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1. Peru is one of the world’s largest producers of tropical fish. Here the cool Humboldt Current helps in bring plankton, which is the main food for fishes.

2. Commercial deep sea fishing off of Peru’s coastal belt of over 3000 km.

3. Peruvian waters normally abound with sword fish, mackerel, yellow fin, pompano and shark.

4. More than 50 species are caught commercially. –

5. There are over 40 fishing ports on the Peruvian coast.

6. Paita and Callao are being the most important centers in Peru.

Amount paid for stationery during the year – 880 

(-) Stock of stationery at the end – 90 Amt. 

to be posted to income and expenditure A/c – 790

Receipts and payments A/c is maintained under Cash system of accounting.

1. Revenue Expenditure / Deferred Revenue Expenditure: 

Advertising expenditure is not written off completily to the profit and loss account of the accounting year during which it is incurred. It is spread over a number of years whose benet is likely to be received. 

2. Capital Expenditure: 

Any amount spent on acquistion of an asset or for increasing the nature of an asset is called capital expenditure. Registration fee paid is a capital expenditure.

Capital

e) Purchase of surgical instruments (expenditure) 

f) Life membership subscription for health plan (receipts)

Revenue 

a) Consultation fees (receipts) 

b) Payment of salaries (payments) 

c) Conveyance expense (payments) 

d) Purchase of medicine (payments)

1. Death valley is 

2. Grand Bank 

3. Mt Aconcagua 

4. The Selvas 

5. Brazil

a) Capital receipt

Amount obtained by selling 1,25,000 stock at 94 is \(\frac{12,500\times94}{100}\)= Rs 11.750 

100 Jane 13 income from 4.5% stock is 

= \(\frac{45}{100}\)× 12,500 =562.5 

11,750 x 100 

9% stock purchased at 125 is = \(\frac{11,750\times100}{125}\)= 9,400 

Income from 9% stock is , \(\frac{9}{100}\)× 9400 = 846

Change in income = 846 – 562.5 = Rs 283.5

North America has 7 time zones

Death Valley is about 86 m below the sea level and is the lowest part of the continent of North America.

Let the cash invested be x 

Income from 14.25% stock at 98 = \(\frac{14.25}{98}\) x

Income from 15% stock at 105 by investing Rs 9,975 = \(\frac{15}{105}\) × 9,975 

Given both the incomes are equal ⇒ x = 9,800

∴ Amount to be invested = Rs 9800

The seven small countries which lies to the south of Mexico are referred to as central America

New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Toronto, Montreal and Mexico City are some of the busiest international airports in the World.

The wheat is grown extensively on the Pampas of Argentina

1. Isthumus – A narrow stretch of land joining two large land masses 

2. Strait – A narrow stretch of water joining two large water bodies 

3. Igloo – The specially designed a house by ice 

4. Selvas – A tract of land covered by dense equatorial forest in the Amazon basin. 

5. Pampas – A temperate grassland of South America.

The Mackenzie River is the second largest drainage basin of North America. It has it source from Great Slave Lake and drains into Arctic Ocean.

(a) The Andes

(a) The Mississippi and Missouri rivers

(a) North West

On the basis of topographical features, the continent may be divided into the following physiographic divisions:

 The Andes Mountains: 

1. The Andes are Fold Mountains like the Himalayas.

2. The highest peak in the Andes is Mount Aconcagua (an extinct volcano) on the Chile- Argentina border which reaches at an elevation of 6,961 m. In Chile, the mountains run very close to the coast.

3. The slopes are steep on the western side and gentle on the eastern side like Rockies in North America.

4. There are some active volcanoes like Cotopaxi (5,991m) on the Andes range. The Andes are rich in minerals like Copper,

Tin and Precious Gems including Emeralds.

The River Basins (or) the Central Plains: 

1. Nearly half of the Continent is covered by the plains. Three great rivers drain into the Atlantic Ocean.

2. The biggest of them is the Amazon.

3. The Amazon basin consisting mainly of the alluvial deposits is the thickly forested part of the world.

The Eastern Highlands:

1. These are considerably older than the Andes and are mainly Plateau which is cut by many rivers. 

2. They lie to the north and south of the Amazon River.

3. The Brazilian Highlands are found to the south of the Amazon basin.

4. They are gently rolling plateaus with steep cliffs along the east coast.

1. The Orinoco River originates in the Guiana Highlands and flows northwards into the Caribbean Sea.

2. The river Paraguay has the Parana and Uruguay rivers as the main tributaries which together form and known as the Platte River system.

3. All the rivers are navigable for quite some distance in the interior.

(b) 110 to 480

We use soap to wash our hands and for bathing. We use tooth paste to clean our teeth.

Mississippi and Missouri together form the fourth longest river system in the world.

1. Amazon is the longest river of South America (6,450km) and is the largest river system in the world. This river has over a thousand of tributaries. 

2. The rivers Rio Negro, Madeira and Tapajos are important tributaries.

3. At the point where it enters the sea the river is so wide and powerful that it flows even at a distance of 80 km into the high seas.

River Amazon has 750 varieties of fish.

South America has 750 varieties of fish that inhabit this river.

The vast latitudinal extent from the Tropics to the Polar Regions makes the climate of North America as varied as that of Asia.

1. c 

2. a 

3. b 

4. e 

5. d

1. The Mississippi river has been given the nickname “The Big Muddy” because it erodesa lot of sand and mud as it rushes down the Mountains.

2. Some of the States of the United States are named after the tributaries of two mighty rivers the Mississippi and Missouri.

Correct option is a. 120° and 109.5°

Correct option is c. 136 pm

H–Cl bond distance

= 1/2 (N₂bond distance) + 1/2 (Cl₂ bond distance)

= 1/2 (74) + 1/2 (198) = 136 pm

1. The electronic configuration of chlorine (Cl) atom is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ and the electronic configuration of chloride (Cl^-) ion is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶. 

2. Both chlorine and chloride ions have 17 protons each but there are 17 electrons in chlorine atom, whereas 18 electrons in chloride ion. 

3. Therefore, the nuclear attraction is less in Cl^- ion when compared with chlorine atom. 

4. Therefore the size of the chlorine (Cl) atom is less size than chloride of Cl^- ion.

Lesson in a Life from A Beggar 

I worked in Bangalore in LIC. Sudha was my good friend, living in the same city. Being pessimistic and having the habit of complaining about anything and everything, nobody was friendly with me. One day I was transferred to Mumbai and no one was in contact with me. 

1. Many years later the writer saw Meena at Bombay’s Flora Fountain in pouring rain. 

2. The writer wanted to avoid her for her never ending complaints. 

3. Unfortunately Meena saw the writer and caught hold of her hands warmly. 

4. Meena was really excited to meet her old friend.

(a) “Did you give any gurudakshina to your guru?” I asked.

1. I was forced to look at my own life by that scene.

2. Happiness is found in every small thing, in every situation and in every person by me.

Yes, it is definitely possible to bring change like Meena in our life also. We can learn a lot from the examples and attitudes of other less-gifted people. If we have clear (good) conscience and we are determined to act according to it, we can surely | change our behaviour, attitude towards our life like Meena.

We should convince beggars that begging is not good. We should tell them the importance of ‘Self respect.’ If possible we will provide them opportunities to earn money and insist them to give up begging.

Once while travelling by a bus, I came across one of my friends with whom I had a quarrel on a petty thing. I ignored him and asked the conductor to give a ticket by giving a 100-rupee note.

The conductor had no change so he told me to get down and come by another bus. I was about to get down when my friend came forward and paid for my ticket. I felt ashamed and asked him to pardon me. The incident changed my attitude about him and now we are friends forever.

“Then, what’s the secret of your energy?” I asked.

1. assets, chronic, squeezing, zest. 

2. paradise, parents, pause, pleasant.

1. gloom – feeling of sadness 

2. cynicism – a distrustful attitude 

3. subside – to abate 

4. pessimistic – expecting the worst

1. inquisitive – curious 

2. displeased – disappointed 

3. attractive – charming 

4. valued – precious

1. kindness

2. boldness 

3. greediness 

4. greatness

According to me, an optimist enjoys every moment. Optimists are confident and hopeful in themselves and believe they can overcome whatever life throws at them and continue on their way. Pessimists always have negative thoughts. They always feel defeated. They are never hopeful and lose confidence. Pessimists are unhappy and gloomy.

1. dry × drenched 

2. common × rare 

3. wrong × right