at Ramanujan because he asked if no banana was distributed among no one, would every one get one banana.

The wealth of India attracted Europeans to this country

Ramanujan was born in Erode in Tamil Nadu on December 22, 1887. His father was a petty clerk in a cloth shop.

According to Hardy, Ramanujan was an unsystematic mathematician, similar to one who knows the Pythagorus theorem but does not know what a congruent triangle means. He felt that many discrepancies in his research could be due to his lack of formal education

Ramanujan needed about 2,000 sheets of paper every month. He started using even scraps of paper he found lying on the streets. Sometimes he used a red pen to write over what was written in blue ink

The most significant turn came when one of Ramanujan’s senior friends showed him Synopsis of Elementary> Results in Pure Applied Mathematics by George Shoobridge Carr. Ramanujan was delighted than intimidated. This book triggered the mathematical genius in him and he began to work on the problems given in it.

Ramanujan would show his frayed notebooks to every officers. But no one could understand what was written in the notebooks. So, his applications for jobs were rejected.

Ramanujan failed twice in his first year arts examination in college as he neglected other subjects such as History, English and Physiology. This disappointed his father

(iii) Assertion is correct, but reason is wrong statement. 

While Ramanujan continued his research work, Tuberculosis, then an incurable disease, was devouring him. So, he was sent back to India.

The intriguing question was asked by Srinivasa Ramanujan. He was a native of Kumbakonam. Both during his school and research work at Cambridge, he was always ahead of his mathematics teachers.

University of Madras granted him a fellowship of? 75 a month.