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1. The outer core is located below the lower mantle.

2. It is located at the depth from 2900 km to 5100 km from the surface of the earth. 

3. The average temperature of the outer core of the earth is around 5000° C. The density of the outer core of the earth is approximately 9.8 gm/cm. 

4. The secondary earthquake waves cannot travel from the core of the earth. Therefore, it is inferred that the outer core of the earth must be in liquid or semi-liquid form. The primary earthquake waves can travel from the outer core of the earth. 

5. The vertical currents originate in the outer core of the earth.

Magma is formed in the mantle (upper mantle) of the earth.

The Provincial Legislative Councils were enlarged and a majority of their members were to be elected. A new system called Dyarchy was introduced in the provinces. Under this system some subjects, such as finance, law and order were called reserved subjects and remained under the direct control of the Governor. Other subjects such as education, public -health, local self government were called ‘transferred’ subjects and were to be controlled by ministers responsible to the provincial legislature,

1. The rocks in the upper layer of the crust have predominance of the compounds of silicon and aluminium. 

2. The word Sial is derived from the word Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al). Therefore, the upper layer of the crust is called (Si + Al) Sial.

Outer core and inner core are the two parts of the core.

1. The process of cooling of the earth started from the surface. The temperature goes on increasing from the surface towards the core. 

2. The surface of the earth is cool and solid. 

3. The centre of the earth is extremely hot. The temperature at the centre of the earth is around 5500° to 6000° C.

(a) The British government adopted the policy of repression to crush the anti-British movement against the repressive Rowlatt Act passed by the government in 1919. In some places, particularly in Punjab, the hartals led to violence. Two popular nationalist leaders were arrested in Amritsar. To protest against the arrest of their leaders, a public meeting was held on 13 April 1919 in an enclosed space known as Jallianwala Bagh. General Dyer surrounded the Bagh with his troops, blocked the only exit and ordered the troops to open fire on the peaceful gathering in the Bagh. 

(b) The people were unarmed and peaceful. Unfortunately, they were not aware of the fact that the military commander of Amritsar, General Dyer, had issued an order banning all public meetings. General Dyer surrounded the Bagh with his troops, blocked the only exit and ordered the troops to open fire on the peaceful gathering in the Bagh. The shooting continued till there was no ammunition left. Nearly 400 people were killed and over 1,000 were injured. 

(C) Martial law was proclaimed in Punjab. During this period, people were humiliated and tortured. The brutality of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the humiliation and inhuman treatment of the Indians that followed shocked the entire nation. Gandhiji was horrified. He lost all faith in the goodness of the British government and declared that it would be a ‘sin’ to cooperate with the ‘Satanic’ government.

(a) Champaran — Gandhiji championed the cause of the tenant farmers of Champaran district against the oppression of the British indigo planters. The movement was a success and the peasants received compensation. 

(b) Kheda — Gandhiji advised and convinced the cultivators of Kheda district to stop paying land revenue to the government because the crops had failed. The peasant’s demand for remission of land tax was accepted by the government.

The first session of the Congress was held in Bombay (now Mumbai) in December 1885.

(a) Satyagraha is a combination of two Sanskrit words-satya (truth) and agraha (eagerness). Satyagraha is based on the twin principles of truth and non-violence. A satyagrahi was one who firmly believed in truth and nonviolence and who would resist evil at all costs. A satyagrahi was peaceful, fearless and strong. He/She would have evil but not the ‘evil doer’. In the fight for justice and truth, the satyagrahi would willingly accept suffering and be ready to make sacrifices. The suffering and patience of the satyagrahi was expected to bring about a change of heart in the enemy. The idea behind satyagraha was not to destroy the enemy but the transform and enlighten him. Gandhiji insisted on non-violent methods of struggle. He believed that non-violence was the weapon of the strong and could be effectively used to resist armed attacks by the enemy. A satyagrahi was expected to follow peaceful methods even under extreme provocation. 

(b) Gandhiji was a devout Hindy and a passionate believer in the equality of all religions. He was convinced that the path to India’s salvation lay in Hindu-Muslim unity. Gandhiji lived and died for the cause of Hindu-Muslim unity. 

(c) Gandhiji was a great believer in social justice. He championed the cause of the poor and the downtrodden, the emancipation of women and improvement of the conditions of the lower caste ‘untouchables’ whom he called ‘Harijans’, e., children of God. He worked tirelessly to remove prejudices and change the mindest of the people. He believed that political freedom was meaningless without social reforms.

A scholar named Vander Gracht has described four layers of the earth’s internal structure. 

These layers are classified as follows:

1. Outer silica crust: It is the topmost layer of the earth.

2. Inner silicate layer and mantle: This is the second layer from the top in the internal structure.

3. Layer of mixed metals and silicate: This is the third layer in the internal structure.

4. Metallic center or metallic nucleus: According to Vander Gracht, it is the innermost layer of the Earth.

According to Vander Gracht, the crust is composed of silica, aluminum, potassium and sodium.

In December 1929, the Indian National Congress met in Lahore under the youthful and dynamic leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. The Congress passed a resolution declaring ‘Pooma Swaraj’ or ‘Complete Independence’ as its goal. 26 January 1930 was fixed as ‘Independence Day’.

Correct Answer is : (b) 60 km

Correct Answer is : (d) By Suess

The depth of the metallic part layer ranges from 2900 km to the earth’s center.

According to Vander Gracht, the depth of the third layer of the earth, that is, the mixed metals and silicate layer is from 1200 to 2900 km.

(d) Sial is floating on Nife

The Congress in the Nagpur session passed resolution related to land ceilings, takeover of food grain trade by the state and adoption of cooperative farming.

Correct Answer is: (b) in Mantle

It is the thinnest of all the layers

Use of agricultural machinery made the agricultural workers to work on daily basis.

Answer is (A) 24

B) Technological

Answer is (C) 33

B) Even though they are complicated, they lead the world to development.

Answer is (A) 20

Answer is (B) 92.9

Answer is (D) 80

B) very latest technology

(A) 1995 – 2002

Answer is (C) 28

(i – c), 

(ii – a), 

(iii – e), 

(iv – b)

Arabs came to India in the 8^th century..

Peninsular plateau has rocky hills, plateaus, detached low hills and several faults.

(i – b), 

(ii – c), 

(iii – a), 

(iv – e)

The divisions of India other than the old plateau are characterized by very high relief, low lying plains, hot and cold climate, dry and wet conditions, fertile and infertile soils, heavy to low rainfall etc.

In the initial stages, all the major landmasses were together known as Pangaea .

Geologically Peninsular plateau is one of the oldest landmass and is also the centre of all geological activities. 

Aryans and Dravidians inhabitants have formed the classical Indian culture.

i. The process of dividing an area into smaller segments is known as regionalization.

ii. Regions are identified on the basis of common characteristics, contiguity and similarity.

iii. The basis of regionalization differs, therefore different regions may be divided according to the criteria used.

iv. Regions can also be identified on the basis of any one or multiple factors such as:

a. Economic Regions: based on economic factors like industries, transportation, level of development etc. 

b. Agricultural Regions: formed according to crops, cropcombination etc. 

c. Social and Cultural Regions: depending on factors like population, sex ratio, language etc. 

d. Physical Regions: based on physical factors like origin, location, relief, rock types, landforms, climate, forests, soils, etc. 

e. Political and Administrative Regions: formed in a country, according to states, districts, talukas and blocks.

Kuttanad is the lowest point below sea level in India.

Peninsular plateau region is stable and one of the oldest landmasses in the world. 

The Peninsular Plateau is triangular in shape. 

Himalayas have a granitic core and are flanked by metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.

Total surface area of Arabian sea islands is 32 sq. km.

Lakshadweep, Minicoy and Amindivi islands are a group of islands that are found in the Arabian sea.

There are two groups of Islands 

i. The Arabian Sea Islands 

ii. Bay of Bengal Islands

i. The Arabian Sea Islands:

Lakshadweep, Minicoy and Amindivi islands are a group of islands in the Arabian Sea.

These are located 200 to 440 km off the southwestern coast of India.

These islands form the smallest Union Territory of India.

Kavaratti is the capital of this union Territory.

ii. Bay of Bengal Islands:

Bay of Bengal islands include Andaman and Nicobar islands.

The North Andaman Islands are physically characterized by a central range and number of narrow valleys.

The little Andaman is almost flat except the northern hilly tract.

The Nicobars, forming the summit of the submarine mountain range, are hilly in character.

The surface of Nicobars has been highly cut up by small streams.

The depressions are filled up to form alluvial plain.