Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Rural Development is designed to improve the economic and social well being of rural poor. The concept of Rural Development connotes the overall development of rural areas. It is an improvement of the quality of life of rural people.

(a) Birth rate

(d) Birth rate and death rate

Nuclear family is one which consists of the husband, wife or wives and their children.

(a) Replacement level

(b) Low birth rate and low death rate

“A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale.”

According to Sigmond Freud the Anal Stage normally begins after first year, completed during the third year, the crisis of this period is called anal crisis and is caused by imposition of new demands. In this stage the child is asked to take over some degree of care for himself. Anal disciplines are learned through what in ordinary termed as “Toilet Training”.

1. Information: The media provides a continuous flow of information about the world, from T.V., Newspapers and radio reports the political, sports, entertainment and weather reports, the stock market and news stories and issues that affect us personally.

2. Correlation: The media explains and helps us to understand the meaning of the information. It provides support for established social norms and has an important role in the socialization of children.

3. Continuity: The media has a function in expressing the culture, recognizing new social developments and forging common values. 

4. Entertainment: The media provides amusement, diversion and reduces social tension. 

5. Mobilization: To encourage economic development, work, religion or support in times of war, the media can campaign to mobilize society to meet these objectives.

6. Social Reformation: The beginnings of the print media and its role in both the spread of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement have been noted. After independence, the print media continued to share the general approach of being a partner in the task of nation-building by taking up developmental issues as well as giving voice to die widest section of people.

The gravest challenge that the media faced was with the declaration of Emergency in 1975 and censorship of the media. Fortunately, the period ended and democracy was restored in 1977. India with its many problems can be justifiably proud of a free media.

7. National Consciousness: It was only in the mid 19th century, with further development rm technologies, transportation, and literacy that newspapers began to reach out to a mass audience. People living in different comers of die country found themselves reading or hearing the same news. It has been suggested that this was in many ways responsible for people across a country to feel connected and develop a sense of belonging or‘we feeling’.

Social competition : People always compete to get into higher status and position. Competition of this kind is mostly observed in ‘open’ societies. Wherever individual ability, merit, talents and capacities are recognised.

(c) Sex ratio

(d) Preventing disintegration of joint families

Ramayan & Mahabharatha Serials.

According to Harry M. Johnson “Sociology is the science that deals with social groups.” 

Material Culture includes all the man made concrete, tangible, visible things. They include for example the house, buildings, furniture, automobiles, machine, dams, locomotives etc.

The Dalit movement mobilises Dalits to fight against social, economic, religious and political inequalities. Dalits or the oppressed classes are seeking solutions for their problems like oppression and exploitation through organised efforts. Achieving self-respect and self-reliance are the main objectives of the dalit movement.

In Karnataka, Dalit movement may be studied under two phases; the pre-independent and the post-independent. Further, the preindependent movement is subdivided into three phases. They are,

1. Basaveshvara and the Dalit movement 

2. Dalit movement in the old Mysore region 

3. Dalit movement in the Mumbai – Karnataka region

1. Basaveshvara and the Dalit Movement: Basaveshvara’s religious reform movement in the 12^th century may be seen as an inspiration to the dalits and the oppressed classes. Basaveshvara was against dogmatic religious practices and caste hierarchy; and involved people belonging to the lower classes in his reformist movement.

Such involvement was a morale booster to the oppressed classes. Madivala Machayya, Ambigara Chowdayya, Medar Kakayya, Madara Channayya, Samagara Haralayya – all from the lower classes, were actively, involved in the reformist movement and this may be seen as the beginning of new era m the lives of the dalits.

Likewise, this movement saw the active participation of women from the lower castes. Kottanada Somawa, amuge Rayamma, Aaydakki Lakkamma are some of them.

2. Dalit Movement in the Old Mysore Region: In the old Mysore region, the dalit movement did not happen as an independent movement, but, it had the inspiration of the Mysore Maharaja and Praja Mithra mandati and miller committee.

3. Dalit, Movement in the Mumbai Karnataka: The social, economic, educational and political conditions of Dalits of the Mumbai Karnataka region were no different from those of other parts of India. Majority of them were very poor and were unable to educate their children. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, spent a considerable time in organising and reforming dalits in order to improve their social, economic and educational conditions.

Two major dalit movements emerged in Karnataka in the postindependent period. They are;

a. Bhimsena 

b. Dalit Sangharshas amiti (DSS)

 a. Bhiipasena: In the year 1970, B. Shamsundar started an organization called Bhimsena in the Hyderabad Karnataka region. Bhimsena had an Ideology to fight against untouchability and oppression in a radical way. Dalits were trained to defend themselves against oppression. The then government banned activities of Bhimsena in order to avoid caste conflicts.

After the demise of Shamsundar in the year 1975, due to the lack of leadership, activities of the Bhimsena movement came to a standstill. B. Basavalmgappa was one of the prominent Dalit politician. In a programme, he stated that Kannada literature is like fodder (boosa) because; Kannada writers are not sympathetic to the woes of dalits and thus are dishonest in their writings.

This statement sparked controversy and led to violent protests throughout the state. In the year 1975, a state-wide meeting of the members of various Dalit organizations was called and a committee was formed to frame manifesto for the organization.

In the year 1977, a state-level meeting of all Dalit organizations was held and a unified ‘Karnataka Dalita Sangharsha Samiti was born’. The first convention of the DSS was held in Bhadravati and Prof. B Krishnappa was chosen as the State convenor of DSS.

b. Karnataka.Dalit Sangharsha Samiti: Since it’s inception, it was not interested in affiliation to any political.party and maintained distance from politicians. The organization grew strong, some of the leaders began to establish relationships with, politicians.

But, Devartoor Mahadeva, a prominent leader of DSS expressed support to Janata Party when he was the State convenor of DSS, meanwhile Prof. Siddalingaiah, a think tank of DSS was nominated to Karnataka legislative council. Interestingly, at a later stage, Prof. Krishnappa himself contested Kolar Loksabha election through DSS and lost in 1991.

This involves excuses or explanations for one’s behaviour. One is not prepared to acknowledge one’s failures or defects for it may indicate guilt or the need for change.

Indian Sociological Society & Caste and Race in India.

Market is a social institution where parties are engaged in the exchange of goods and services.

In Karnataka, Dalit movement may be studied under two phases; the pre-independent and the post-independent. Further, the preindependent movement is subdivided into three phases. They are,

• Basaveshvara and the Dalit movement 
• Dalit movement in the old Mysore region 
• Dalit movement in the Mumbai-Karnataka region.

• Expansion of agriculture 
• Construction of roads, Railway and industries 
• Establishment of human settlements, mining activities etc.

According to Maclver and Page: “Social processes is the manner in which the relationship of ; the members of a group, once brought together, acquire a distinctive character”. According to A. W. Green: The social processes are merely the characteristics ways in which interaction occurs”.

The division of labour depends on people’s interest, ability, sex and age etc. Due to division of labour in various fields tasks are performed more efficiently. In modern society, skilled and specialised persons have more importance.

Theodore Levitt.

The term evolution is emerged from the Latin word ‘Evolvere’ which means to unfold’ or to ‘develop’. 

Distribution of work according to age gender and experience. 

Mayurbanj Iron-ore producing area is in Orissa. 

Systematic Investigation to gain know knowledge.

Chennai ports is situated on eastern coast.

1. Institutions are Universal 

2. Institutions are Standardized Norms 

water pollution, Air pollution and Noise pollution are caused by Industrialization. 

Arunachal Pradesh has least population density according to 2011 census.

Linguism implies love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards other’s languages.

Sociology is known as science of society. According to August Comte : “Sociology is the Science of Social phenomena Subject to natural and invariable laws. The discovery of which is the object of investigation”.

B.S.Guha has identified six major racial elements in the population of India:

1. Negrito 

2. Proto-Australoid 

3. Mongoloid 

4. Mediterranean 

5. Western Brachycephals and 

6. Nordic.

In the south, the Kadars, the Irulas, and the Paniyans, and in the Andaman Islands the Onges, Jar was and the great Andamanese have definite Negrito characteristics. Some traits of this group are found among the Angami Nagas and the Bagadis of the Rajmahal hills. On the western coast, there are some groups with pronounced Negrito traits, but they perhaps represent later arrivals, who came to India with the Arab traders.

The Proto-Australoid group is numerically more significant most of the tribes of middle India belong to it. These were the people described by the Indo-Aryans as Anas, Dasa, Dasyu, and Nishad all derogatory terms. The Mongoloid group is sub-divided into two branches – Paleo-Mongoloid and Tibeto-Mongoloid.

Tribal groups in the Himalayan region and those in the north-east are of Mongoloid stock. Some Mongoloid features are seen in the non-tribal population of the eastern States – Assam, West Bengal, Manipur, and Tripura.

The Western Brachycephals (sub-divided into the Alpinoid, Dinaric, and Armenoid groups), Alpinoid and Dinaric characteristics are seen in some groups of northern and western India; the Parsis belong to the Armenoid section. The Mediterraneans are associated with the Dtavidian languages and cultures.

The Nordics were the last major ethnic element to arrive in India and make a profound impact on its culture and society. But before they came a unique civilization had slowly developed in India. It is known as the Indus Valley Civilization.

Problems of Indian cities can be classified in the following ways:

1. Urban Poverty: Urban poverty is the by-product of industrialization and urbanization. Poverty and overcrowding are the two most visible features of Indian cities. About half of the urbanites are poor and live in substandard life, because of cost of living, lack of regular income, low wages, pro-rich economic policies, inflation, etc.

India has issued its first-ever report on the nature and dynamics of urban poverty in the country undertaken with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India Urban Poverty Report 2009 which identifies the problems faced by the poor and focuses on the systematic changes that are needed to address them.

The report examines various issues related to urban poverty, such as migration, labor, the role of gender, access to basic services and the appalling condition of India’s slums. It also looks at the dynamics of urban land and capital market, urban governance, and the marginalization of the poor to the urban periphery.

2. Slums: The magnitude of the problem of slums is alarming. The Government of India, in order to implement the various schemes for urban development, has defined a slum area as follows:

A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale,” These slum areas are also referred to as the ‘Blighted area’; ‘Renewal area’; ‘deteriorated area’, ‘Gray area’; ‘Lower class neighborhood’; ‘Lower income area’, etc.

3. Problem of Urban Housing: The bulk of the people in the Indian cities live in one-room or in thatched huts in the sprawling slums or on the pavements. Another sad feature is total lack of essential municipal services like water supply, drainage, sewarage, lighting, -roads, etc. Further, large proportion of the rural migrants have been bringing with them unskilled persons who take up unskilled jobs in the services, trade, industries, etc. Generally a single room has to meet all the requirements of the family including cooking, living, sleeping which make confinement.

It is difficult to keep reasonably clean and sanitary washing and bathing facilities. The inconvenience they have to undergo is aggravated during the rainy days. Almost all the above mentioned conditions are found in shawls of Mumbai, that as of Kanpur, bastis of Kolkata, cheris of Chennai as well as in Dhowrahas of the mining centres and barracks of the plantations in India.

These are made of brick walls and iron roof or huts consisting of bamboo walls and thatched roofs. The lanes are too narrow and the huts are built back to back. These lack facilities like bathing, washing and toilets, etc.

4. Sanitation and Pollution: It is accompanied with corrupt Municipal administration and inefficiency. According to UNICEF, lakhs of urban children in India die or suffer from diarrhea, diphtheria, tetanus and measles etc.

5. Transportation and Traffic: Transportation and traffic picture in Indian cities is troublesome. Majority of people use buses and other vehicles, while a few use rails as transport system. The increasing number of two wheelers and other types of vehicles make the traffic problem worse.

Village settled around a lake will come under Nebular pattern.

Water utilization of Ganga rivers is Maximum.

M. N. Srinivas, in his book ‘Social Change in Modern Indian, explains Westernization in these words. The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, and the term includes changes occurring at different levels like technology, institutions, ideology, values, etc.

Social movement is an organised attempt on the part of a section of people to bring about either partial or total changes in society through collective mobilization and an ideology.

1. Forcible abortion of female foetus. 

2. Lack of interest in nurturing female child.

Kathleen Gough presented a five-fold typology of peasant movements in India. 

They are:

1. Restorative rebellions. 

2. Religious movements. 

3. Social banditry. 

4. Terrorist vengeance and 

5. Mass insurrections.

1. Restorative Rebellions: This type of movement is aimed at the restoration of old systems in place of the current systems. The Santal tribal agitation against the British is one example of this type of movement.

2. Religious Movements: This type of movement is based on the belief that their consolidated efforts would bring about a golden period and a charismatic leader will free them of their misery. Such movements are therefore called as ‘Millennium movements’ or ‘Messianic movements’. Stephen Fuchs, however, states that more than 50% of the peasant movements in India are religious movements. An example is the Kerala’s Mapillai agitations from 1836 to 1921.

3. Social Banditry: Looting the rich landlords of villages and distributing the loot among the poor is termed as Social banditry. This arises as an expression of anger against feudal landlords, and the bandits become heroes in the eyes of the villagers. Dacoity by thugs between the 17^th> and 18<Sup> th century in the Central India, and dacoity Narasimha Reddy and his team in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, during 1946-47 are some examples for this type of movement.

4. Terrorist Vengeance: Revenge is the sole motive of such movements. Such movements involve the elimination of individuals who are thought to be enemies. Feudal lords, corrupt government officials are often victims of such homicidal acts.

5. Mass Insurrections: This type of movement is spontaneous in nature. They are often triggered by dissatisfaction over long pending issues. Initially, dissent is expressed through strikes, non-cooperation, shouting slogans, boycott, etc. They turn violent when the authority attempts to control them by the use of force. Such movements are often not backed by ideologies or charismatic leaders. For example, in recent years in Delhi, a movement against corruption and violence against women.

1. Information: The media like T.V., newspapers, and radio provide a continuous flow of information about the world and reports about the political, sports, entertainment activities and weather reports, the stock market and news stories and issues that affect us personally.

2. Correlation: The media explains and helps us to understand the meaning of the information. It provides support for established social norms and has an important role in the socialization of children.

3. Continuity: The media has a function in expressing the culture, recognizing new social developments and forging common values.

4. Entertainment: The media provides amusement, diversion and reduces social tension.

5. Mobilization: To encourage economic development, work, religion or support in times of war, the media can campaign to mobilize society to meet these objectives.

6. Social Reformation: The beginnings of the print media and its role in both the spread of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement have been noted. After independence, the print media continued to share the general approach of being a partner in the task of nation-building by taking up developmental issues as well as giving voice to the widest section of people.

The gravest challenge that the media faced was with the declaration of Emergency in 1975 and censorship of the media. Fortunately, the period ended and democracy was restored in 1977. India with its many problems can be justifiably proud of a free media.

7. National Consciousness: It was only in the mid 19th century, with further development in technologies, transportation, and literacy that newspapers began to reach out to a mass audience. People living in different corners of the country found themselves reading or hearing the same news. It has been suggested that this was in many ways responsible for people across a country to feel connected and develop a sense of belonging or ‘we feeling’.