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The various operations performed on linear data structures are:

1. Traversal:
The process of accessing each data item exactly once to perform some operation.

2. Insertion:
The process of adding a new data item into the given collection of data neats.

3. Deletion:
The process of removing existing data item from the given collection of data items.

4. Searching:
The process of finding the location of a data item in the given collection of data items.

5. Sorting:
The process of arrangement of data items in either ascending or descending order.

6. Merging:
The process of combining the data items of two structures to form a single structure.

The two characteristics of impact printers are

1.  Print quality is low in some types

2.  Uses ink ribbon to print

3.  Less expensive 

The pre-increment operator is a unary operator and is used to increment the value of variable before using in the expression i.e. value is first incremented and then used in the expression.

Example:

Y = 5;

cout<< ++Y;

output: 6.

The post-increment operators is also unary operator and is used to increment the value of variable after the use of expression.

For example;

Y=5;

cout<< Y++;

output: 5. 

The two benefits of OOP are

1.  Follow bottom-up approach in program design.

2.  Functions and data are coupled together. Data encapsulation and inheritance are the two features of OOP. 

A is an array
N is number of elements (size)
Element is a data element
Pos is location of element to be inserted.
Insertion (A, N, Element, Pos)
Step 1: for i = N-l downto Pos repeat step 2
Step 2: A(i+1] = A[i]
End for
Step 3: A [Pos] = Element
Step 4: N = N + 1

1. Object code: The object code is usually a machine code which can be understood directly by a specific type of CPU.

2. Source code: The source code is any collection of computer instructions written using some human-readable computer language.

An algorithm is defined as “step by step procedure to solve a given problem infinite number of steps”.

Characteristics of algorithm:

1.  Every step should perform a single task

2. There should not be any confusion at any stage.

3. It must involve a finite number of steps.

The advantages of OOP are:

1. OOP provides a clear modular structure for programs. Large problems can be reduced to smaller and more manageable problems.

2. In OOP, data can be made private to a class such that only member functions of the class can access the data. This principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build a secure program.

3. Implementation details are hidden from other modules and other modules has a clearly defined interface.

4. It is easy to maintain and modify existing code as new objects can be created with small differences to existing ones.

5. With the help of polymorphism, the same function or same operator can be used different purposes. This helps to manage software complexity easily.

6. In OOP, programmer not only defines data types but also deals with operations applied for data structures.

7. It is easy to model a real system as real objects are represented by programming objects in OOP.

8. With the help of inheritance, we can reuse the existing class to derive a new class such that the repetition of code is eliminated and the use of existing class is extended. This saves time and cost of program.

Some of the real-life applications of object-oriented programming are given below:

• Computer graphic applications
• CAD/CAM software
• Object-oriented database
• User interface design such as windows
• Real-time systems
• Simulation and modeling
• Artificial intelligence and expert systems.

Syntax of while loop:

while (condition)

{

statement (s);

}

Example:

#include <iostream>

void main()

{

int a = 10;

while (a<15)

{

cout<<"value of a:"<<a<<end1;

a++;

}

}

General Features of windows operating system are

1. Fast start up and shutdown

2. Plug and play support for hardware devices

3. Supports all major networking protocols

4. Automatic update

Some of the advantages of object oriented programming are as follows: – 

1.  A clear modular structure can be obtained which can be used as a prototype and it will not reveal the details of the de sign.

2.  Ease of maintenance and modification to the existing objects can be done with ease.

3.  A good framework is provided which facilitates in creating rich GUI applications.

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding system to represent data.
• ASCII is used on many personal computers and minicomputers.
•  ASCII is a 7-bit code that permits 2⁷ = 128 distinct characters. The 128 different combinations that can be represented in 7 bits are plenty to allow for all the letters, numbers and special symbols.
• An eight bit was added. This allowed extra 128 characters to be represented. The extra 128 combinations are used for symbols such as Ç, ü, è, ©, ®, Æ, etc.

Ghee and vegetable oils respectively.

1. PROM:

PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory and is initially blank. The manufacturer can write data/program on it by using special devices. However, once the program or data is written in PROM chip, it cannot be changed.

2. EPROM:

EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory and is also initially blank. Unlike PROM, the data written in EPROM chip can be erased by using special devices and ultraviolet rays.

3. EEPROM:

EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. This kind of ROM can be written or changed with the help of electrical devices. So data stored in this type of ROM chip can be easily modified.

Typecasting is making a variable of one type, such as an int, act like another type, a char, for one single operation.

Example:

void main ()

{ int a=5, b=2;

float c;

c = (float) a / b;

} 

The four string functions are strupr(), strlwr(), strcpy() and strrev(). 

The mail merge helps to generate form letters by combining content of one document with content of address. In a situation where a letter is to be sent to address of many persons then mail merge is used.

The steps for mail merge is as follows;

Step 1. Create a main document and type the letter.

Step 2. Select data source document.

Step 3. Insert merge field in the main document.

Step 4. Select Finish and merge button.

• 36 ATPs A total of 36 ATPs are gained by complete oxidation of glucose. 
• During glycolysis, a total 4 ATPs are formed out of which 2 are consumed

Classification of Lipids
Lipids can be classified into two major classes:

Nonsaponifiable lipids, and
Saponifiable lipids.
Nonsaponifiable Lipids
A nonsaponifiable lipid cannot be broken up into smaller molecules by hydrolysis, which includes triglycerides, waxes, phospholipids, and sphingolipids.

Saponifiable Lipids
A saponifiable lipid contains one or more ester groups allowing it to undergo hydrolysis in the presence of an acid, base, or enzymes. Nonsaponifiable lipids include steroids, prostaglandins, and terpenes.

Each of these categories can be further broken down into non-polar and polar lipids.

Nonpolar lipids, such as triglycerides, are used for energy storage and fuel.

Polar lipids, which can form a barrier with an external water environment, are used in membranes. Polar lipids include glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.

Fatty acids are important components of all of these lipids.

Answer: False

Answer: Cytosine + Guanine

Answer: Glutamine synthetase

Answer: Between 5 and 9

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). The amount of the filtrate formed by the kidneys per minute is called glomercular filtration rate (GFR). GFR in a healthy individual is approximately 125ml/minute, i.e., 180 filitres per day. On an average, 1100 -1200 ml of blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart in a minute.

In man about 125ml of glomerular filtrate is formed per minute. But most of the substances are reabsorbed into tubular network of capillaries. This process is known as selective reabsorption. High threshold substances reabsorbed by active transport and low threshold substances reabsorbed by diffusion.

1. (1) – Impermeable, (2) -Permeable 

2. ADH 

3. Nitrogenous wastes 

4. 25-30 gm of urea/day

1. The missing steps are 

• (a) – Anticoagulant like heparin 
• (b) – Anti – heparin

2. Hemodialysis 

3. Kidney

1. The parts are: 

• (1) – Renal cortex 
• (2) – Ureter 

2. Nephron

1. The labelled parts are 

• A – Afferent arteriole 
• B – Efferent arteriole 
• C – Glomerulus 
• D – Bowman’s capsule 

2. Glomerular Filtration

1. Nephron 

2. The parts are 

• A – Bowman’s capsule 
• B – Henle’s loop
• C – Proximal convoluted tubule 
• D – Collecting duct 

3. Henle’s loop is the site of osmoregulation in human kidney. The descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes. The ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolyte actively or passively.

Therefore, as the concentrated filtrate pass upward, it gets diluted due to the passage of electrolytes to the medullary fluid.

A. inability of the sperms to fertilise the egg 

 A. Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of the assertion. 

B. ovulation → fertilisation → implantation → development of foetus → birth 

1. Tubular reabsorption: 

The process of selective reabsorption of most of the useful substances from the glomerular filtrate in the renal tubule. 

Tubular secretion: 

It is the process of active secretion of certain substances such as Hydrogen ions, ammonia etc. from the blood into the lumen of the urinary tubules by the tubular epithelium during urine formation.

2. ADH: 

ADH is the hormone from posterior pituitary gland, makes the wall of the distal convoluted tube and collecting tubule permeable to water so that more water is reabsorbed. 

RAAS: 

Renin – Angiotensin – Aldosterone system increases the blood pressure by constricting arterioles and increases the blood volume by stimulating proximal convoluted tubule.

1. Hemodialysis is an artificial process of removing toxic substances from the blood 

2. Artificial kidney or Hemodialysis machine.

Insulin deficiency causes large amounts of blood sugar to be lost in the urine. It leads to diabetis melitus while the deficiency of ADH leads to diabetes insipedus i.e dilute urine disease.

The process of reabsorption of water by the distal parts of the kidney tubules become low efficient. This occurs due to the deficiency of ADH. lt leads to diabetes insipedus.

The elimination of urine from the urinary bladder is called micturition. The gradual filling of the urinary bladder causes stretching. When the bladder is filled to its limit, the stretch receptors send impulses to the brain to excrete the urine.

The initiation and inhibition of micturition is voluntary in adult but involuntary in children. Due to lack of nervous control the micturition in some humans become involuntary causing bed wetting.

1. True 

2. False 

3. True 

4. True

5. True

The terminal portion of the axon is called presynaptic membrane. Through this membrane neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic junction.

The three mains parts into which a neuron can be didactically divided are: dendrites, cell body and axon.

Dendrites are projections of the plasma membrane that receive the neural impulse from other neurons. The cell body is where the nucleus and the main cellular organelles are located. Axon is the long membrane projection that transmits the neural impulse at distance to other neurons, to muscle cells and to other effector cells.

The modern age has emerged as an era of development of science and technology combined with a deeprening sense of globalization. It is also true that English is being spoken by a large number of the world population. As such being a common language being spoekn in almost all countries it has also emerged as the langauge of trade and commerce, consequently, an individual needs to learn to communicate himself to others in no other language than English which could assure him a livelihood. hence one cannot do without English in the modern age as it has become as essential for survival amidst cutting competition as oxygen in for existence.

Modern English Period extends from the beginning of the 16th century to the present day. This long period can be subdivided in to early Modern English period and later Modern English period. The early period extends from 1601 to 1700 and the later from 1701 to the present day.

The fall of Constantinople into the hands of the Turks and consequent spread of Greek scholars in the continent, the Renaissance, the Reformation, the invention of the printing press by Caxton in 1476, the discovery of America by Columbus had far-reaching effects and shook the very foundation of Middle English.

By the End of the 16th century, it became universally accepted as the standard of the language.

Mrs. R can avail the passbook updating facility from any CBS branch near her location or can use Technology driven sources like online banking or any ATM installed near her location

Benefits of CBS are (explain any 3 points with complete explanation) 

1. Improves operational efficiency -It improves the quality time of both bank and customer by providing 24/7/365 facility. 

2. Reduces cost of operations like commuting cost paper cost etc 

3. Improves customer service as satisfied with Timely and accurate information for management decision making 

4. Integrates with electronic payment systems such as Anytime and Anywhere banking. 

Correct option: a) Aizwal

Correct option: a. Plastic rod

(1) (a)-(iii), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iv)

Haematite Fe₂O₃ 

Magnetite Fe₃O₄ 

Calamine ZnCO₃

Kaolinite [Al₂(OH)₄Si₂O₅]