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With the dawn of independence in India many reformatory measures were introduced to overhaul the political condition and the education policy of India. Though education has been included in the state list yet the overall responsibility lies with the central government.

Afterwards the Adhoc Survey Samiti for games was formed. This samiti reviewed ‘the progress made so far and reorganised The Sports Advisory Body as well as organised many sports associations so as to promote economic cooperation. Many higher Physical Education Institutions were set up.

These institutions are imparting Physical education to players in the different corners of India. They are found in almost all the states of India. There are about 200-250 such institutions in the whole of India. In order to train the players and the coaches for different sports, Shri K.L. Mali was the first to start in 1961 the National Sports Institute in Patiala city of Punjab (Motibagh). It was later named as the Netaji Subash National Institute of Sports. The above institute is presently conducting one year coaching Diploma and 2 years’ master of coaching programmes.

Man is the most creative and active creation of the universe. His/her development process starts with his/her birth on the earth and continues to evolve, gradually till the last. The early man’s activities were related with his search for food and a mechanism for his self defense. Thus his physical activities were, basically, concerned with his needs for survival.

His physical activities became multifarious with his cultural, emotional and social development. As the early society evolved, passing through many imperfections to reach the perfect state of development, physical activities too took a big turn from the preliminary and simple activities for survival to the well organised, systematised and well regulated activities, and they came to be known as Physical Education, in their integrated form.

Physical Education is defined as a process of learning through physical activities designed to improve physical fitness, develop motor skills, knowledge and behaviors of healthy and active living.

Physical Education is a process by which changes in the individual are brought through movement experiences. To put simply, Physical Education is defined as a process of education through physical activity. The goal is the development of the individuals who acquire it through experience of motion.

In 1954, the All-India Sports Advisory Board was set up.

There were different kinds of inequalities existed in India before getting independence.When India became a nation in 1947,our leaders were concerned about these inequalities .so they set out to prepare a constitution for India and took great care to remove inequalities and discrimination of all kind.This equality of all persons is seen as a key value that unites us all as Indian. 

With regard to equality,the constitution said that;

1. All Indians are equal before law and everyone has equal rights and opportunities. 

2. People are free to choose the kind of work they wish to do 

3. Government jobs are open to all people. 

4. Right to equality for poor and other such marginal communities. 

5. Untouchability is seen as a crime and has been legally abolished by law. 

It is important for all people to be equal so that all of them have the freedom to follow their religion ,speak their language,celebrate their festivals and express them freely.Respect for diversity can only be achieved by equality.

When we fit all persons of a particular group in to one fixed image ,we create a stereotype.stereotype is based on prejudices.Such stereotypes hurt the feelings of others and can result in misunderstanding and conflicts between various communities and groups. 

The stereotype thinking that girls are a burden on their parents will affect their life and shatter their dreams and goals.It also creates a feel of being inferior to others and arose a negative feel among them. 

Five different effects of stereotype are: 

1.They are not given quality education as they are not allowed to join the school or college. 

2. They are not given nutritious diet and this may affect their health and growth . 

3.They are not allowed to enjoy her childhood.They may be forced in to marriage at an early age and is forced to do household chores. 

4.They are not given proper care ,love ,and affection of the family and not allowed to go out and enjoy with their friends. 

5.Their issues are not properly addressed and proper medical care is not given when she falls ill.

students should make five groups and discuss the issues among themselves. 

a. We should try to convince that being a poor is not a crime nor a matter of laughter.Hence,he should not tease his classmate.Instead he should learn to respect the personality and social background of each other. 

b. India is country known for its harmony and secularism.This is our power and we should not hurt the sentiments and beliefs of other community. 

c. We should not consider someone inferior to us only because of their appearance.We should treat all children as unique in their own and we should be friendly with all children.

d. People in each religion have their own language and accent.We should not make fun or joke of their accent and learn to respect it. 

e. Every one is unique in their own way.They have their own physique and may not be good in all things 

we should convince those boys that girls are no way less efficient than boys and should encourage them.

Psychological motion of intelligence is quite different from the common sensed motion of intelligence. Generally people saw intelligence as mental alertness, ready art, quickness in learning and ability to understand relationships. Oxford dictionary explained intelligence as the power of perceiving, learning understanding and knowing. Accordingly Alfred Binet also used these attributes and defined intelligence as ability to judge well, understand well and reason well.Later Wechsler gave a comprehensive definition in terms of its functionality, i.e., its value for adaptation to environment. He defined intelligence as “the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully and to deal effectively with his/her environment.” Present day psychologists such as Gardner and Sternberg emphasized that “Intelligent individual not only adapts to the environment, but actively modifies or shapes it.” Sternberg views intelligence as “ the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish ones goals and those of ones society and culture.”

The dance performed by the tribes in Araku Is called Dhimsa

c) Eastern Ghats

After the formation of the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister has to distribute portfolios among the ministers. He has to consider following aspects:

1. Some portfolios are of prime importance while others are of secondary importance. He has to select appropriate people for each portfolio. 

2. He has to consider the experience i and the efficiency of the ministers he has selected. 

3. The political experience and administrative skills of the concerned ministers is also taken into consideration by him. 

4. Other factors like the awareness of public issues, effective leadership, etc. are also considered by him. 

5. If the government is in a coalition, he has to distribute portfolios appropriately among the constituent parties in the alliance.

(a) Article 167 (1)

In sports, many challenging situations occur and coping strategies are used to tackle them. An athlete should be trained lo take pressure of competitions. The trained athletes cope successfully with unexpected events such as wrong decision of official, aggressive behaviour of opponent, comment from crowd and still continue to perform better and better.

Problem-focussed coping strategies means directly tackling the situation that has caused the stress. We must aim to tackle the root cause of the stress. It involves a lot of efforts to manage the problem. The following are the ways to tackle problem-focussed situations: 

(a) Analyse the situation.

(b) Seek professional help.  

(c) Stay focussed.

(d) Set realistic goals.  

(e) Proper planning. 

(f) Think positive.

Principles to be followed for goal setting are: 

(a) Set realistic goals based on one's own abilities. Goals should be difficult but attainable. 

(b) Setting up too high or too low goals will adversely affect the level of performance.

(a) It promotes mass participation. 

(b) It provides fun, enjoyment and recreation to students. 

(c) It helps to identify the talent among one's classmates. 

(d) It develops social values such as honesty, discipline, cooperation and sympathetic attitude. 

(e) Variety of opportunities provide good leadership skills.

When we have less time, less manpower and modified facilities, we prefer to have knock out tournaments than round robin. There will be economy of expenditure also.

1 Anglo-Indian members can be nominated by the Governor in the Legislative Assembly.

Extrinsic motivation sometime may kill intrinsic motivation because in extrinsic motivation an athlete initiates and sustains an activity as a result of external pull, attraction, forces, incentive, etc. Sooner or later the athlete loses interest and quits sport when the rewards etc. are no longer forthcoming.

(b) Article 155

The Recommendations of Ashok Mehta Committee :

In order to study the working system of the Panchayati Raj institutions and suggest necessary changes in their current structure, the Janata party government formed the Ashok Mehta Committee in December 1977. This committee submitted its report in August 1978 and made 132 recommendations for reviving and strengthening the decadent Panchayati Raj System in the country.

Its two major recommendations are as follows :

1. a three-tier system can be removed and a two-tier system be adopted. Mandal Panchayat should be formed on 15,000- 20,000 population and the Gram Panchayat should be terminated. The district should be considered as the first level of decentralization. 

2. All the officers, including the District Collector, should be kept under the Zilla Parishad.

The ‘Panchayati Raj Day’ is celebrated on April 24 every year.

Under Article 243 of the constitution, the governor of each state constitutes a State Finance Commission at a gap of 5 years by which the financial status of Panchayats is viewed and recommendations are given to the Governor in respect of the measures to be taken for improvement.

Two major functions of State Finance Commission : 

1. It provides the right to Panchayats to earn income from taxes on certain items, fees and path taxes. 

2. Suggesting appropriate measures for financial position of Panchayats to the state government.

The three-tier system of Panchayati Raj : 

Panchayati Raj has been given a three-dimensional form in India. It has the Gram Panchayat at the village level, the Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate level and the District Council at the District level, as described below :

1. Gram Panchayat : 

Gram panchayat is the smallest unit of local self-government in rural areas. Gram Panchatyat is divided into at least 9 wards. The head of the village Panchayat is called the Sarpanch who is elected directly by the voters of Panchayat area; Voters of each ward elect one Panch. Tenure of Gram Panchayat Secretary is 5 years. In the village Panchayat the post of panchayat secretary is in the form of a government representative. The main task of the village Panchayat is to implement rural development related activities in Panchayat area.

2. Panchayat Samiti : 

The Panchayat Samiti is the middle level institution of Panchayat Raj System in which there are representatives elected by the public, who select the head and the sub-head of their own. As administrators, there are development officers and other employees. Its tenure is also for 5 years. Its main work is to prepare annual plans and to implement and evaluate rural development programs.

3. District Council : 

It is the Supreme institution of Panchayati Raj System. Its members are elected directly. Its head is called District head. The term of the Zila Parishad is of 5 years. As for the administration, there are Chief Executives and state employees. Its main work is to maintain coordination between all the Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis of the district.

Meaning of Local Administration : 

Local governance refers to a rule that is related to a particular place and which is managed by the residents of that place. In other words, local governance refers to the local level institutions which are elected by the people and who are under the control of national or provincial governments, and have the rights and responsibilities to fulfill the local needs of the citizens. It also means that the local government units use the powers conferred in a limited , area, they are not sovereign.

In India, these institutions work in the limits of the law made by the state legislature and execute the obligations given, using all the powers conferred by law. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, local government means that an internally restricted and a decisionmaking body which makes local-level plans of development of people, and implements them in small area rather than the full state.

According to Carl J. Fredrik : 

Self government is an administrative system of local society, regulated by the rules of administration in such a way that it represents the government’s power at that time, while it is locally active.

According to F. Golding : 

‘It is a settlement of people’s own affairs by themselves.

Several committees have been constituted to strengthen local governance, whose recommendations are as follows :

 1. Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) :

• Three-tier panchayati Raj should be established which is as follows : The Gram Panchayat at village level, Panchayat Samiti at Block level and Zilla Parishad at District level. These should be interconnected by indirect elections. 
•  Gram Panchayat should be established through directly elected representatives, whereas Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad should be formed indirectly by elected members. 
• The District Officer should be made the head of Zilla Parishad.

2. Recommendations of Ashok Mehta Committee (1997) :

• Two-stage Panchayati Raj System should be adopted. Mandal Panchayats to be formed in place of Gram Panchayat. 
•  Organizations can be elected on a party basis. 
•  All the officers, including the District collector, should be kept under the Zilla Parishad. 
• The role of NGOs should be increased in the Panchayati Raj System. 
• Reservation should be given to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women of the society in Panchayati Raj Department.

3. Recommendations of G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) : 

•  More financial powers should be provided to the Village Panchayats. 
• State Finance Commission to be constituted. 
•  Tenure of institutions should be increased from 5 years to 8 years. 
•  The post of District Development Commissioner should be created and he should be in-charge of the development work of the district.

4. Recommendations of L.M. Singhvi Committee (1986) : 

•  Panchayati Raj instituion should be given constitutional status and protection should be given to them. 
•  Villages to be reorganized to make Village Panchayats more practical. 
• Gram Panchayat should be made more financially strong and judicial agencies can be established to resolve any disputes arising out of the elections, disintegration and the functions of these institutions.

5. Recommendation of P.K. Thungan Committee (1988) :

This committee recommends Panchayati Raj institutions to get constitutional status.

The prominent functions of the Panchayati Raj System according to the 11th schedule of the constitution are : 

1. Agriculture, in which agricultural extension is included. 

2. Land development to implement land reforms, land organization and land conservation. 

3. Minor irrigation, water management and land development between rivers. 

4. Livestock, dairy business, poultry farming. 

5. Development of fisheries. 

6. Forest life and forestry. 

7. Minor forest produce. 

8. Small-scale industry which includes food processing industry. 

9. Khadi, village and cottage industries. 

10. Village development. 

11. Fuel and fodder. 

12. Drinking water. 

13. Road, bridge, river coast, water route and other means of communication. 

14. Rural electricity and electricity division. 

15. Non-conventional energy sources. 

16. Poverty eradication programmes. 

17. Education-schools of Primary and secondary education. 

18. Technical training and vocational education. 

19. Adult and informal education. 

20. Library and reading room. 

21. Fairs and market. 

22. Cultural activities. 

23. Health and related institutions : Hospitals, primary health centers, etc. 

24. Women and child development. 

25. Social welfare, especially the mentally retarted and illuminated welfare. 

26. Welfare and prosperity related functions of the weaker sections of society, especially SC, ST. 

27. Public Distribution System. 

28. Supervision of public property.

Three-tier form of Panchayat Raj : 

1. Gram Panchayat : 

Gram Panchayat is the smallest unit of local self-government in rural areas. Gram Panchayat is divided into at least 9 wards. The head of the Village Panchayat is called the Sarpanch. The election of the Sarpanch is done by the voters of the entire Panchayat area directly by the secret ballot system. Election of the panch is done by respective ward voters directly. The deputy Sarpanch is elected by the Panch. Panchayat elections are conducted by state election commission.

In each village Panchayat area, a certain proportion of population is reserved for SC, ST and other Backward classes, as well as, the reserved seats are determined on lottery system. Panchayat secretary is the official representative in the Gram Panchayat. The tenure is of 5 years. A meeting must be convened at least once in 15 days. Sarpanch presides over the meeting of the Panchayat and in his absence the Deputy Sarpanch gets work done by the Gram Panchayat. 

The main functions of the Gram Panchayat are :

• Making annual budgets and plans. 
•  Administrative work. 
• Developmental work. 
•  Function related to Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development. 
•  Promotion of Khadi and cottage industries.
• Arrangement of water, lighting, roads, education, healthcare, etc.

2. Panchayat Committee : 

Intermediate level of Panchayati Raj structure is called Panchayat Samiti. There are about 15 representatives elected by the public in the Panchayat Samiti. In addition to elected representatives, there are Sarpanchs of panchayats under the block in the Panchayat Samiti. They can vote in all other meetings except for the election of the vice President and the no-confidence motion. The elected members of the Panchayat Samiti elect the head and the Deputy Chief of their own. 

In case of accidental post vacancy, the head and sub-head are reelected again. Panchayat Samiti also has reservation for SC, ST, OBC and women. All these reserved places are allocated alternately by rotation. The term of Panchayat Samiti is of 5 years. In the Panchayat Samiti, there is the post of development officer in the form of administrator. Development officer co-ordinates the work of the employees. 

The main functions of Panchayat Samiti are:

• Preparing annual plans, considering the plans of village Panchayats, preparing annual budget, etc. 
•  Work related to minor irrigation and water management. 
•  Agriculture production and extension related work. 
•  Poverty alleviation related work. 
•  Animal Husbandry, Dairy, poultry and fisheries related work. 
• Primary education related work. 
• Other functions : Promotion of khadi and cottage industries, drinking water arrangements, health and family welfare related work.

3. Zilla Parishad : 

In the Panchayati Raj System, the district level institution is Zilla Parishad. 

It is formed by four types of members :

• Directs elected representatives from regional constituencies. 
•  Member of Lok Sabha and legislative Assembly of District Council area 
• All the Rajya Sabha members registered as nominees in the District Council Area. 
• Heads of all Panchayat Committees of Zilla Parishad area.

The first type of members elect the District Head and the Deputy District Chief from among themselves. They only have the right to remove them by no-confidence motion. Other types of members can also vote in other tasks. District Head and Deputy District Head of the District council are representatives of the public. Apart form this, there is a chief administrative officer, to see the construction work, an assistant engineer and other employees.

District council meeting and other activities are concluded under the chairmanship of the District head. He controls all the officers and employees. In the Zilla Parishad, reservation has been given for SC, ST, OBC and women as per rules and rotation. The term of the Zilla Parishad is of 5 years and after dissolving it prematurely it is necessary to re-constitute it within 6 months which remains for the remaining tenure. If the term that remains is less than 6 months then elections cannot be held.

Main Functions of Zilla Parishad :

• Maintaining co-ordination between all the Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis of the district. 
•  Distribution of grants given by the state government to Panchayat Samitis. 
•  Working for agricultural development and economic, social development. 
• Working for village planning, public health and education system. 
• To create special programs for areas of natural disasters.

There are two levels of the local administration in the Panchayati Raj System :

1. Rural Local Administration (Panchayati Raj). 

2. Urban Local Administration.

Panchayat Committee.

(c)  City Council

Municipal Corporation is the biggest institution of the urban self government system.

Village Panchayat.

(a) The Chief Minister

State Election Commission.

The Governor is the nominal executive of the state.

The five characteristics of the state administration are : 

1. Indication of Development : 

The state administration is indicative of a development process or administration in which the role of all the citizens is ensured. 

2. Dependent on center : 

Since the state administration execute their funtions in the direction of the center, it is dependent on the center. 

3. Based on public interaction : 

The state administration is not self governed, but based on public participation, and operates its functions. 

4. Governor is the representative of the President in the state : 

In the state, the constitutional head is Governor, who is the nominal executive of the state like the President in the center. 

5. Independent entity : 

state administration has its own independent existence.

State Council of Ministers.

The use of the phrase ‘Union of states’ in the constitution of India, indicates that in India, state administration cannot go against national stream despite autonomy

The prominent recommendations of Sarkaria Commission : 

1. The governor should not be given the post of reinstatement after his tenure. 

2. The leader of the ruling party at the center cannot become the governor. 

3. The governor can contest the election for the post of President and Vice President but cannot be active in party politics. 

4. Arrangement for consultation with the Chief Minister in the appointment of the governor should be made by making necessary amendments and changes in article 155. 

5. Appointment of a person in the office of the Governor who is a celebrity in any area.

The composition of the state legislature : 

The constitutional governance has been established in the states also by the constitution. In the constitutional regime, the actual executive power of the state lies in the Council of Ministers which is responsible to the state assembly. Under Article 163, the Governor will have a Council of Ministers for taking advice in this work. The Chief Minister chooses the other ministers and then gives the names of the ministers and their departments to the Governor. On the basis of 91st constitutional amendment, it has been arranged that the number of members of the state council of ministers including the Chief Minster in the state cannot exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly. 

There are three types of ministers in the council of ministers : 

1. Cabinet Ministers 

2. State Ministers 

3. Deputy Ministers 

Sometimes, Parliamentary secretaries are also appointed. All of these must be members of the state legislature. The Chief Minister divides the work among them.

The main responsibility of the district administration is to maintain law and order, collect revenue and implement development works.

The relations of the Chief Minister and the Governor : 

The Chief Minister and the Governor are complementary to each other. 

The interpersonal relations between them can be clarified on the following grounds : 

1. The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party / parties as the Chief Minister in the state assembly and administers the oath of secrecy of the post. 

2. The Chief Minister gives advice to the Governor in appointing his ministers and allotment of their departments, change or acceptance of their resignation letter or to reject them. 

3. The decision taken by any minister can be taken by the Chief Minister on the request of the Governor, for consideration in the full ministerial council. 

4. The Chief Minister acts as the contact between the governor and the council of ministers, whereby the governor has no problem. 

5. If a minister wants to meet the Governor, then he has to give prior information to the Chief Minister.

(i) It is implied in this sentence that the ‘silver house’, is actually the moon in the sky.

(ii) It is implied in this sentence that the two weeks that are used to build the ‘silver house’ up are the weeks that are required for the moon to complete its journey from the ‘new moon phase’ to the ‘full moon phase’ (waxing).

(iii) It is implied in this sentence that the period of two weeks is the time taken by the moon to change from the ‘full moon phase’ to the ‘new moon phase’ (waxing).

• life – knife
• rain – main
• grow – throw
• spring – bring

Green grasses grow.

The local administration of the cities works through three types of institutions :Nagar palika, Nagar Parishad and Municipal corporation, whose details are as follows : 

1. Arranging drinking water. 

2. Disposing of garbage. 

3. Keeping the town clean. 

4. Removing illness in the city and managing treatment. 

5. Repairing and construction of roads . 

6. Provision of lighting, i.e., electricity. 

7. Registration of birth and death and issuance of certificates’. 

8. Prevent encroachments. 

9. Water drainage after rain fall in raining days. 

10. Building Public Toilets. 

11. Establishment of adult education centers. 

12. Construction and arrangement, parks, museums and statues. 

13. Providing proper arrangement of parking spaces. 

14. Creating policies to overcome urban poverty. 

15. Managing the stay animal shelters. 

16. Managing slaughterhouses and leather industries. 

17. Arranging cemeteries and cremating grounds. 

18. Construction of reading room and library. 

19. Management of urban and forestry environmental protection and ecosystem. 

20. Providing proper arrangements in dirty and slum areas. 

21. Land use regulation and construction of buildings. 

22. Providing fire services to the citizens.

The elements of nature that are mentioned in the given extract are grass, trees, butterflies, rainbow, sky and flowers.

(a) By President