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Ayyankali brought social tremendous changes especially in caste structure. The discrimination he faced as a child turned him into a leader of an anticaste movement and who later fought for basic rights including access to public spaces and entry to schools. Ayyankali challenged many caste conventions such as clothing style, he wore clothes associated with upper castes that were prohibited for lower castes.

Reformist movement means a movement to reform (or) bring positive changes in the Social or religious institution of a society.

Revival movement means to give a new life to the social or religious institution of a society which seems to be dying or being diluted.

Ramalinga Adigal showed his compassion and mercy on all living beings including plants, This he called as Jeevakarunya. He established in 1865, “Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathya Sanga” which means Society for pure truth in Universal self-hood. He also established a free feeding house for everyone irrespective of caste at Vadalur.

Vivekananda’s activist ideology related to the desire for political change among many western eductated young Bengalis. Many of the youths, who were involved in the militant nationalist struggle during the Swadeshi Movement, following the Partition of Bengal, were inspired by Vivekananda.

Furdunji Naoroji founded the Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha 1851.

(c) one who caused a split in the Arya Samaj

1. Ramalinga Adigal 

2. M.G.Ranade 

3. Jyothika Phule 

4. Jyothika Phule 

5. Vivekanandha 

6. Singh Sabha 

7. Narayana Guru and Ayyankali 

8. Jyothee Thassar

(a) Vivekananda

Ramakrishna Paramhamsa and Vivekananda have played a big role in regenerating the Indian society

Ramakrishna Paramhamsa: He was a simple priest of Dakshineshwar near Calcutta. He gained popularity in the latter half of the nineteenth century. He emphasised the spiritual union with god through ecstatic practices such as singing bhagan. He was an ardent worshipper of goddess Kali. In his view, all religions contain the universal elements which, if practised, would lead to salvation. He said, “Jiva in Siva” (all living beings are God). They need service not mercy service for man, must be regarded as God. He attracted educated youth who were dissatisfied with the rational orientation of religious reform organisations such as the Brahmo Samaj.

Swami Vivekananda: He was the prime follower of Ramakrishna Paramhamsa. He emphasised a cultural nationalism and made a call to Indian youth to regenerate Hindu society. His ideas bred a sense of self-confidence among Indians who felt inferior in relations to the materialistic achievements of the west. He suggested that the lower castes should be allowed to engage in the Hindu rituals from which they were traditionally excluded. His activist ideology rekindled the desire for political change among many western educated young Bengalis. Many of the youths who were involved in the militant nationalist struggle during the Swadeshi Movement were inspired by Vivekananda.

1. Swami Shradhananda 

2. Ramakrishna 

3. All living beings are God 

4. Suddi movement 

5. Marutpa 

6. Madame H.P Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott 

7. USA 

8. Adyar 

9. New India and Commonweal 

10. JyothiPhule 

11. 1870 

12. Depressed classes 

13. Sayyid Ahmed Khan 

14. Sadhu Jana paripalanasangam 

15. Sayyid Ahmed Khan 

16. 1875 

17. 1920 

18. IyotheeThassar 

19. Vallalar 

20. Jeeva karanga 

21. Parsi Reform movement 

22. Baba Dayal das 

23. Nirankar 

24. Formless 

25. Baba Ram Singh 

26. Vaikunda Swamigal 

27. VaikundaSwamigal 

28. Iyothee Thassar 

29. Iyothee Thassa

(c) (i) and (ii) are correct

1. Clerks 

2. Christianity 

3. Western 

4. Revival 

5. One 

6. Sati 

7. 1829 

8. Bentinck 

9. 1828 

10. Debendranath Tagore 

11. 1857 

12. 1856 

13. JyotibaPhule 

14. Ranade 

15. Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang 

16. PrarthanaSamaj 

17. Ten 

18. 1925 

19. 1860 

20. Punjab 

21. Swami Dayanand Saraswati 

22. Arya Samaj 

23. Satyartha Prakash 

24. Arya Samaj

25. Swami Dayanda Saraswathi

(b) (i) and (ii) are correct

(b) Iyothee Thassar

Jyotiba Phule opened orphanages and homes for widows. He opened the first school for untouchables in 1852 in Poona. He opposed child marriage and supported widow remarriage.

The list below shows the social evil of 19 century and of the present day. The students should form themselves as separate groups one supporting the 19th century and the other supporting present day. The judgement of the debate can be.

There should be great reformers like that of the 19 century and eradicate the social evils of today. Education itself is a great reformer that should awaken the minds of the young children of today for not involving themselves in any of the social evil nor they see others doing it.

Social evils of 19 century: Child Marriage, superstitious beliefs, Sati, not allowing widows to remarry denying education for women, caste differences, untouchability, Brahman domination.

Social evils of present day: Female Infanticide Dowry system, sexual harassment of women, (or) women safety, Domestic violence (or) violence at home . Drug trafficing, pollution (Air, sound and water) Hygiene and sanitation. Disobeying rules,everywhere and anywhere.

(a) Ayyankali

Correct Answer is: (a) Vallalar

When we touch a charged body, with our hand, the excess of accumulated charge or static charges on it, gets transfer to ground through our body. Thus the charged body loses its charge, and becomes neutral.

The crackling sound and the tiny sparks of light re-noticed due to electric discharge between sweater and body. The sweater is made up of wool and the shirt we wear is made up of cotton blended with some synthetic fibres. When we take out the sweater the friction is developed and the transfer of electrons take place from shirt to sweater, this results in the building of electric potential.

When enough potential has been accumulated while taking off the sweater it discharges and transfer of electrons take place. This transfer of electrons forms spark and let out sound energy and heat energy. Thus we hear the crackling sound and see the tiny sparks of light in the dark room

We know that the marked price = ₹4650

The discount = 18%

And the discount in amount = 18% of the marked price

= (18/100) × 4650

= ₹ 837

By using the formula SP 

= marked price – discount

= 4650 – 837 = ₹ 3813

1. Mohan’s mother came to his help and declared that he should follow his heart’s desire.

2. Mohan was overjoyed because his father started supporting him.

3. Mohan decided to modify the guitar.

4. Mohan tried to make the guitar suitable for playing pure Indian classical music.

Sweater is made of wool and generally shirt we wear is made of cotton blended with some synthetic fibers. Constant friction between the shirt and sweater lets transfer of electrons from one material to the other. This results in building of electric potential. When enough potential has been accumulated, while taking of the sweater it discharges and transfer of electrons take place. Passage of electrons through air in the forms of spark let out heat and sound energy. Thus we hear the crackling sound and in dark rooms we may see the spark lights as well.

Market Price = Rs.960 

Selling Price = Rs.816 

Discount = Market Price – Selling Price 

= 960 - 816 

= Rs.144 

Discount % = (Discount/Market Price) × 100 

= (144/960) × 100 

= 15%

Pico = 10^-12

nano = 10^-9

centi = 10^-2

deci = 10^-1

Biological classification is very useful as it serves the following purposes: 

(i) It makes the identification of organisms very clear and easy. 

(ii) The study of these organisms is convenient. 

(iii) The study of few representatives from each group enables us to have a broad idea of the life of the whole group. 

(iv) It helps to interpret the poor visible structure of the fossil organisms. 

(v) It helps to understand the evolutionary trends in various groups of organisms.

(i) The biological name is written in two words. 

(ii) The first is genus and the second represents species. They are printed in italics. Example Pisum sativum is the scientific name of pea. 

(iii) Generic name begins with a capital letter (pisum) and the species name begins with a small letter (sativum).

(i) Species Plantarum 

(ii) System Naturae

Family: Hominidae 

Order: Primata

They refers to the species of genus Panthera.

1. (i) Anil decided to teach Hari how to cook, read and write.

2. (ii) Hari Singh was grateful to Anil for he taught him to read, write and cook.

3. (iii) Hari Singh was grateful to Anil.

4. (iv) He' refers to Anil.

5. (ii) He' is teaching Hari.

Biological classification bases have to keep on changing depending on our understanding of life forms. 

The initial very basic methods of classification gradually have been replaced by more advanced and complex ideas. For example:

1. The two kingdom classification proposed by Aristotle based only on the habitat was replaced by three kingdom classification suggested by Haeckel.

2. Even the most accepted classification suggested by Whittaker which is the five kingdom classification was modified by whose based upon his understanding of bacteria dividing the Monera into archaebacteria and eubacteria.

Two points of need of insurance are : 

1. Insurance provides protection from future uncertainties. 

2. Availability of credit against insurance policy.

Two points of importance of insurance from individual point of view are : 

1. Safety and security of the family. 

2. Prevention of social evils.

Following are the five types of group insurance policies: 

1. Pension or employees provident fund. 

2. Group gratuity schemes. 

3. Group credit life insurance. 

4. Group term assurance plan. 

5. Group cash accumulation plan.

Yogshem is mentioned in Rigveda in context to insurance.

The basic objective of insurance is to provide security to the insured from future uncertainties and risk.

Under Insurance, an individual surrounded by general types of risk contributes in common funds in the form of premium. Upon occurrence of any type of mishappening, the individual is paid from the funds to cover his damage. Therefore, in insurance, a liability of an individual is transferred to others, but loss cannot be stopped or prevented. That is why, we can say that insurance is a method of spreading the risks, not prevention of risk.

Following are the points of difference between insurance and gambling :

Following are the points of difference between Assurance and Insurance :

Insurance is based on the principle of one for all and all for one. Funds raised from premium help to transfer the risk by providing financial help to the insured.

There are elements of kindness in Insurance. Insured and insurer both deserve for good fortune. Insurance protects an individual right from his/her from birth, to death. Insurance is the biggest gift to the modern human society. Importance of insurance is not only limited to an individual or family, but it is widespread for the development of a nation. Use of insurance is increasing in modem time. Insurance not only fulfills the requirement of an individual or a group of people, but it is also helpful in development and growth of a society by providing security.

It is not only the mixture of principle of insurance and techniques, but also a mix of personal and group benefits. It helps in growth of a nation and society by its huge network and by encouraging savings. Therefore, it is clear that insurance is important for an individual and for the society. Prof. Dinsally defines, “No one can live without insurance in modern world.” Today, insurance is the lifeline of the modern society.

Economic Significance of Insurance : 

(i) Protection from risk : 

A business is exposed to several risks. There can be risk of theft, damage, etc. to property, goods and profit, from natural calamities, by sea perils, by fire, by negligence of human beings, etc. Insurance provides protection from various risks by indemnifying the insured businessmen against the losses due to the specified event. 

(ii) Protection to business due to sudden death of the key person : 

The successful operation and development of business largely depends on its directors, managers and administrative personnel. Sudden death of a key person badly affects the functioning of the business. Insurance plays an important role by insuring the life of the key person in the business, so that the future of business can be protected from uncertainties. 

(iii) Increase credit worthiness : 

Insurance extends credit to industrial and commercial institutions. An entrepreneur gets insurance for his business unit, plant and machinery or permanent assets purchased by him and can get credit easily. 

(iv) Increases business and industrial efficiency :

 Insurance provides protection from various kinds of risks and financial security against losses. This reduces the fears and worries of businessmen and promotes mental peace. Therefore, the efficient management of business activities becomes possible. Similarly, by taking group insurance policy for employees and by taking policy of assets, businessmen can claim compensation from the insurance company. All this helps in enhancing the efficiency of business. 

(v) Protects the interests of employees : 

Insurance provides protection to employees also, because in case of business losses, they will also be adversely affected. They can loose their jobs or can be deprived of various benefits like gratuity, bonus, pension, etc. The employer can take different types of insurance policies to protect the interest of the workers and employees. 

(vi) Promotes foreign trade : 

Import and export trade is usually affected by marine perils, failure to receive payment from foreign buyers and other losses. Insurance helps in the development of foreign trade by settling insurance claims against losses of ships, cargo, vessel freight and other related risks and uncertainties. 

(vii) Reduces cost : 

Insurance enables a manufacturer to sell the product at lower price because through insurance he is able to cover many risks of production in exchange for a small premium. In the absence of insurance plans, the business has to bear risks of different nature like fire, riots, strikes, dacoity, explosion, theft, accidents, natural calamities, marine losses, etc. All these types of risks are covered by insurance. 

(viii) Financial assistance to industries : 

All the insurance organisations provide long-term and short-term capital to commerical and industrial organisations. Insurance companies also extend credit facilities to those financial institutions that provide longterm credit to business organisations. Therefore, we can say that insurance directly assists in establishment and development of industries. 

(ix) Underwriting of shares and debentures : 

Insurance companies undertake underwriting of new issue of shares and debentures of newly-formed public companies. By subscribing to the shares and debentures of newly-formed companies, they resolve their problem of finance and capital. 

(x) Contribution in management : 

The insurance companies hold the right to appoint an efficient and effective person as a director in the board of directors of that business organisation which has taken loan from insurance companies. This not only protects the interest of insurance companies, but it also helps in keeping the management of business house very strong and dynamic. 

(xi) Contribution to the development of stock market : 

Investment in stock market securities by the insurance companies has been helpful in creating and promoting good investment avenues in the country. They not only invest in shares and debentures, but also accept private placement offers, thus making direct investment in the securities issued by industries and business organisations.

Social Significance of Insurance : 

• Safety and security of the family : 

Insurance brings stability in life of people in the society. The death of the bread earner of a family can disturb and destruct the lives of his dependents. Life insurance not only provides financial security and safety to a person, but also protects the family from disintegration. 

• Distribution of risk : 

Insurance distributes the risk of a person among a large number of people. That is why it is considered to be a cooperative device of bearing the risks collectively. In words of Riegel & William, “Insurance represents the highest degree of cooperation for mutual benefits”.

•  Prevention of social evils : 

Lack of education and economic evils like unemployment induce people to get into evils like theft, dacoity, prostitution and other social evils. Insurance helps a person and his family to become self-sufficient economically by providing coverage against life and property.

•  Signifies developed culture : 

Insurance signifies progressive and developed social culture. The countries without insurance are said to be the backward ones.

•  Improves standard of living of people : 

Insurance is a means of earning and savings, investment and transferring the risk. Insurance helps a person to become economically self-sufficient, strong, relieved from economic worries by insuring against risk and by providing direct employment to large number of people. 

•  Awareness towards health : 

By the method of publicity, insurance creates awareness among the people about the need of medical investigations, prevention of diseases, self precautions and maintaining good health. While taking health insurance policy, medical checkup is compulsory and it proves to be of importance for the insured. 

• Promotes education : 

Insurance facilitates and encourages educational opportunities in the society. Insurance companies support education for children. They encourage higher education by providing the facility of educational loan. 

• Development of employment opportunities : 

Insurance companies provide employment to large number of people directly and indirectly. Thousand of people are working in insurance companies as development officers, branch managers, agents, clerks, etc. More than 85,000 people are employed in GIC and 1,50,000 people in LIC. Number of agents working in government and private agencies is in lakhs.

•  Fulfillment of social responsibility: 

Each person in a society has a responsibility towards other people in different roles for example, a father has responsibility towards his family, employer towards his workers, producer towards customers, etc. Insurance helps the people in the society to successfully meet their economic liabilities and social responsibilities. 

•  Helps in implementation of social responsibility :

 Through insurance, the plans of social security of poor and backward sections of society can be implemented and enforced. In our country, government has started many plans beneficial for societies. These schemes and plans ensure social security to weaker and backward sections of societies. 

For example: 

Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Beema Yojana, Atal Pension Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Beema Yojana. 

•  Economic Independence : 

Insurance helps the society in becoming economically independent. By pooling small savings of the insured and distributing the losses of the huge risk among many, insurance makes all the people in society economically self-reliant. 

• A means of social change : 

Insurance is an important means of social change. Supporting this statement, Mehr & Cammack have aptly said, “Insurance can be an important means of social change. It is a measure of bringing important change in the mind sets, standard of living, lifestyle, etc. of the people in society.” .

Two features of insurance are: 

1. It is a cooperative device. 

2. It is a risk-bearing activity.

Insurance is a method in which a large number of people exposed to similar risk make contribution to a common fund out of which, the losses suffered by the unfortunate few, due to accidental events, are made good.

Sir William Beveridge defines insurance as, “The collective bearing of risk is insurance.

Permanent or temporary, living or non-living, all types of property insurance is called property insurance.

1. Climatic conditions 

2. Flood 

3. Drought 

4. Crop disease 

5. Machinery failure.

In case if an employee becomes unemployed due to some special reasons, he is provided financial help till next employment.

Social insurance is a scheme which provides weaker sections of society financial help by right which is collected from premium and government’s help.