Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

It causes allergy and other types of reactions.

DNA ligase joins the DNA fragments with same sticky ends./Link Okazaki fragments or discontinuously synthesised fragments./Link desired gene with plasmid to form recombinant DNA. (Any one)

(a) O group

(b) No.

There is no sex specificity in blood group alleles / Co-dominance / Homozygous recessive. Not related to sex chromosomes or autosomes

i. Insulin being a hormone is produced in very little amounts in the body. Hence, a large number of animals need to be sacrificed for obtaining small quantities of insulin. This makes the cost of insulin very high, demand being manyfold higher than supply.

ii. Slaughtering of animal is also not ethical.

iii. There is potential of immune response in humans against the administered insulin which is derived from animals.

iv. There is possibility of slaughtered animals being infested with some infectious micro organism which may contaminate insulin.

‘C’ and ‘f ’ c₁ non royal families were not affected with haemophilia. f₂ Pedegree analysis is the study of inheritance pattern of traits in human females.

Gene for human alpha lactalbumin was introduced in the gene of first transgenic cow, which made the milk nutritionally richer.

Biopesticide is a pesticide which is

(a) not chemical in nature

(b) more specific in action against the pest

(c) safer for environment than chemical pesticides A popularly known bio-pesticide is Bt toxin, which is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt toxin gene has been cloned from this bacterium and expressed in plants. Bt toxin protein when ingested by the insect, gets converted to its active form due to the alkaline pH of the gut. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually kills the insect.

RNA interference

Rosie was the first transgenic cow. It produced human protein-enriched milk (2.4 gram per litre).

Insulin and human growth hormones.

(a) Bacillus thurigiensis

Pseudomonas denitrtficans

Somatotropin.

The microbial source of vitamin B₁₂ is Pseudomonas denitrificans.

Hepatitis B recombinant vaccine, Engerix-B, is used for vaccination of hepatitis virus.

The microbial source of enzyme invertase is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

(i) 360 ovules are involved. One ovule after fertilisation forms one seed.

(ii) 360 MMC are involved. Each MMC forms four megaspores out of which only one remains functional.

(iii) 360 pollen grains. One pollen grains participates in fertilisation of one ovule.

(iv) 720 male gametes are involved. Each pollen grain carries two male gametes (which participate in double fertilisation) (360 × 2 = 720).

(v) 90 MMC undergo reduction division. Each microspore mother cell meiotically divides to form four pollen grains. (360/4 = 90).

a. Statins

b. Blood cholesterol lowering agent

c. Penicillium notatum

d. Penicillin

e. Trichoderma polysporum

f. Immunosuppressant

Biopesticide is a pesticide which is:

a. not chemical in nature.

b. more specific in action against the pest.

c. safer for environment than chemical pesticides.

A popularly known biopesticide is Bt toxin, which is produced by a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt toxin gene has been cloned from this bacterium and expressed in plants. Bt toxin protein when ingested by the insect, gets converted to its active form due to the alkaline pH of the gut. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually kills the insect.

(c) (iii) only

 Streptokinase.

It is used as a 'clot buster' for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infraction leading to heart attack. It helps in clearing blood clots inside the blood vessels through dissolution of intravascular fibrin.

(i) Streptokinase, blood vessels clot buster / dissolves clot from blood vessels.

(ii) Lactic acid, coagulates milk/ partial digestion of milk proteins casein.

(iii) Ethyl alcohol + CO₂, ferments dough to make bread/ idli.

Biopesticides are living organisms which are able to kill or repel specific pests. Nowadays biopesticides are used in place of chemical fertilisers. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the first bacterial biopesticide to be used on commercial scale.

Streptococcus bacterium produces streptokinase.

It is used for removing clots from the blood vessels in a patient suffering from myocardial infarction/or in a heart patient.

Divine and college.

The biological agent which are used to control weeds, insects and pathogen are called biopesticides. The micro-organisms that are used as biopesticides are some viruses, bacteria, fungi and their products. The Bacterium bacillus thuringiensis was the first biopesticide to be used on commercial scale.

Viruses used in biological control of insects, pests and other arthropods.

Bacillus thuringiensis.

 Correct Option is (D) Inflated pods

As the prince was crowned the king, the astrologer’s prediction regarding his (the king’s) death by a tiger reached his ears. This prompted the Maharaja to kill a tiger but the astrologer informed him that he had to successfully kill hundred tigers to escape the prophecy. Thus, in order to reach that mark, the Maharaja banned tiger hunting in the state except for himself.

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected person. 
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene and avoiding contact with infected person.

i. gills

ii. air bladders

iii. webbed

iv. padded

v. patagium.

vi. needles, thorns

vii. Tendrils

viii. Adaptation

ix. Charles Darwin

• Mode of infection: Contact with infected person or his/her belongings like clothes. 
• Preventive measure: Personal hygiene and avoid contact with infected person.

Correct option is (c) Butterfly

(i) Coleorhiza protects the radical of (monocot) embryo.

(ii) Germ pores allow germination of pollen grain and formation of pollen tubes.

Asexual reproduction does not involve genetic fusion while sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. 

(i) Species reproducing sexually have better chances of survival. 

(ii) Reason-Sexual reproduction gives rise to more variations which are essential for evolution as well as survival of species under unfavourable conditions.

Ringworm 

• It is caused by fungi of genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. 

• Human infection occurs either through contact with an infected person or from soil. It also spreads through towels, clothes, combs, etc., of the infected persons. 

Symptoms 

a. Dry and scaly lesions on skin, nails and scalp. 

b. Lesions are accompanied by intense itching.

Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move from a weaker solution into a stronger solution through a partially permeable membrane. It occurs between cells. Transpiration is the loss of water in vapour form from the leaves into air. It occurs when water is released into air.

1. Osmosis: Osmosis is the process by which water molecules move from a weaker  solution into a stronger solution through a partially permeable membrane.  

2. Transpiration: Transpiration is the loss of water in vapour form from the leaves  into the air.  

3. Transpiration stream: The continuous flow of water from roots to the leaves (via  xylem vessels) where it evaporates into the air by transpiration is called  transpiration stream.  It can be summarised as:  Soil —> root hair —> xylem vessels —> leaves —> air.  

4. Diffusion: Diffusion is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a  low concentration until they are spread out evenly.

(a) Osmosis is a type of diffusion. When diffusion happens across a semi-permeable membrane, it is called osmosis. Semi-permeable membrane is not necessary in all cases of diffusion.

(b) Evaporative loss of water from plants is called transpiration, while conversion of water into vapour at any temperature is called evaporation.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete. This fusion allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two (usually) different members of the species. The variations allow the individuals to adapt under varied environmental conditions for better chances of survival. 

However, itis not always necessary that the offspring produced due to sexual reproduction has better chances of survival. Under some circumstances, asexual reproduction is more advantageous for certain organisms. For example, some individuals who do not move from one place to another and are well settled in their environment. Also, asexual reproduction is a fast and a quick mode of reproduction which does not consume much time and energy as compared to sexual reproduction.

4) A hot, dry, windy day.

(a) transpiration

(a) Transportation in plants is carried out by a conducting system.  

(b) The upward movement of sap that contains water and minerals is called ascent of  sap.  

(c) Transpiration is more when the wind is blowing fast.  

(d) Most water gets evaporated from the plant from its leaves.  

(e) Transpiration is reduced if the air is humid.  

(f) The leaves have more stomata on their lower surface.

 Development of 3 celled pollen grain : 

(i) Every cell of the sporogenous tissue has a potential pollen mother cell (PMC) and can give rise to microspore tetrad or pollen grains. 

(ii) Each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a cluster of four haploid cells, called microspore tetrad. 

(iii) As the anther matures, the microspores dissociate from the tetrad and develop into pollen grains. 

(iv) The nucleus of the microspore undergoes mitosis to form a large vegetative cell or tube cells and a small spindle-shaped generative cell that floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell. 

(v) They develop a two-layered wall, the outer exine made of sporopollenin and the inner intine made of cellulose and pectin. 

(vi) Usually, the pollen grains are liberated at this two-celled stage. In certain species, the generative cell divides mitotically to form two male-gametes, and the pollen grains are three called during liberation.

Sexually transmitted diseases caused bu virus: AIDS caused by HIV ; Genital Herpes caused by herpes simplex virus Sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria : Gonorrhoea  caused by Nisseria gonorrnhoeae; syphilis by Trepanoma pallidum.

STD's can be prevented by: 

1 By avoiding having sex with infected or any unknown people 

2 Sharing of needles ,syringes should be stopped 

3 Blood transfusion from infectd person must be avoided . Blood must be properly tested before transfusion. 

4 Adequate madica treatment should be provided to the preganant women to protec the child from getting infected 

(d) Syphilis 

Autoimmune disease is a condition of the body in which the immune system of the body attacks self cells, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.