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Her husband had died recently and her deep sorrow over his loss was followed by the realization that she would not get any share of the property, by virtue of being a woman.

Yes, it is always true that openness in relationships helps. If we are angry with someone, instead of keeping it a secret and hating the person secretly, it will be useful to discuss the matter ‘ and get out of the negative emotions. Negativity harms both equally.

At first, Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was totally upset. She wanted to shout at the cook and dismiss him immediately. But the very next moment she remembered the words of Gandhiji, which had calmed her so many times in the past – that, if she lost control, she would only hurt herself. Therefore, she pulled herself together. The immediate thing to be done was to provide food for the guests. Therefore, she asked the others in the kitchen to co-operate. All of them did and though the menu described was different, food could still be served.

C) she had lost her husband

A recurring nightmare that women have is, someone important has come for dinner, it is time to eat – but dinner is not ready. This almost came true once for Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. When Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was the High Commissioner for India in the United Kingdom, she had once invited the Prime Minister of Great Britain and Lady Eden for dinner. Everything was planned meticulously. When the guests arrived and drinks were served twice, Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit signalled the butler to announce dinner.

Even as they waited, the third round of drinks came. Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit excused herself and went to the kitchen to find out why dinner was not served. To her dismay, she found that the cook was totally drunk and was talking nonsense. Nothing was cooked and the other servants were frightened.

The United Nations had to resolve India’s complaint regarding the treatment of people of Indian origin in South Africa. Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was the leader of the Indian delegation. When the issue came up, harsh things were said by both sides and the opponents even made personal attacks harmful to India’s prestige as well as Mrs. Pandit’s. Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit did not accept it silently. She gave it back in the same coin. Due to this, an unpleasant atmosphere was created.

After a duel of words, Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit suddenly thought of Gandhiji. She felt that he would never have approved of her way of retaliation. For him, means had to be as good as the end. Gandhiji would not be happy if questionable tactics were used for succeeding.

After thinking about this, Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit decided that at any cost she would not make personal attacks to score a cheap point. When she changed her mind and stuck to a dignified method, the opponents met them on the new level and from then on, the case was argued on its merits only. In this way, Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit resolved the situation.

C) Mahatma Gandhi

C) cooked food with the help of others

Her visit brought a feeling of relief to everyone. She asked for their best wishes before starting on a new stage of her life. By doing this, she experienced a miraculous effect upon herself. She also felt that a great burden had been lifted off her and that she was free to be herself.

C) discourteous

D) met and made peace with her family members

C) they supported the antiquated law

Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1900-1990) was an Indian diplomat, politician and a sister of India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. She was active in the Indian freedom movement and held high national and international positions. She was greatly influenced by Gandhiji and became identified with the struggle for independence. She was imprisoned by the British on different occasions.

After her husband’s death in 1944, she traveled to the United States, mainly on a lecture tour. After India’s independence, she entered the diplomatic service and became India’s Ambassador to the Soviet Union, the United States, Mexico, Ireland (during which time she was also the Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom), and Spain. In 1953, she became the first woman President of the United Nations General Assembly. Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit died on December 1,1990.

1. Rajesh’s amiability has endeared him to his colleagues. The amiability of Rajesh has endeared him to his colleagues. 

2. The actor’s fame got him many endorsements. The fame of the actor got him many endorsements. 

3. The young businessman’s extravagance led to his downfall. The extravagance of the young businessman led to his downfall. 

4. James silence during the enquiry did not help the police in bringing the culprit to book.

‘The Best Advice I Ever Had’ is an article by Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. In this article Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit refers to some of the hard and humiliating situations she went through in her life when she lost her husband prematurely. When already mourning her husband’s death, she felt further humiliated on knowing that the Indian law was not helpful to her. The family share was not given to her, as she was a widow with two daughters and without a son. She had bitterness towards her family members.

When she met Gandhiji, he made her realise the complexity of the situation and advised her to overcome it. He pointed out the importance of making peace with others. Forgiving others is the only way to keep us in peace. His advice gradually changed her life. After hearing the advice of Gandhiji she phoned her brother-in-law. Her visit brought a feeling of relief to everyone.

She had applied the advice of Gandhiji when she was involved in heated arguments in a conference held at the United Nations. When she was in New York, as the leader of the Indian delegation to the United Nations, India complained about the treatment of people of Indian origin in South Africa. Harsh things were exchanged and her opponents made personal attacks.

She struck back with the same sharp weapon. But soon she realized that the debate diverted from the original issue. She suddenly thought of Gandhiji. She realized that, for Gandhiji, the means were as important as the end. From then on Mrs. Pandit refrained from personal attacks and concentrated on the original issue. The opponents were forced to follow her. Thus, Mrs. Pandit lifted the debate to where it belonged.

Also, when the Prime Minister and Lady Eden had come for dinner, she was in a difficult situation which she solved peacefully. The Prime Minister and Lady Eden arrived for dinner and everything was planned meticulously. But everything fell apart as the cook was drunk. However, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit negotiated the situation intelligently. She knew that there was no point in arguing with the drunken cook. So she improvised with what she had and earned the appreciation of the guests. Thus we see that, by following Gandhiji’s advice, Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was successful professionally and personally.

Adjectives + Nouns: Best advice, sunny afternoon, most people, low ebb, deep sorrow, humiliating realization, Indian law, individual existence, Indian women, national struggle, family property, two daughters, galling position, antiquated law, outworn law, humiliating situation, new country, loved one, sorrow enough (note: in this example, the adjective comes after the noun), further injury, own heart, severe struggle, good wishes, new stage, great burden, small gesture, significant change, Indian delegation, Indian origin, harsh lines, both sides, personal attacks, sharp weapons, distressing duel, long run, questionable tactics, cheap point, new level, last day, opposing delegation, small matters, recurring nightmare, shocking sight.

B) no one can harm you but yourself

Fertilizers supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are used to ensure good vegetative growth (leaves, branches and flowers) giving rise to healthy plants. Fertilizers are a factor in the higher yields of high-cost farming. Soil fertility is maintained properly by the application of fertilizers.

Manures and fertilizers are used in fields to enrich the soil with the required nutrients. Manure helps in enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients. This improves the fertility and structure of the soil. On the other hand, fertilizers ensure a healthy growth and development in plants. They are a good source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To get an optimum yield, it is instructed to use a balanced combination of manures and fertilizers in the soil.

1. march – Walking in a military manner. 

March – 3rd month of the year.

2. can – A modal verb requesting permission. 

can – a vessel

3. live – living and not dead. 

live – remain alive.

4. tears – drops of liquid that come from your eyes. 

tears – pull apart pr to pieces with force.

5. second – number a sequence. 

second – duration offime

Manures and fertilizers are required in fields to enrich the soil with the desirable nutrients. Manure helps in enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients as it is prepared by the decomposition of animal and plant wastes. This improves the fertility and structure of the soil. This involves increasing the water holding capacity in sandy soil. 

For example: 

Green manure- it acts as a organic fertilizers by nourishing plants with nitrogen and phosphorous which helps in enhancing growth of plants. 

On the other hand, fertilizers ensure a healthy growth and development in plants. They are a good source of macro-nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. To get a correct amount of yield, it is advised to use a balanced combination of manures and fertilizers in the soil. 

Their excessive use also reduces soil fertility. Hence, fertilizers are considered good for only short-term use.

Storage losses in agricultural produce can be very high. Factors responsible for such losses are biotic- insects, fungi, mites and bacteria and abiotic – in appropriate, moisture and temperatures in the place of storage. These factors cause degradation in quality, loss in weight, poor germinability, discolouration of produce.

The place where bees are raised is called apiary or bee farm.

Broilers : Birds grown for obtaining meat are called broilers. They can be used after 6-8 weeks from their birth. 

Layers : Birds grown for obtaining egg are called layers. They can be used after 20 weeks when sexual maturity has been attempt to lay eggs. 

There are two ways of obtaining fish, one is from natural resources, which is called capture fishing. The other way is by fish farming which is called culture fishery.

1. wound – injury 

wound – past tense of wind

2. fair – good 

fair – competition exhibition.

3. saw – past tense of see. 

saw – tool for cutting wood.

4. right – correct 

right – direction

5. well – a deep hole that is dug to get water. 

well – famous

Animal husbandry is concerned with the care and management of livestock. It includes proper feeding, breeding, health care, and housing of animals. Hence to satisfy the increasing demands of people for animal food, animal husbandry is essential. 

● Good animal husbandry practices increase the production of animal products. This increases the profit of farmers. 

● Also, it keeps their animal stocks healthy. Hence, time and effort need not be spent on nursing the sick animals and preventing other animals from falling sick. 

● Improved animal husbandry practices help to meet the demands for milk, meat and eggs. 

● The animal-based farming practices are undertaken by farmers along with agriculture as mixed farming. Draught animals are engaged in agricultural fields for labour work. 

For example: using bulls for plugging in the field.

Animal-based farming includes cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish farming. As the population increases and as living standards increase, the demand for milk, eggs and meat is also going up. Also the growing awareness of the need for humane treatment of livestock has brought in new limitations in livestock farming.

Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes – milk and dragught labour for agricultural work such as tilling, irrigation and carting. Milk-producing females are called milch animals (dairy animals) while the ones used form labour are called draught animals.

Cattle farming is one of the methods of animal husbandry that is most beneficial for farmers. Using this method, better breeds of draught animals can be produced. Such draught animals are engaged in agricultural fields for labour work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc.

As animal husbandry is scientific management of farm animals, it serves many uses for human beings.

• It helps in enhancing milk production

• It increases egg production

• It increases meat production

• It increases fish production

• It helps in proper management of agricultural wastes.

(i) Apis lourae (ii) Apis dorsata

Carbon(C) and Hydrogen (H) 

Macronutrients are those nutrients which are used by the plants in large amounts.

 The housing, nutritional and environmental requirements of broilers are somewhat different from those of egg layers. The ration (daily food requirement) for broilers is protein rich with adequate fat. The level of vitamins A and K is kept in the poultry feeds.

Layers are meant for egg production, whereas broilers are meant for poultry meat. Nutritional, environmental, and housing conditions required by broilers are different from those required by egg layers. A broiler chicken, for their proper growth, requires vitamin-rich supplements especially vitamin A and K. Also, their diet includes protein-rich food and enough fat. They also require extra care and maintenance to increase their survival rate in comparison to egg layers.

False

Broilers require maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions to grow fast and low mortality. Their daily food requirement is rich in protein and vitamin A and K. The fat content also should be adequate. 

But Layers require enough space and lighting during the growth and laying periods. They require restricted and calculated feed with vitamins, minerals and micronutrients.

Parasite:

• Parasite feeds on a living organism.
• The organism on which it feeds is called host.
• A parasite takes ready-made food from the organism on which it feeds.

Saprotrophs:

• They feed on dead and decaying organism.
• They do not feed on a living organism.
• They secrete digestive juices on the matter they live and convert it into, a solution and then absorb it.

Carbon dioxide and water. 

Plants are able to take two inorganic chemicals, carbon dioxide gas and water, to make an organic chemical, glucose. ..

Presence of starch in leaves can tested by iodine test. Iodine turns starch solution into blue- black colour this proves the presence of starch in leaves.

Cattle farming is one of the methods of animal husbandry that is most beneficial for farmers. 

Using this method: 

● Better breeds of draught animals can be produced. Such draught animals are engaged in agricultural fields for labour work such as carting, irrigation, tilling, etc. 

● Good quality and quantity of milk can be produced. 

● They are raised for obtaining meat. 

Hence A is correct. 

Since cattle cannot lay eggs, they directly give birth to their offspring’s hence they cannot be used for egg production; instead poultry farming is done to produce eggs.

Following are the factors on which irrigation requirements depend: 

• Type of the crop that is sown in the fields. 
• Type of the soil in which soil is grown. 
• Water requirements of that particular crop.
• The season in which crop is grown and weather of particular place also affects the irrigation requirements. Because if plenty of water is available through rain then we do not need to rely on different methods of irrigation.

Ensuring that the crop gets water at the correct stage and soil is able to take enough water according to its requirement.

Sunflower is a oil yielding plant. It belongs to Asteraceae family. Its scientific name is Heliantheae. 

Lentils are edible legume whereas China rose is a flower. Hence D is correct.

Difference between the broilers and layers with respect to their purpose of breeding and daily food requirement is listed below:

Poultry fowl suffer from a number of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. In order to avoid this infectious disease in a poultry farm, there are some essential steps that are needed to be taken. 

These steps are the following: 

• There should be proper cleaning of farms in order to avoid the growth of disease causing bacteria. 
• There should be a proper sanitation system in the poultry farm in order to ensure cleanliness and to avoid disease-causing organisms. 
• There should be spraying of disinfectants at regular time intervals. 
• Appropriate vaccination should be provided to the poultry fowls in case of any infectious disease.

All the above-mentioned steps needs to be implemented as they prevent infectious disease in poultry farms.

Mixed cropping : Growing two or more than two crops together on the same piece of land is called mixed cropping. E.g., wheat and gram, wheat and mustard, groundnut and sunflower.

Correct option: (B) Chlorophyll

Different ways of growing crops can be used to give maximum benefit they are

(i) Mixed cropping

(ii) Intercropping

(iii) Crop rotation

Food is needed by all organisms for many purposes:

• The main function of food is to help in growth and development of the body.
• Food provides energy for movements such as running, walking or raising our arm.
• Food is also needed for replacement and repairing damaged parts of body.
• Food gives us resistance to fight against diseases and protects us from infections.

Organisms need food for :

1. The growth and development of their body.

2. The repair and maintenance of the damaged parts of the body.

3. Various activities that take place in their body.

Irrigation : The process of supplying water to the crop plants is called irrigation.

Methods of Irrigation : 

(i) Wells : These are of two types : 

Dug wells : In dug wells, water is collected by bullock-operated devices or by pumps. 

Tube wells : It makes very deep underground water available for irrigation. Motor pump is used to lift water. 

(ii) Canals : These get water from large rivers. 

(iii) River lift system : In this system, water is directly taken from rivers through pumps. This system is useful for irrigation in areas close to river. 

(iv) Tanks : These are small storage reservoirs. 

(v) Rain water harvesting : Rain water harvesting is a accumulation of water in tanks for later use. This also prevents soil erosion.