Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Bajra can be produced from Seed.

(b) Carrot, raddish, onion

(a) Lady finger

Lafayette, who fought the British on Washington’s side through to the conclusive battle at Yorktownin 1781, later during the French Revolution served the French National Guard as its Commander. He penned the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, with the help . of Jefferson, which the National Assembly adopted on August 27, 1789.

(c) Pathharchatta (Bryophyllum)

Coffee plant came to India from Africa is True.

Another name of eucalyptus is nilgin is True.

(b) South America

(c) A is correct and R is the explanation of A

(b) Lafayette

(c) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

(b) Saratoga

(c) Jamestown

1. (lantana) 

2. (Australia) 

3. (seed) 

4. (fruit) 

5. (graft).

Buddhist text that mentions that the king of Kasi had defeated Kosala – Mahavagga

Jawaharlal Nehru is called the Architect of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Nehru’s Principles got World recognition in the Bandung Conference. 

The major achievements of NAM are as follows. 

• It has helped to decrease the intensity of Cold War. 
• Worked hard to end Apartheid in South Africa. 
• It is working hard to establish international peace.

India’s Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi presided over the 7th NonAligned Summit at Delhi.

The inaugural Belgrade summit was held in 1961. President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito presided over it.

Correct option is  (a) Potali

The limitations of Non-Aligned Movements are as follows.

• On 2^nd August 1990, Kuwait occupied Iraq. Though these two countries are members of Non-Aligned Movement, it failed to solve this problem. 
• Arabian countries do not have complete interest in the Non-Aligned Movement. 
• Non-Aligned Movement has failed to get able leadership in recent times, as it had in the beginning like Tito, Nehru, and others. 
• Internal disputes among the Non-Aligned countries and lack of unity has weakened it.

Gamal Abdel Nasser was the Egyptian President who participated in the Bandung Conference.

The main features of Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.

1. Economic Backwardness: Non-Aligned countries are economically backward. These countries have primitive Agriculture and weak industries. Hence the national production and per capita income of these countries are very low.

2. Dependence on others: Non-Aligned Countries are too backward in the fields of Science, Technology and Military power and are dependent on developed countries for assistance,

3. Rural Structure: Non-Aligned Countries are mainly comprised of villages. Many villages are deprived of even basic necessities like proper sanitation, medicalfacilities, transportation, basic education, and hygiene. These countries are lagging behind as they are far away from urbanization. Overpopulation, poverty and hunger and the spread of epidemics are other major drawbacks.

The important Resolutions of Bandung Conference were as given below. 

• To give importance to International peaceful co-existence. 
• Noninterference in the internal affairs of other countries. 
• Protection of fundamental human rights.

Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Gamal Abdel Nasser played a prominent role in the first NAM Conference. They were called ‘The Three Stalwarts’ (the Trio) of Non- Aligned bloc.

Jawaharlal Nehru was the Indian Prime minister who participated in the Bandung Conference.

Ahmad Sukarno was the Indonesian President who participated in the Bandung Conference.

The features of Non-Aligned Countries are as given below. 

1. Economic Backwardness: Non-Aligned countries are economically backward. These countries have primitive Agriculture and weak industries. Hence the national production and per capita income of these countries are very low.

2. Dependence on others: Non-Aligned Countries are too backward in the field of Science, Technology, and Military and are dependent on developed countries for assistance. 

3. Rural Structure: Non-Aligned Countries comprise of more number of villages. Many villages are deprived of basic necessities. These countries are lagging behind since they are far away from urbanization.

4. Overpopulation: The population is increasing because of poverty, illiteracy, superstitions, etc., The Governments have failed in checking the growth of the population. Programmes relating to population control introduced by the Governments have not realised the expected level of exposure and enlightenment, due to the disinterest of the people and improper strategies. The increasing population is the cause of economic backwardness.

5. Poverty and Hunger: Poverty is a serious problem among the Non-Aligned Countries. There is a shortage of food grains in these countries. They are dependent on developed countries for food grains. The majority of Africa lives in poverty. Non-Aligned countries are victims of poverty because of natural calamities, migration, internal clashes, unscientific utilization of natural resources, etc. countries like Nigeria, Somalia, Uganda, Haiti, Angola, and Ethiopia are unable to provide nutritious food.

6. Spread of Epidemics: Negligence of Health is evident in the Non-Aligned Countries. Hence epidemics are spreading in these countries. There is a scarcity of health services. The most dreaded disease AIDS is on the rise in these countries.

7. Illiteracy: The Educational development policies of Non-Aligned Countries have failed. The number of illiterates has increased. Literacy is very low in African countries and that among women is almost negligible. Asian countries are only slightly better in this respect.

8. Burden of Debt: Most of the Non-Aligned Countries are reeling under foreign debt. It is inevitable for them to borrow loans from world economic institutions for their internal development. They have been forced to borrow new loans to repay the old loans and interests on them. This has a spiralling effect and these countries go bankrupt.

9. Migration: From most of the third world countries, especially Africa, people move out to safer places in developed countries for better employment, food, and self-protection. This depletes the countries’ effective workforce. Water scarcity, unstable Governments and lack of modern military force are common in Non-Aligned countries.

On 19 March 2003, the US launched a war against Iraq under the code name of ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’ to be joined by forty other countries under the leadership of the US on the ground to prevent Iraq from developing weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) without no evidence against Iraq. Hence, the ostensible purposes were different as controlling Iraqi Oilfields and installing a regime friendly to the US.

The word Non-Alignment was first used by V.K. Krishna Menon in his speech at the U.N.O in 1953.

1. SAARC – South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. 

2. ASEAN – Association of South-East Asian Nations 

3. OPEC – Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries 

4. NIEO – New International Economic Order 

5. NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement. 

6. OAS – Organisation of American States.

7. WTO – World Trade Organisation.

A naval blockade is prohibiting ships from entering the port of a country. This is done by using the Navy, The United States Navy established a blockade around the island to prevent any offensive weapons from entering Cuba. This was done in retaliation to the USSR using Cuba as a strategic missile base.

1. Founding of NAM – 1961 

2. Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 

3. Founding of ASEAN – 1967

4. Arab – Israel War – 1973 

5. Apollo-Soyuz Space Flight – 1975 

6. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan – 1979 

7. Founding of SAARC – 1985 

8. The disintegration of USSR – 1991 

9. Formation of EU – 1992 

10. Formation of WTO – 1995

Hegemony as a structural power implies economic perspective of world economy. It can be summed up in the following ways: 

1. An open world economy requires a dominant power to support its creation and existence. 

2. The hegemon must possess both the ability and the desire to establish certain norms for order and must sustain global structure i.e. Bretton Woods system set up by the US after Second World Wan 

3. The US reflects this hegemony by providing the global public goods, those can be consumed by one person without reducing the amount of goods available for someone else.

4. A classical example of structural power of the US is the academic degree Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) to sharpen business skills in a University.

This statement is True. 

• In 1962, Nikita Khrushchev of the USSR decided to make Cuba into a Russian base by placing nuclear missiles there.
• This would be a direct threat and so the USA retaliated with a naval blockade of Cuba.

(c) States are using force against one another.

9/11 event implies a series of attacks on the US by hijackers from Arab countries on 11 September 2001. It was the most disastrous attack on the US. The hijackers attacked on important US building as World Trade Center in New York, Pentagon building and Capital building of US Congress in Pennsylvania. The US responded to it by launching ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ to arrest all those who were suspected to be behind this attack. 

The US forces made arrest all over the world without the knowledge of the government of the persons being arrested, transported and detained them in secret prisons mainly against Al-Qaeda and Taliban regime in Afghanistan.

In 1973 the wild life (conservation) Act, 1972 was implemented in Rajasthan.

(i) The US hegemony has been symbolized as the global village and other countries as its neighbors. 

(ii) If the headman of global village becomes intolerable, neighbors do not have any choice of leaving it, but develop a resistant. 

(iii) Though there are some rules and norms called laws of war that restrict but do not prohibit war. 

(iv) No single power can challenge the US militarily. Still, to overcome the US hegemony, the following strategies have been found out:

(a) Bandwagon strategy emphasizes not to oppose hegemonic power, instead take advantage of opportunities that hegemon creates i.e. increased trade and technology transfer and investments to extract benefits by operating within hegemonic system. 

(b) To hide strategy implies to stay as far removed from the dominant power as possible as China, Russia and the European Union. This strategy is applicable to small states but states may not be able to hide for substantial length of time. 

(c) Non-state actors as writers, artists and intellectuals have no boundaries to work with. They can reach beyond the limits of the states to would the minds of people through their expressions.

To overcome hegemony there are different strategies developed by analysts. As the bandwagon strategy reveals to extract benefits by operating within hegemonic system. ‘To hide’ strategy implies staying as far from the dominant power as possible. And it may be possible that various challenges to occur from non-state actors in the form of their writings, expressions to would the minds of people.

(d) AOA – Trade development

(a) WTC headquarter – Newyork – USA

Hegemony as structural power implies dominance of superpower on grounds of economic structure. The superpower must possess both the ability and the desire to establish norms for order and must sustain the global structure.

Social Contract Theory of Locke:

Locke has propounded his social contract theory in his book ‘Two Treatises of the Government’, in which he advocated limited monarchy.

Locke’s social contract theory can be explained under following points: 

1. Expansion of human nature:

Locke considers man to be basically a thoughtful and intelligent creature. According to him, man naturally has virtues like love, sympathy, kindness, co – operation, helpfulness, etc.

2. Explanation of state of Nature: 

According to Locke, state of nature was peaceful because of man being kind and reasonable. All the men were equal in state of nature. This was a state of freedom. There were no chaos because all the people followed natural laws and laws of morality, but they explained natural laws according to their own will and reason. They behaved with each other according to natural feelings of wrong – right, good – bad or religious – irreligious. In chaotic and natural state, all men had three types of rights – right to life, right to freedom and right to property. Man used these rights in such a way that the rights of other men did not get restricted.

3. Reason of Contract: 

According to Locke, man had three discomforts in the natural state: 

• There was no institution for explaining the natural laws.
• There was no authorized institution for executing the natural laws.
• There was no impartial institution for justice. Man entered into the contract to get rid of these discomforts.

4. Origin and Nature off Contract: 

Men created the institution of state by ending the state of nature, and it was done by social contract.

Man entered into two contracts: 

• Among themselves 
• With the government. 

All the men were equal in the state of nature, so first contract was made among the people. Society and state were created by this contract. By this contract, every person became ready to surrender their natural rights on the condition that he would himself not do the work of explaining and executing the natural laws and would not do the judgement and punish the defaulters.

Through this contract, he gave the responsibility of life, liberty and property to the society and kept the rest of the rights with himself. Anyone who would disobey these laws, would be punished by the society. Second contract was made to fulfill this purpose. This contract took place between government and society or people.

As government was one party of this contract, so society imposed some conditions on the government. If the government failed to fulfill those conditions, then that government would be dismissed and new govt would be made. Thus, by giving acceptance to public rebellion or right to public revolution, the concept of Limited Monarchy was propounded.

Rousseau was a French scholar. He tried to mix the concepts of Hobbes and Locke regarding the origin of state. He was a supporter of democracy and great critic of divine rights of state.

Social contract theory of Rousseau can be explained as under:

1. Human Nature: 

According to Rousseau, human nature was full of simplicity. He used to live in simplicity and freedom. He was neither selfish, brutal as was told by Hobbes, nor religious as was told by Locke. Though they were uncivilized and uncultured, but still they were best in nature. Rousseau has given them the name of ‘Noble Savage’. 

2. Chaotic State:

 According to Rousseau, man lived a life of heavenly pleasures in the . state of nature. He did not have the feeling of selfishness. His life was like that of a ‘Nobel Savage’. He was happy and contented. People used to live in co – operation. During the chaotic state, those reasons were totally missing which caused jealousy, conflicts and struggle among men.

3. Reason of contract: 

This heavenly state of chaotic state could not last for long. Gradually, the population increased and the will of family and property arise in man. Natural equality and freedom of ‘Nobie Savage’ came to an end with the advent of property. The state of jealousy and conflicts aroase, and all the comforts of chaotic state ended. 

4. Nature of Contract: 

When jealousy, conflicts and struggles started in the chaotic state of nature, then man decided to get rid of that situation by ending the chaotic state and establishing a society. They entered into a mutual contract that every man would surrender his freedom, rights and power to the society because society is a group of people and it is made by the people. 

So, if a man alienates his freedom, rights and power to give it to the society, he gets it back again, being a part of society. According to Rousseau, the contract which is made by men to end the chaotic state, is made between two parties. First party is men as individuals and second party is men as a group.

Lenin considered the father of Russian communism.

Imperialism led to acquisition of colonies and colonial rivalries. It eventually led to the First World War (1914-1918) and the Second World War (1939-1945). Imperialism led to political and economic subjugation of Asian and African countries. They became sources of raw materials and dumping grounds for finished goods for European industries. On the postitive side, imperialism led to development of modern infrastructure in colonies. Imperialism also led to national unity as people fought against the colonial power to free their country, so evident in India and Vietnam. India, Sri Lanka and Burma became colonies of England. China was divided into several ‘spheres of influence’ by European powers

After the collapse of Soviet Union India decided to liberalize its economy and integrate it with global economy. India’s impressive economic growth rate made India an attractive economic partner for the US due to its technological dimensions and the role of Indian- American diaspora. These two factors are interrelated in the following ways: 

1. The US absorbs about 65 per cent of India’s total exports in the software sector. 

2. 35 per cent of the technical staff of Boeing is estimated to be of Indian origin. 

3. 300,000 Indians work in Silicon Valley.

4. 15 per cent of all high-tech start ups are by Indian-Americans.

Matriarchal Theory: Main supporters of matriarchal theory, McLinnen Jacques and Morgan, etc. think that state has been originated from Matriarchal society,not from patriarchal society. In ancient times, the marital relations were not stable. Husband – wife relations used to be unstable and they developed on mutual understanding and were broken also on the same basis. The mother used to look after the offsprings. Children also gave preference to mother. Geneology was known by the mother and had no relation to the tribe of father.

Main Features of Theory:

• There was lack of stable marital relations.
• Blood relation could be known only through mother. 
• Mother was considered to be the head of the family.
• Females had the right on family property. After the death of mother, property was divided among daughters, not sons.

Criticism: 

• This is very difficult to assert that initially only matriarchal families were in prevalence.
• This theory throws light of development of society, but it only speculates about the origin of society, and especially, family. This cannot be accepted as reliable regarding the origin of state.
• Development of state is not as easy as this theory explains.
• This theory ignores other elements responsible for the development of state.
• This theory explains the development of society instead of state. Thus, this theory is more social than political.

Patriarchal Theory: 

According to patriarchal theory, state originated from such families which were related to father. In ancient times, society was a group of families. Head of the family as father had unlimited powers. Every member of the family has to follow his orders, otherwise he would be punished. He could distribute his property according to his own wish.

He could eject anyone from his property and could marry his children according to his own wish. Clans were made from joining the families. All members of clan had blood relations and lived under the protection of the oldest male. Tribe were formed by joining many clans and state was formed from tribes.

Main Features of Patriarchal Theory:

• In ancient times, family was the unit of society.
• Basis of the family was stable and permanent marriage relations.
• Male used to be the head of family and there were many patriarchal elements.
• Geneology was searched only through males. Females had no right in the families.
• Father or Grandfather used to be the head of family. He had many unlimited powers.
• Clans were formed from patriarchal families and tribes’from clans and state was developed from tribes.

Criticism of Theory:

Criticism of this theory according to Mclinnen, Jacques and Gilchrist, etc. is the following:

1. In ancient times, all families were matriarchal, not patriarchal.

2. In ancient societies, tribes were given stability only by females. Thus, the head of the state was female or mother, not father.

3. Development of state has not been as easy as this theory explains. Contribution of Matriarchal & Patriarchal Theories

• Both these theories explain the contribution of blood relations in the development of state, because state is considered to be the expanded form of families.
• Both these theories have established the importance of feelings of obedience and discipline.