Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Importance of Railways : Indian Railway have benefited our country in the following ways.

• They have helped in the commercialization of agricultural sector through the movement of perishable goods, necessary inputs and implements. 
• They help the industry by transporting raw-material, labour, fuel by distribution and marketing. 
• Railways are useful for carrying bulky and heavy goods for long distance. 
• Railways are promoting the movement of goods and passenger traffic. 
• They are helping in unifying the national market by stimulating the process of equalization of prices.
• They are promoting the development of the foreign trade. 
• They are helping in the process of better administration, understanding and national intergration. 
• It helps tourism by connecting places of tourist interest.
• Our railway also help to strengthen the Law and Order situation in the country.

A series of similarly constituted components in which the members present have the same functional group and similar chemical properties and any two successive members in a particular series differ in their molecular formula by (-CH₂) unit, is called a homologous series.

Ex: alkane series C_nH_2n + 2

CH₄-Methane, C₂H₄-Ethane, C₃H₈-Propane, C₄H₁₀-Butane

1. Recycling uses some energy while reuse requires energy not to that amount.

2. Only segregated wastes can be recycled.

3. Recycling also causes pollution.

For example, reuse of old plastic bottles/plastic for better than recycling them which requires chemicals and causes water and air pollution.

Demographic cycle is the process of population transformation from the countries of high birth rate and high death rates to low birth rate & low death rate countries.

Stages of Demographic cycle:

• First stage: High birth rate and high death is found when the country ¡s economically most backward, so the population remains stationary. India was in the stage till 1920. 
• Second stage (Early expanding): It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate ramins unchanged. These changes due to the advancement of science & technology, basic health care and education etc. At present many developing countries of Asia & Africa are in this stage. 
• Third stage (Late expanding): Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall due to access of contraceptives, urbanization, an increase in the status and women education etc India appears to be this stage. 
• Fourth stage (Low stationary): It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. Growth is stationary due to changing life style, high obesity and many diseases are caused in this stage. Japan, Sweden, Belgium Denmark & Switzerland are in this stage.
• Fifth stage(Declining): Population begins to decline or birth rate is lower than deathrate. East European countries like Germany and Hungary and North European countries like Sweden. Norway are now in this stage.

Classification of roads: In India, roads are of the following types. 

1. National highways 

2. State highways 

3. District roads and 

4. Village roads.

Besides these, there are border roads and International highways linking major Indian cities with the capitals of other neighbouring countries.

National highways:

• They connect the capitals of the states, industrial centres and major ports. 
• They are bell planned wide roads with two-lane, four-lane, and six-lane roads. Both construction and maintenance are carried out by the Central Government and National Highway Authority of India [NHAI].
• The total length of the national highways is about 71, 772 km as per 2011 
• (i)The Golden Quadrilateral, (ii) The North South and East West corridors, (iii) Port connectivity with industries are all part of this network.

Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway: The Governmcnt of India has implemented a major road development project linking DelhiKolkata-Chennai-Mumbai by six-lane super high-ways. It has a total length of 5846 kms and it is called as Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway.

North – South and East-West corridors: This project connects Srinagar (JK) in the North with Kanya kumari (TN) in the South and Silcher(Assam) in the East with For bandar (Gujarat) in the West covering major cities along the way. The project has a total length of 7300 km.

Port connectivity project: This is also included in the programmes of NHAI. This project connects the Golden Quadrilateral roads with the 13 major ports (380 km) and other projects (962 km). This is still in progress.

State highways: The State Highways connect the important cities of the state with its capital. with the national highways and link with other slate capitals. The State Government is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the State Highways. Now there are about 1.54. 522 km length of the state highways in the country.

District roads: These roads connect the production and marketing centres with the highways, railways, towns and larger villages with the district headquarters. The Zilla Parishad takes the responsibility for the development and maintenance of these roads.

Village roads: Roads which link the Taluk headquarters with villages and the district highways are called village roads. They are mostly untarred or metalled, They are constructed and maintained by Taluk Panchayats and Village Panchayats.

Border roads: Border roads are constructed in the border areas of the country. They are constructed in the North and North eastern border areas adjoining Pakistan. Nepal. Bhutan and Bangladesh. These are mainly for army movement in the defense of the country.

International highways: Some of the national highways of the country have been linked with the international highways of the neighbouring countries.

Each State will set up a MGNREGA Human Resource Development and Capacity Building Division and it will be responsible to

i) train district level MGNREGA training and support teams, who would be master trainers in this cascading model. 

ii) offer regular support services to the district teams. 

iii) act as an expert resource agency. 

iv) ensure training quality. 

v) organise exposure visits for Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and village communities. 

vi) help refine training material and 

vii) monitor the work of the district training units.

District Human Resource Development and Capacity Building Unit should be set up. The unit should comprise full-time competent resource persons who act as master trainers for MGNREGA, providing training and field-based hand-holding support to block and sub-block implementation teams. The training personnel can be drawn from Cluster Facilitation Teams (CFTs) or can be selected afresh.

The difference between a cash sales & and credit sales is the timing of the payment. A cash sales is a transaction where payment is settled immediately. On the other hand, payment for a credit sales is settled at a later date. 

For example, Ramesh buys grocery and makes payment immediately in cash it will be known as a cash sales. However, if he makes the payment on a later date it will be known as a credit sales.

Contract involving transfer of the possession and ownership (title) of a good or property, or the entitlement to a service, in exchange for money or value is known as a sale .Essential elements that must be present in a valid sale are: 

(1) competence of both the buyer and seller to enter into a contract, 

(2) mutual agreement on the terms of exchange, 

(3) a thing capable of being transferred, and 

(4) a consideration in money (or its equivalent) paid or promised.

Advantages of an email as a means of business communication:-

(a) It is a fast method of communication 

(b) It is an expensive method of communication 

(c) As compared to traditional method of communication there is little chance of loss in transmission

Contract involving transfer of the possession and ownership (title) of a good or property, or the entitlement to a service, in exchange for money or value is known as a sale .

Essential elements that must be present in a valid sale are: 

(1) competence of both the buyer and seller to enter into a contract, 

(2) mutual agreement on the terms of exchange, 

(3) a thing capable of being transferred, and 

(4) a consideration in money (or its equivalent) paid or promised.

Role of sender and receiver in communication process: 

Sender : Sender plays a very important role in communication process. 

Sender is the person who has an idea, or message to communicate. 

Receiver: The person who receives message of the sender is known as receiver.

Feedback is the final component in the process of communication as it defines the response given by the receiver to the sender.

Debt-Equity Ratio reflects relative contributions of creditors and owners to finance the business.

Correct answer is b. Written communication 

Correct option is A) border

Correct option:

(d) x/√(1 + x²)

Required to prove -: ∠PTQ = 2∠OPQ 

Let ∠PTQ = θ 

Now by the theorem TP = TQ. 

So, TPQ is an isosceles triangle 

∠TPQ = ∠TQP = \(\frac{1}{2}\) (180° - θ) = 90° - \(\frac{1}{2}\) θ 

∠OPT = 90° 

∠OPQ = ∠OPT - ∠TPQ = 90° - (90° - \(\frac{1}{2}\)θ) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)θ 

= \(\frac{1}{2}\) ∠PTQ 

∠PTQ = 2∠OPQ

Let √3 be a rational number. 

Then √3 = \(\frac{q}{p}\)

HCF (p,q) =1 

Squaring both sides 

(√3)² = (\(\frac{q}{p}\))² 

3 = \(\frac{p^2}{q^2}\) 

3q² = p² 

3 divides p² » 3 divides p 

3 is a factor of p 

Take p = 3C 

3q² = (3c)² 

3q² = 9C² 

3 divides q² » 3 divides q 

3 is a factor of q 

Therefore 3 is a common factor of p and q 

It is a contradiction to our assumption that \(\frac{q}{p}\) is rational. 

Hence √3 is an irrational number.

Given that, 

Points A(–1, 3), B(2, k) and C(5, –1) are collinear. 

i.e., they will not form any triangle . 

∴ Area of triangle ABC = 0 

∴ \(\frac{1}{2}\) [−1(k − (−1)) + 2(−1 − 3) + 5(3 − k))] = 0 

(By formula of area of triangle passing through 3 vertices) 

⇒ −k − 1 − 8 + 15 − 5k = 0 

⇒ −6k + 6 = 0 

⇒ k = 1. 

Hence, 

The value of k = 1, for which given points A, B & C are collinear.

By Pythagoras Theorem 

QR = √((13)² − (12)²) cm 

QR = 5cm 

tan P = \(\frac{5}{12}\)

cot R = \(\frac{5}{12}\)

tan P - cot R = \(\frac{5}{12}\) - \(\frac{5}{12}\) = 0

An advance made by a life insurance company to a policy owner. The advance is secured by the cash value of the policy.

Challenges in using Internet Banking: 

• Security Learning difficulties 
• Lack of skilled personnel 
• Technical breakdowns 
• Long start up time 
• Scam/fraudulent websites

Correct option is  C) borrow

Surrender Value is the amount payable to the policyholder by the Insurer, if he/she decides to exit the policy before maturity period.

Ethidium bromide, elution

Genetically modified crops have greatly reduced the use of chemical insecticides as they are made resistant to various pathogens through genetic engineering. 

Bt toxins 

1. These are toxic insecticidal proteins produced by a soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis 

2. It produces crystalline proteins (cry proteins).they form crystalline inclusions in the bacterial spores. 

3. These spores kill certain groups of insects such as lepidopterans (tobacco worm, bud worm,army worm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies and mosquitoes) 

4. Cry proteins dissolve in the alkaline juices of the mid gut. 

5. They bind to receptors present in the brush border of mid gut epithelial cells of the insects. 

6. The brush border membrane develops pores. 

7. These pores allow influx of ions and water, which causes their swelling and eventual death. Bt- cotton: 

1. It is a transgenic plant produced by cloning BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) genes isolated from BaciUus thuriengiensis bacterium. 

2. It is resistant to cotton boll worms and stem borer which feed on them. 

3. Bt genes produce proteins (Crystal Protein-cry I AC, cry IIAB) that kills the insects. 

4. Hence cry-genes have been introduced in plants to produce crystal proteins as Protoxin (inactive toxin), which is converted to toxins in alkaline medium (i.e. in the gut of insects) and cause death of the insect larva.

(a)

(i) Microbes in biogas production

• Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by the microbial activity of methane producing bacteria collectively called methanogens. 
• Methanobacterium is one such common methane producing bacteria found in the anaerobic kludges during sewage treatment. 
• In the first stage aerobic bacteria convert complex organic substances present in the biological wastes in to simple molecules. 
• These molecules are degraded anaerobically to produce organic acids like acetic acids. 
• Methanogens under anaerobic conditions convert acetic acid in to methane and carbon dioxide. 

(ii) Micorrhiza as biofertilizers 

1. It is a symbiotic association of fungus with the roots of higher plants. 

Example : Gomus species form mycorrhiza; Fungal symbiont absorbs phosphorus from soil and made available to plants. 

2. This association also makes the plant to show resistance to root borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought thereby increase in growth and development.

(b) Azotobacter or Azospirillium are free living bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Orchids show diversity of floral patterns to attract the right pollinator insect and ensure guaranteed pollination by it. The Mediterranean orchid Ophrys employs sexual deceit to get pollination done by a species of bee, one petal of flowers show resemblance to the female of the bee in size and colour markings, the male bee is attracted to what it perceives as a female pseudo copulates with the flower and during that process is dusted with pollen from the flower, when the same bee pseudo copulates with another flower it transfers pollen to it and thus, pollinates the flower.

A case study of people’s participation in forest conservation 

• A king of Jodhpur wanted to arrange wood for his new palace in 1731. 
• Few Bishnois hugged the trees and asked to cut them first rather than cutting trees. 365 persons lost their lives in this act 
• A small temple is now present there in remembrance of this act 
• Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wild Life Protection Award is instituted for individuals of rural areas who take keen interest in protecting wild life.

Chipko movement 

• It was started by local women of Garhwal, 
• They hugged the trees to protect them from the axes of contractors. Joint forest management (JFM) 
• Started by Government of India in 1980 
• To involve local communities with the government for protecting and managing forests, inturn communities get forest products for their encouragement.

Upper limb (Ampullary – isthmic junction) of fallopian tube.

Hull Insurance is insurance of ship and its equipment It covers any loss or damage to ships, tankers, bulk carriers, smaller vessels, fishing boats and sailing vessels. It covers the insurance of the vessel and its equipment i.e., furniture and fittings, machinery, tools, fuel, etc. A Hull Policy may also cover the risk while the vessel is under construction.

Correct option is  D) foreigner

Correct option is B) messenger

The investment is denoted as units and is represented by the value that it has attained called as Net Asset Value (NAV).

Correct option is A) foreigner

Two sources of funds are 

• Shareholder’s funds. 
• Loan funds

The oxidation of oils or fats in food resulting in a bad taste and smell is called rancidity.

Pinacocytes are thin walled and flat cells. They line the outer surface of a sponge. Pinacocytes are slightly contractile. Their contraction can change the shape of some sponges. Some pinacocytes forms tube like contractile porocytes. Porocytes regulate water circulation. The openings of the porocytes are pathways to water movement of water through the body wall.

NAV or Net Asset Value of the fund is the cumulative market value of the assets of the fund net of its liabilities.

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA).

Correct answer is b) Demand Draft

Complex organic molecules such as BHA (butylated hydroxyanilsole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) are examples of synthetic antioxidants.

Commodity derivatives market trade contracts for which the underlying asset is commodity.