Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

B. Mountainous

Correct answer is (c) best

When temperature is reduced from 4°C to 0°C, water expands instead of compression.

1. Teeth which are located at front side of the mouth are used for biting and cutting. (These are called incisors.)

2. Canines are used for tearing, which are located behind incisors.

Air pollution is the biggest threat to the environment and to all living species. 

Following are some of the solutions to reduce the level of air pollution:

Public Transport: Encourage greater use of public transport i.e. the use of railways, bus services or metros, etc. Instead of using private vehicles, people should encourage to use public transport.

Use of CNG Vehicles: Citizens should also be encouraged to use CNG vehicles as it is a much cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel. New registration should be discouraged by increasing registration charges of vehicles.

Use bicycles: Using bicycles is the best way to reduce air pollution. The government should mark out bicycle lanes in residential colonies as well as on roads.

Plant and care for trees: Trees filter pollutants and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees release oxygen into the atmosphere. The practice of planting trees provides more benefits to the environment.

Use less energy: Use energy-efficient appliances. Turn off electrical appliances when not in use. Get an energy audit done and follow the advice.

Avoid the use of crackers: Avoid the use of crackers during festivals and weddings as it creates a lot of air pollution and is harmful to birds and animals including human beings.

Reuse, Reduce and Recycle: The three ‘Rs’ are the best way to reduce air pollution.

Avoid using chemical products: Avoid using chemical products like paint, perfumes, sprays, etc as they contain harmful products. Try to use products with less chemical content.

Prevention of forest fires and burning of garbage: Don’t burn garbage or leaves because it releases harmful smoke in the air which decreases the quality of air.

• The Indian government launched National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in April 2005 with an aim to strengthen the health systems in rural and urban areas. 
• The list of the benefits of the NRHM are as follows:
• It aims to provide equitable, affordable, and quality healthcare services.
• It has strengthened the healthcare infrastructure.
• It has brought down the maternal mortality rate among poor pregnant women.
• The prevalence of tobacco use and the number of tobacco users have been reduced.
• The Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram entitles pregnant women to give birth in public health institutions at no expense.
• The government launched different schemes for community participation under NRHM. Rogi Kalyan Samiti is responsible for maintaining the facilities and ensuring the provision of better facilities for the patients in the hospital.
• Established the Global Knowledge Hub for smokeless tobacco. It also issued an advisory to ban Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems.
• After the implementation of various initiates under NHRM many states have shown improved progress in healthcare facilities.

1. (i) Phototropism

2. (ii) Geotropism

3. (iii) Chemotropism

4. (iv) Hydrotropism

5. (i) Thigmotropism

• India has an extraordinary and vast cultural heritage. It is in the form of ancient monuments, buildings, and other archaeological sites and remains.
• These monuments are the living witnesses of our golden historic era.
• It is our duty to preserve the monuments for the next generations. A little initiate from our side can save our heritage.
• The tourism industry generated foreign exchange on a large scale. Tourists come to India every year to see its cultural heritage. Therefore, it is our duty to preserve and protect our heritage.
• As a citizen of India, we should spread awareness among the people about the importance of the preservation of monuments. A little effort on our side can create desirable changes which will make past, present, and future generations of the country and the entire world proud of us.

The snowline is retreating because – 

1. A snowline is a boundary between a snow-covered and snow-free surface. Above the snowline there is permanent snow cover. 

2. When glaciers and icebergs melt at an alarming rate, it is a cause of concern. This is known as retreating glaciers. 

3. Due to changes in the climate there is less snowfall as compared to the previous years. 

4. This means that there is lesser ice formation each year than its rate of melting. 

5. Thus, due to melting of glaciers and icebergs as well as less snowfall the snowline is retreating.

(a) increased

There is an increase in the frequency of droughts and cyclones because-

1. In addition to triggering more rainfall, global warming could also increase the occurrence of drought.

2. The roots of both flooding and drought lie in the physical process known as evaporation. 

3. As global warming heats the world’s oceans, the water molecules near the sea surface become more energetic and tend to evaporate into the atmosphere more readily. Thus, water vapour is formed. 

4. Similarly, due to global warming, the number of cyclones in a year and their intensities have also increased in the tropical regions.

Special institutes like management training are established to impart technical education and also for professional education.

There is a great possibility that we may not see Maldives on the world map in the future because-

1. Sea level continues to rise at a rate of about 3 mm/ per year, leaving no ground surface higher than 3 m. 

2. Due to global warming the rising of sea level is likely to worsen. 

3. Higher sea levels may lead to severe cyclones and periodic flooding of coastal areas. 

4. Since, Maldives is a flat country there is possibility that it may be submerged under sea water if the rise in sea level continues.

1. When temperature changes, corals throw out the algae living in their tissues. 

2. These algae are responsible for their colour. 

3. An increase of 1°C – 2°C in ocean temperatures for a long time can lead to bleaching, turning corals white. 

4. If corals are bleached for prolonged periods, they eventually die. 

5. Coral bleaching leads to death of large amounts of corals.

(d) Increase in the minimum and maximum temperature

(c) very high precipitation in one day

(c) Banning public transport

(d) Ancient forts

1. A flash flood is a term that describes floods, which is usually observed in the low-lying areas. 

2. Floods are caused due to extremely heavy rainfall. 

3. Flash floods generally occur after the collapse of natural ice, debris dam or a man-made dam, etc. 

4. Flash foods also occur due to very high precipitation in one day (Mumbai in 2005, Kedarnath in 2013) or because of changed weather conditions like cyclones (Chennai, 2015). 

5. Flash foods are different from the regular floods by having a time scale of fewer than six hours between rainfall and the onset of flooding.

It is important to study climate change because – 

1. The earth’s climate is changing faster primarily as a result of human activities. 

2. Number of flash floods are increasing, especially in urban areas.

3. Due to warming of oceans the rate of evaporation is high, which is the root cause of both flooding and droughts. 

4. Due to increase in temperature, there is melting of snow on mountains and sea level is rising.

 5. Human activities, especially emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation and land use changes are the primary drivers of the climate changes observed in the industrial era.

Following measures can be taken to combat climate change in our village / city. 

1. Afforestation should be encouraged in and around play areas, hill sides, schools, etc. 

2. Deforestation should be avoided strictly. 

3. The use of public transport should be enabled to lessen the vehicular pollution. Thus, emission of harmful gases such as CO , etc., can be prevented. 

4. Use of natural manure can be encouraged instead of using fertilizers. 

5. In villages, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) should be used instead of using coal or wood as fuel.

Paleoclimatology is the study of the weather and climate of the earth’s past. Scientists and meteorologists have been using instruments to measure climate and weather for the past 140 years. However, millions of years ago historical evidence called proxy data, which includes coral reefs, tree rings, ice cores, etc., were used to tell about the climate.

Coral reefs: 

1. Coral reefs are very sensitive to changes in climate. – 

2. Corals form skeletons by extracting calcium carbonate from the ocean waters. 

3. When the water temperature changes, densities of calcium carbonate in the skeletons also change. 

4. Coral formed in the summer has a different density than coral formed in the winter.

5. This creates seasonal growth rings on the corals. 

6. Scientists can study these rings to determine the temperature of the water and the season in which the coral grew.

Tree rings: 

1. There are rings on the stem of the tree. 

2. Variation in these rings is due to variation in the environmental conditions when they were formed. 

3. Thus, studying this variation leads to improved understanding of past environmental conditions.

Ice cores: 

1. These are samples of ice taken from the inner sides of the ice sheets. 

2. Throughout each year, layers of snow fall over the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. 

3. Each layer of snow is different. 

4. Summer snow differs from winter snow. 

5. Each layer gives scientists a lot of information about the climate each year.

Though the human activities are a major cause behind climate change, there are some natural causes for climate change. They are as follows: Amount of energy output by the sun:

1. Low energy output by the sun can reduce amount of insolation received by the earth. 

2. This can lead to cooling of the earth.

Milankovitch Oscillation: 

1. The earth’s rotation around its own axis and revolution around the sun is responsible for the changes in climate. 

2. Their changes alter the amount of insolation received from the sun, which in turn might affect its climate. 

3. It can cause the earth to be closer to the sun (warmer) and farther from the sun (colder). 

4. The ice ages can occur when we are farther from the sun.

Volcanism: 

1. Volcanic eruptions throw lots of particulates and aerosols into the atmosphere. 

2. These aerosols remain in the atmosphere for a considerable period of time.

3. The winds spread it around the world, thus reducing the sun’s radiation reaching the earth’s surface.

Goldilocks Zone: 

1. The earth lies in the habitable zone called the Goldilocks Zone. 

2. Earth experiences cooler climate, when it was located in the outer reaches of this zone. 

3. As the size of the sun increases the zone moves outward over time. 

4. Such changes in the zone causes earth to warm or cool.

1. Difference in the temperature is least in the year 1985.

2. The difference between the mean temperature of twentieth century (1995-2000) and 2015 is 0.8°C.

3. The temperature differs in different months because of the occurrence of different seasons.

1. Greenhouse gases are the primary gases, such as, water vapour carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and ozone in the earth’s atmosphere that absorbs and traps energy from the sun. 

2. Of all greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide absorbs more heat.

3. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of the earth’s surface would be about -18°C rather than the present average of 14°C.

4. Carbon dioxide emissions comes from many human activities such as combustion of fossil fuels, oil and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including live stock).

1. The graph shows CO concentration (ppm) and its increased level over the period of time from 1900 to 2017.

2. The abbreviation ppm means ‘parts per million’ of carbon concentration in the atmosphere.

3.Since which year has the increase been phenomenal?

4. The reasons behind the increase in carbon dioxide is due to combustion of fossil fuels and large- scale deforestation.

1. Interstellar 

2. Beasts of the Southern Wild 

3. Chasing Coral 

4. Snowpiercer 

5. An Inconvenient Truth 

6. Are you ready to fight? (Vattaram)

Industrialisation led to division of labour on the basis of specialisation and expertise.

1.Water vapour, shows the highest contribution.

2.Water vapour, methane, NO₂ and miscellaneous gases are naturally occurring gases while CO₂ is man-made.

3. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, etc., and deforestation are responsible for emission of CO₂ .

4. The emission of CO can be controlled by humans.

Species vulnerable to climate change are: corals, polar bear and frogs.

(B) Sessions Court

(B) Zilla Court

(B) Real estate business

The Mahabharata Period: During this period i.e., between 3000 B.C. to 300 B.C. exercises were considered the utmost favoured means of making body strong, stout and healthy. Wrestling and clubbing (macing) were widely known exercises. It was compulsory for all the Kashtriya princes to get knowledge of various wrestling techniques, such as Aakarshnam, Bahunamoolam, Greeva, Vikarshnam, Paryasan, Padpahar, Mahivyajanam, Bhiybandh etc. All the Kshtriya princes were fond of wrestling. Shri Balram and Shri Krishna were the great wrestlers. Bhim and Jarasandh too were adept in wrestling. Once they continued their arena war for about 15 days. Aijuna was a great archer of that periocf. Duryodhana, Bhim and Jarasandh were highly skilled in clubbing (macing).

The Chakra exercises too were a common feature of this period. Axe, Pestle, Plough, stick, Club etc. were the chief weapons used during the Mahabharata period. It was during the Brahmacharya Ashrama that an extensive and elaborate practice was given to the princes in handling and holding these tools and equipments. A great respect was accorded, to the physically strong and powerful persons in the society.

Nalanda was the reputed education centre where about 6000 students studied. Special emphasis was given to various programme of physical education to promote good health besides imparting education in the scientific, religious, Pauranic and intellectual courses of studies. Pranayama and Suryanamaskara were the regular features of curriculum. Walking was considered the best exercise for health. Often the competitions were held in Yoga exercises, sword feats, wrestling, equestrian etc.

The Rajput Period – It was the period of revival for the Hindu religion and this period was also known as the Shaurya (bravery) period. The Rajputs were very arrogant and obstinate by nature. They continued their dominance over India till the 13th century. The Rajput children were trained from their early childhood to chop off the animal’s head with a sword in a single attempt. Their main exercises and popular games included Equestrian (horse riding), Javelin-throw, archery, wrestling, hunting, clubbing etc. The Rajput girls were given training in sadle-less horse riding.

Chess was played as a game of recreation, Music and dance formed an inseparable part of the life of The Rajputs.

In order to promote the development of physical education and activities, in 1950 the education ministry of the government of India set up The Central Advisory Board for Physical Education.

Physical Education is defined as a process of learning through physical activities designed to improve physical fitness, develop motor skills, knowledge and behaviors of healthy and active living.

It aims at physical development but also at the development of the individual as a whole i.e., development of motor skills, physical abilities, knowledge, reasoning, appreciation of values etc.

(B) Executive

Answer is  (A) SHO

(1) ‘SixthSense’ is a wearable gestural interface that augments the physical world around / us with digital information and lets us use natural  hand gestures to interact with that information.

(2) ‘SixthSense’ sees what we see and visually arguments any surfaces or objects

In SixthSense, with the help of a wearable camera, we can have all inputs that we wish to have. The camera in ‘SixthSense’ sees what we see and visually augments any surfaces or objects we are interacting with. Then as far as output is concerned, it projects information onto surfaces, walls and physical objects around us, and lets us interact with the projected information through natural hand gestures, arm movements, or our interaction with the object itself.

Pranav is a great source of inspiration for the youth of today. One has the potential to develop on one’s own, but how he exploits that potential is very important. Besides brilliant academic career, Pranav worked on varied fields and created a niche for him.

He was so highly motivated that he succeded highly in IIT and earned himself a job with Microsoft in Hyderabad. Thus, getting inspiration from him and working hard like him may surely win grand success to anyone.

Answer is (D) Court

Answer is (A) Bribery

Physical Education is that branch of education which promotes integrated and coordinated development of man’s personality, idealises his morality, adds to his efficiency, inspires him with the spirit of patriotism, adventurism etc. and cultivates values of high moral conduct.

The Vedic Period – The Vedas give the description of the Aryans who had come to India from the middle Asia and were settled here. The Vedas are not only the religious scriptures but they also give the true picture of the social, political and geographical life of the Aryans living in India of that period.

Strength is believed to be Brahma’s power i.e., supernatural power. A powerless person cannot attain that supreme or divine power. Power (Strength) is indispensable for the elevation of soil. The Aryans’ means of recreation and physical exercises were hunting, horse riding, dancing on rope, tumbling and twisting.

Yoga is believed to be the child of the Veda period. Pranayama was considered as religious liability. It was through Pranayama that the Sanatana Rishi Munis could experience sensual vision. Mining, digging activities etc. were performed to gain physical strength. Muni Agastey wished for his mental strength while digging earth with axe.

Today’s art of Boxing is much of the same as the Mushti war of the Vedic period.

Many students hold brilliant academic record, i.e., achieving 1st rank all through, but they cannot do what Pranav has done. I think, the credit goes to his interest in activities beyond studies. Besides, he worked on varied fields like interaction design, robotics, computer graphics, HCI, AI, information graphics, embedded systems, social computing and so on. These extra efforts inspired and enabled him to invent impossibly futuristic watch – ‘GEAR’.