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When sucrose is hydrolysed by water, the optical rotation of solution changes from positive to negative.

On the basis of their solubility in water or fat, vitamins are classified into two groups. (i) Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins that are soluble in fat and oils, but not in water, belong to this group. For example: Vitamins A, D, E, and K
(ii) Water-soluble vitamins: Vitamins that are soluble in water belong to this group.
For example: B group vitamins (B₁, B₂, B₆, B₁₂, etc.) and vitamin C However, biotin or vitamin H is neither soluble in water nor in fat.n Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation of blood

In the helical structure of DNA, the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
between specific pairs of bases. Cytosine forms hydrogen bond with guanine, while adenine forms hydrogen bond with thymine. As a result, the two strands are complementary to each other.

Monosaccharides:
Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides:

Maltose, lactose

Reducing sugars are carbohydrates that reduce Fehling’s solution and Tollen’s reagent. All monosaccharides and disaccharides, excluding sucrose, are reducing sugars.

(i) Refer Q1 of SA-I type question
(ii) The linkage between the monosaccharide units through oxygen is called glycosidic linkage.

Glycogen is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide). In animals, carbohydrates are stored as glycogen. Starch is a carbohydrate consisting of two components − amylose (15 − 20%) and amylopectin (80 − 85%). However, glycogen consists of only one component whose structure is similar to amylopectin. Also, glycogen is more branched than amylopectin.

A nucleoside contain only two basic components of nucleic acids i.e., pentose sugar and nitrogenous base. A nucleotide contains all the three basic .components of nucleic acids i.e., a phosphoric acid group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base.

(i) An equimolar mixture of glucose and fructose produced on hydrolysis of sucrose is called invert sugar. It is called so because sucrose is dextro rotator whereas its hydrolysis product is laevo rotatory.
(ii) Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids containing less than 100 amino acids. For example, oxytocin, vasopressin, etc.

Proteins found in a biological system with unique 3D-structure and biological activity is called native protein. When native protein is subjected to physical
and chemical change, protein loses its biological activity and is called denatured protein.

Tricarboxylic acid cycle, (TCA cycle), also called Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, the three-stage process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide.

Tricyclic antidepressants: One of a class of medications used to treat depression. The tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are also used for some forms of anxiety, fibromyalgia, and the control of chronic pain.

Essential amino acids are those which are not produced in our body and required to be supplied from outside, e.g., valine, leucine. Non-essential amino acids are those which are produced by our body, e.g., glycine, alanine.

(i) Rickets.

(ii) Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin which is excreted in urine and cannot be stored in our body.

Sugars which cannot be hydrolysed to give simpler units or compounds.

3,-C-C-T-G-A-T-G-A-5"

Base pairing rule is followed; A = T and G ≡ C

Nucleic acids are biomolecules found in the nuclei of all living cells, as one of the
constituents of chromosomes. There are mainly two types of nucleic acids − deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are also known as polynucleotides as they are long-chain polymers of nucleotides.
Two main functions of nucleic acids are:
(i) DNA is responsible for the transmission of inherent characters from one generation
to the next. This process of transmission is called heredity.
(ii) Nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA) are responsible for protein synthesis in a cell.
Even though the proteins are actually synthesised by the various RNA molecules in a cell, the message for the synthesis of a particular protein is present in DNA.

Vitamin B_12.

Night blindness, Xerophthalmia.

(i) Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
(ii) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
(iii) Transfer RNA (t-RNA)

(i) Isoelectric point : The pH at which there is no net migration of any ion towards electrode e.g., amino acids have isoelectric point at pH = 5.5-6.3.
(ii) Mutarotation : It is spontaneous change in optical rotation when an optically active substance is dissolved in water e.g., a glucose when dissolved in water changes its optical rotation from 111º to 52.5º.
(iii) Transcription : It is process by which m-RNA is generated from DNA e.g., if DNA has base sequence ATACA then m-RNA has base sequence UAUCGU

(i) Vitamin A          (ii) Vitamin K
(iii) Vitamin E

A DNA molecule is double-stranded in which the pairing of bases occurs. Adenine always pairs with thymine, while cytosine always pairs with guanine. Therefore, on hydrolysis of DNA, the quantity of adenine produced is equal to that of thymine and similarly, the
quantity of cytosine is equal to that of guanine. But when RNA is hydrolyzed, there is no relationship among the quantities of the different bases obtained. Hence, RNA is single-stranded.

HCl present in stomach decreases the pH.

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

It is due to the fact that human beings do not have enzyme to digest cellulose.

Correct option (A) Benzaldehyde 

Explanation:

Aromatic aldehydes do not reduce Fehling’s solution.

Yes, if we are given a method to know the sequence of proteins, we can connect this information to the purity of a protein. It is known that an accurate sequence of a certain amino acid is very important for the functioning of a protein. If there is any change in the sequence, it would alter its structure, thereby altering the function. If we are provided with a method to know the sequence of an unknown protein, then using this information, we can determine its structure and compare it with any of the known correct protein sequence. Any change in the sequence can be linked to the purity or homogeneity of a protein.
For example, any one change in the sequence of haemoglobin can alter the normal haemoglobin structure to an abnormal structure that can cause sickle cell anaemia.

(i) Vitamin C.
(ii) Peptide linkage.
(iii) n-hexane.

(i) Peptide linkage : A link between two amino acids with loss of water /- CO - NH - peptide linkage.

(ii) A process that changes the three dimensional structure of native protein is called denaturation of protein. It results into breaking of hydrogen bonds and disulphide linkages. Thus, a completely denatured protein has a shape of random coil.

When a nucleotide from the DNA containing thymine is hydrolyzed, thymine β-D- 2deoxyribose and phosphoric acid are obtained as products