Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Through its revenue and expenditure policy presented in the budget, the government strives to achieve high rate of GDP growth and economic stability.

Those taxes that are not dependent upon the Income are called lump-sum tax.

Finance Minister.

(d) Finance Minster

Period of budget in India is from Is 1st April to 31st March.

Radius of the wheel = r = 42 cm (given)

Circumference of wheel = Circumference of circle = 2πr = 2 x 22/7 x 42

= 264

Circumference of wheel is 264 cm.

Again, distance travelled by wheel = 19.8 km = 1980000 cm

(Convert km into cm)

Now, number of revolutions taken by a wheel = 1980000/264 = 7500

All plants and animals sustain the forest life and also CO₂ – O₂ cycle goes on due to animals and plants. Animals convert the dead and decaying matters into humus and increase the fertility of the soil, thus enhancing plant growth. All food chains and food webs need a variety of plants and animals.

Correct option is (iv) Kerosene

There is no waste in the forest because decomposers convert all the dead bodies of the plants and animals into the humus which gets added to the soil. Thus, no waste remains.

Decomposers are the organisms that feed on the dead bodies of plants and animals. They clean the forests, decaying dead bodies and replenishing the nutrients back to the forest soil, e.g., beetles and grubs.

• We get medicines from forests.
• We get gum from forests.
• We get wood which is used for many purposes like making furniture, paper, etc.
• We get food for animals from forests
• We get sealing wax from forests.

(ii) Plants and animals in a forest are not dependent on one. another.

Animals help in growing and regenerating forests in many ways. Animals work as cleaning agents in the forest. Microorganisms work on dead bodies of plants and animals and degenerate them. Animals also help in pollination which helps in growing a number of plants. Herbivores help the carnivores to grow as they serve as food for them. Thus flora and fauna mutually grow in the forest.

Osmosis- It is the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Swollen feet gets cured when soaked in salt water as it reduces inflammation in the muscles. And, salt particles move inside the feet through the membrane in order to maintain solute – solvent level. These salt particles give relief to the feet muscles.

Diffusion is the movement of solute particles only. Plasmolysis is the movement of water when placed in a hypertonic solution while de-plasmolysis is the movement of water hypotonic solution.

(i) The organelle observed by Ishita is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).

(ii) The rough surface of the organelle is due to the presence of ribsomes on it, which imparts are rough look to it. 

(iii) The ribosomes on RER is associated with the manufacturing of proteins in the cell. And, the sending it to the site where they are needed. 

(iv) It can be easily observed that Ishita is a keen learner who takes into account every little detail.

Forests can absorb a lot of water. The roots of the trees absorb the water and prevent it from flowing away. Roots of trees also help in the percolation of water into the soil. This helps in preventing floods.

A heavy blizzard at New Zealand’s Mt. Cook relegated the 23 year old, Mark Inglis to an ice cave for 13 days. He was the search and rescue mountaineer there. Following his rescue, both his legs had to be amputated knee-down due to severe frost bite.

Chemical composition of plant cell wall is cellulosic while that of fungi is made up of chitin. 

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, while fungi cells walls are composed of chitin.

Lysosomes are membranous sacs filled with enzymes. These enzymes are made by RER. They are a kind of waste disposal system of the cell. They help to keep the cell clean by digesting any foreign material as well as worn out cell organelles. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes which are capable of digesting cellular macromolecules. When the cell gets damaged, the lysosome may burst and its enzymes may digest the cell itself. Hence, lysosomes are called as ‘suicidal bags’.

These are cellular organelles termed as ‘power houses of the cells’. These are bounded by a double membrane. The outer membrane is smooth while the inner membrane is thrown into folds called as cristae. The cristae increase the area of cellular respiration. Mitochondria releases energy in the form of ATP molecules. ATP is known as the “energy currency of the cell”. Mitochondria have its own DNA DNA ribosomes and are able to make some of their own proteins.

• Cell wall gives a definite shape to the plant cells.
• It provides mechanical strength to the cell.
• It protects the protoplasm against injury.
• It gives rigidity to the cell.

The genetic material or DNA is present inside the nucleus in the form of chromosomes. Only when this DNA replicates, does the cell divide to form new cells. The functional units of this DNA, also known as genes, are responsible for the synthesis of proteins.

Thus, the nucleus is very important for cellular reproduction and all the other developmental processes of a cell, without which the cell cannot have a stable future. Due to this it said that, “a cell without a nucleus is without any future.”

Plastids are present only in plant cells. These are of two types- chromoplasts (coloured plastids) and leucoplasts (white or colourless plastids). Plastid contains pigment called chlorophyll are known as chloroplasts. These are important for photosynthesis in plants. Chromoplasts are the organelles which provide bright colours to the plant structures like buds, flowers etc. Leucoplasts are the organelles which store starch, oils and protein granules. Plastids consist of numerous membrane layers embedded in a material called the stroma. Plastids also have their own DNA and ribosomes.

A cell is enclosed in a membranous casing and is filled with a liquid substance which is called the cytoplasm. There are many cell organelles in a typical cell. Some of the main structures of a cell are as follows: The cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma membrane. It also contains many specialised cell organelles. Each of these organelles performs a specific function for the cell.

 In plant cell there is chlorophyll, photosynthesis take place. But in animal cell No photosynthesis.

The nucleus is the most important and eficient organelle among all the other organelles. It stores genetic information in the form of DNA (De-oxyribo nucleic acid). The nucleus plays the most important role in cellular reproduction, the process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells. 

That is why it is said that a cell without a nucleus is without any future, as it will not be able to divide further.

Vacuoles are membrane bound compartments present in both plant and animal cells. These are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents. These are small sized in animal cells while bigger in plant cell. In plant cells vacuoles are full of sap and provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell. These organelles store water, waste products, and substances like amino acids, sugars and proteins. In some unicellular organisms specialized vacuoles also play important roles in expelling excess water and some wastes from the cell.

Functions of Nucleus are:

(i) Nucleus controls all the metabolic activities of the cell.

(ii) It controls the inheritance of characters from parents to off-springs.

(iii) It controls cell division.

Differences between Plant cell and Animal cell.

If the plasma membrane of a cell is ruptured, then the cell will die. The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell by diffusion or osmosis. Thus, if the plasma membrane is ruptured, then the cell might leak out its contents.

Cell organelles include endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Plastids, Lysosomes, and Vacuoles. They are important because they carry out some very crucial functions in cells.

Ribosomes play an important role in protein synthesis. So they are called, ‘protein factories’ of the cell.

If the plasma membrane ruptures or breakdown, No movement of substances take place inside and outside of the plasma membrane.

i) The plasma membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment. It also controls the movement of various molecules in and out of the cell. 

ii) If the plasma membrane ruptures then the osmotic balance of the cell is disturbed. This means that any molecule can leave or enter the cell which damages the balance of the constituents inside a cell. 

iii) The protective wall between the outside and inside of a cell is destroyed and hence the integrity of the cell breaks down which causes the death of a cell.

If there was no Golgi apparatus it is difficult for cell to storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicle will not take place.

Prostrate gland is a male reproductive organ which secretes prostrate fluid which is a component of semen. The seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. The secretions of seminal vesicle and prostrate gland provides nutrition to sperm and also make their further transport easy.

Seminal vesicles: Produce a fluid which makes the transport of sperms easy. 

Prostate glands: Produces a fluid which keeps sperms floating in it and provides nourishment.

(a) (i) False 

(ii) False 

(iii) False 

(iv) False

(b) 

(i) Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube. 

(ii) Vagina is also known as the birth canal. 

(iii) Nutrition and oxygen diffuse from the mother's blood into the foetus's blood through placenta. 

(iv) Gestation period in humans is about 280 days.

(i) Lysosomes are involved in the intracellular digestion of food particles ingested by the cell through endocytosis.

(ii) The lysosomes of WBCs (White blood cells) destroy pathogens and other foreign particles and thus take part in natural defence of the body.

(i) Testis: Anthers

(ii) Ovary: ovary

(iii) Eggs: ovules

(iv) Sperms: pollens

Fruit is formed from Ovary.

i. summit

ii. severe

iii. survival

iv. foreigner

Plumule, cotyledon and radicle

Virchow expanded Scheiden’s cell theory and stated that cells arise from preexisting cells.

 Hooke was the first one to discover a cell and Haekel proposed the combination of cell theory with evolution.

A cell is capable of independent existence and can carry out all the functions which are necessary for a living being. A cell carries out nutrition, respiration, excretion, transportation and reproduction; the way an individual organism does. Unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence which shows a cell’s capability to exist independently. Due to this, a cell is called the fundamental and structural unit of life. All living beings are composed of the basic unit of life, i.e. cell.

(d) To make them sticky

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires 2 types of gamete, fertilization is a compulsory event and it always results in formation of zygote.