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First railway line in India was made by Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. It was made from Bombay to Thane city.

Gujarati and Marathi

Lord Cornwallis established police department to maintain law and order in the country. Police duties of Zamindars were taken away by the government. He divided all the districts of Bengal in Divisions (Thanas) in 1792 A.D. The head of every division was a police officer called Daroga (inspector). He worked under District Magistrate. In 1860

A. D., the British Government appointed a police commission to establish the same police administration in all the provinces of the country. On its recommendation, civil police, Inspector General of police, Police Superintendent and Deputy Suprintendent of police were appointed in each district. Police inspector, Head constable and other police officials worked under them. Generally the British officials were appointed on these posts. This structure of police is still going on with very few changes.

Lord Cornwallis started department of police in India during the British rule.

The Sultan of Golconda granted the English the “Golden Fireman” in 1632.

The British made Delhi as capital of the British India in 1911 A.D. Their earlier capital was Calcutta.

At city of Madras in 1687-88 A.D.

The first French factory in India was established in 1668 by obtaining permission from the Sultan of Golconda.

Public Works Department was established by Lord Dalhousie in India.

B. One who believes in active and aggressive revolt.

In 1907 C.E. 25 national secondary schools and 300 national primary schools were started in Bengal for national education. Moreover, Rabindranath Tagore had started the ‘Vishwabharti School’ at Shanti Niketan.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak who is famous as Lokmanya Tilak was the main leader of the Extremist movement.

The extremist leaders did not want freedom as a favour, but as their right and so were ready to revolt in an active and aggressive manner for it.

In 1813, a report about the administration and working of the East India Company was submitted to the British Parliament. This is called the 5th Report. Before this, 4 such reports were submitted to the Parliament. The 5th report had 1000 pages. More than 800 pages were appendixes.

The report contained the following:

• Complaints of the farmers and zamindars.
• Reports of the district collectors.
• Statements of tax income. 
• Reports by officials about the revenue and judicial affairs in Bengal and Madras.

In the colonial period agricultural areas often exceeded their traditional boundaries. They spread into grazing lands and Rajmahal hills and forests. The spread of the agricultural area caused different types of conflicts. The most important of them was between Pahariyas and Santhals – hoes and ploughs. Hoes represent the Pahariyas as they used hoes for their shifting cultivation. Ploughs represent the Santhals.

C) Both A & B

At the beginning of the 19th century, Francis Buchanan travelled through the hills of Rajmahal. He realized that it was difficult to penetrate them. Only very few travellers dared to travel through those dangerous areas. Wherever he went, the people treated him in a hostile manner. They were suspicious of the officials of the government.

1. Colours the entire sky. – Rainbow 

2. Takes new shapes with every passing moment, – Clouds 

3. Makes trees dance. – The wind 

4. Changes its form according to the dictates of the sun and the wind. – Water

1. On the rocky beach the writer found rocks curved and sculpted by the water – True 

2. When we listen to the Nature, it leaves us in complete awe. – True 

3. We should not live our life to its fullest. – False

4. The water was shaped by the rocks. – False

1. Log in to your gmail account so that you are on the dashboard (main page) of your mail account. 

2. Click ‘Compose’. 

3. A new blank email window will open up in the ‘To’ box, type in the email address of the recipient. 

4. Write the ‘Subject’. 

5. Type your message in the main body field of your email. 

6. Click the ‘Send’ button at the bottom of the composed window. 

7. You will receive a message i.e. ‘Sent mail’.

1. gentle × hard 

2. impossible × possible 

3. colossal × small 

4. short × long

5. difficult × easy 

6. delicate × strong

1. Outdoor activities not only enhance but also relax our well being.

2. Nature not only whispers but also commands.

Vikas Shinde 

16, Malhar Sankul, 

Hadapsar, 

Pune, 

12th Jan., 2021. 

Dear Mahesh,

I received a call from aunty telling about your preparations for forthcoming board examinations. I am shocked to hear that you study for 14 to 15 hours a day sitting at one place. I don’t understand how do you bear it?

You might have heard about “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” It means without time off from work a person becomes both bored and dull. I know the board’s exams are around the corner, but if you work as usual with your tension, anxiety and pressure, it is going to be harmful to your health. Our body is not a machine. It needs some rest. It’s my advice to you to take some rest after certain l intervals. Watch T.V. for sometime, listen to music to refresh your mind, chat with your family members and friends, play with your friends. It will refresh your mind.

Take a break after 2-3 hours and give essential time to your mind and body. It will be good for you. I know you are a scholar and always get good marks in exam. But it doesn’t mean that you should ignore your health. Health is wealth. So concentrate on it, too. Hope you will try to understand what I mean to say and follow my tips rigorously.

Convey my regards to uncle and aunt and love to little Riya. 

Be in touch on mobile. 

Your loving friend, 

Vikas

Save trees, save earth 

It was the world earth day celebration in Aditi’s school. Aditi was attending it with a least interest as she was not interested in listening to such a boring subject from anybody. She was sitting forcefully for the guest’s lecture with her friends.

The chief guest, who was a renowned environmentalist started with a good slogan based on the earth and emphasised that the earth is the only known planet in this universe where we get all the necessary requisites of life, but the healthy survival is possible for years and years only when we take care and love our earth. Aditi suddenly became curious and started listening with apt attention.

He continued saying “because of the advancement in the life style, industrialization and deforestation; the condition of the earth is deteriorating day by day. It is being full of pollution, global warming and greenhouse gases. There is an urgent need to save our earth because it is the planet where we live. We need to do nothing more in order to maintain the greenery of the earth.

We just need to plant more trees, grow them well, to reduce the pollution level, to maintain the temperature level and to save our mother planet. We should understand our responsibility towards our mother earth and the future of the next generations. As they would not survive on this earth if there will not be a clean and natural climate.”

Aditi realised it and thought a lot and decided to take a positive step very seriously to save the earth. She thought seriously over the solution and that was planting more and more trees. She decided to create awareness among the people as well. She told everyone…

Save earth; save life 

No earth… No life 

No earth, No birth 

Plant trees, Save mother earth 

She understood that there will be no human beings on this earth if there will be no trees. If we have to save our lives, we have to plant more and more trees. So, Aditi decided to plant many trees after listening to that effective lecture of the chief, guest.

Even though the rock is hard, it is not dominating. I think water is stronger than rocks. It wears down the hard rock by its gentle patience, persistence and perseverance. Rock takes the shape that water commands. It shows that it is not dominating like water whereas it is ready to accept any change.

1. d a n c e 

2. s h a p e 

3. f r u i t 

4. b i r d s

1. Limitless sky with trillions of galaxies reminds us how insignificant we humans are in this vast universe. 

2. Water always flows from high to low in the same way knowledge should be transferred from the learned to ignorant. 

3. Trees provide shade selflessly to everyone, we should be selfless in our life too. 

4. Nature does not hurry; yet everything is accomplished.

5. Trees stand deeply rooted in the ground even though seasons change. We should face any difficulty in our life with patience.

Environment Day Celebrations 

Nagpur, June 7: ‘World Environment Day’ was celebrated in New Era School with great funfare on June 5. The main purpose of the celebration was to spread awareness among people and students about the need to protect the environment and the ways to do it.

The day was flagged off by a tree plantation drive in the locality. 300 quick-growing trees, which do not need much water on a daily basis, were planted near the school compound wall and in the surrounding area. An eminent environmentalist, Mr. A. T. Ali, spoke on the ways to protect the environment. He also judged the ‘Posters and Photographs’ exhibition organized by the school students and gave away prizes for the best entries.

Environment-friendly articles, like disposable plates and cups made from bamboo and banana stem, bags made from leaf wastes, etc. were on sale. Students gave continuous power-point presentations on the threats to the environment. Last but not the least, was the spirited debate on the topic. ‘Man: The worst enemy of the Environment’.

All in all, the day was a great success, and has certainly made a difference to the way people view our environment.

Nature is continually enticing us to spend time in her embrace; through the calling of birds, the babbling of brooks and streams, the fragrance of flowers and the whispers of trees as the wind blows through their branches. It commands us not to go against it otherwise it will curse us.

1. alchemy, colossal, frail, splendour. 

2. caterpillar, command, complete, consistent

(a) An army of ants was seen by us.

(a) The morning sun appeared in the sky, in its full splendour.

(b) We saw a small tree which was full of flowers and fruits.

(c) 1. discontinue, continuous 

2. unpleasant, pleasantly

(d) 1. This exhibition will continue till the end of this month. 

2. The pleasant atmosphere in the morning attracts many birds.

Fishers, fish, salty, saline water, species, different water, high tide, low tide, pacific, gulf, bay, ships, pirates, piracy, warships, cruisers, oceanic currents.

The maxim says when there are too many people involved in trying to do the same thing, the final result will not be good. But I believe that the teamwork is always good. We all know that unity is strength and it is of great value in every walk of life. If we come together and work, definitely our strength gets increased.

When there are a lot of people working on a project, then that project may not be completed to such a high standard because an individual can work better than many. It is the common perception of the people. But I think if a lot of people are working on a project, every one will use his talent, calibre, strength to take that project to higher level. So it will be completed on time with good standard.

Even when many cooks come together and try to make a single dish with their experience in different fields, it will become fantabulous. One dish will be prepared in variety of taste, colour and with varieties of combination. So it never gets spoiled. So I think the maxim too many cooks spoil the broth, is totally wrong in fact it adds flavour to that dish.

Balance of trade account includes only visible items of trade. It is defined as the difference between export of goods and import of goods. Balance of trade account = exports of visible items – imports of visible items.

On the other hand, balance on current account includes transaction of visible items, invisible items, and unilateral transfers.

According to Lerner, “A monopolist is a seller who is confronted with a falling demand curve for his product.”

Dumping occurs when a producer sells a commodity in a foreign country at a price that is lower (net transportation cost, tariffs) than the price which he charges in the domestic market.

In trade account import and export of goods are recorded. In current account import and export of goods, and services are recorded. Factor income and transfer payment are also recorded.

(i) Borrowings from abroad are recorded in the Capital Account of the BOP because these give rise to foreign exchange liabilities.

These are recorded on the credit side because these bring foreign exchange into the country.

(ii) Borrowing from abroad raise supply of foreign exchange. Demand for foreign exchange remaining unchanged, exchange rate is likely to fall.

Following are the two methods of control of monopoly:-

I. Indirect Method

(a) Anti-monopoly legislation
(b) Maintenance of Fair Competition

II. Direct Method

(a) Purchaser’s Association
(b) Publicity
(c) Direct price regulation
(d) Public ownership.

Autonomous Transactions: These are independent of all other transaction in the BOP. These transactions are not influenced by the foreign exchange position of the country. Exports, imports, etc are some examples.

Accommodating Transactions: These are undertaken to cover deficit or surplus in the autonomous transactions. Therefore, their magnitude is determined by the Autonomous Transactions.

Significance of Difference: Autonomous items refers to such BOP transactions which are undertaken for considerations of profits. Only autonomous items are considered for the estimation of BOP deficit.

Autonomous Transactions: These are independent of all other transaction in the BOP. These transactions are not influenced by the foreign exchange position of the country. Exports, imports, etc are some examples.

Accommodating Transactions: These are undertaken to cover deficit or surplus in the autonomous transactions. Therefore, their magnitude is determined by the Autonomous Transactions.

Significance of Difference: Autonomous items refers to such BOP transactions which are undertaken for considerations of profits. Only autonomous items are considered for the estimation of BOP deficit.

Correct option: (4) a, b, c and d

Conditions for price discrimination are :

1. Market Imperfections
2. Agreement among Rival Sellers
3. Geographical or Tariff Barriers
4. Differentiated Products
5. Ignorance of Buyers
6. Artificial Differences between Goods
7. Differences in Demand.

Monopolist usually charges different prices for the same product at the same time from different customers. When the firm adopts this practice, it is called discriminating monopoly or price discrimination.

Autonomous transactions are those 'which are not influenced by other transactions in Balance of Payment Account. Accommodating transactions are those which are undertaken to cover Deficit /Surplus in BOP.

Deficit in the BOP occurs when autonomous foreign exchange receipts fall short of autonomous foreign exchange payments. Autonomous transactions the transaction not influenced by other transactions in the BOP.

Returns to a factor refers to the effects on output of changes in one input with all other inputs are hold constant. On the other hand, returns to scale refers to the effect on total output of charges in some constant rate in all the inputs simultaneously.

Banks and cooperatives are the main formal sources of credit. The financial institutions that lend according to guidelines of RBI can be termed as a formal source.

A formal source is a source for raising the credit from the institutions which are under RBI or which are performed with a specific format. Therefore it can be more reliable than informal sources.